BMP on INTEGRATION of ESCP into SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

TYPICAL EARTHWORK PLAN

BMP DESIGN : MINIMISE CUT & FILL AREAS = MINIMISE EROSION

Construction Site Runoff Flow Plan

Site Sediment Control Plan

Erosion & Sediment Control Plan

Shows site topography How & when grading Shows erosion & sediment control measures When implementation & Maintenance

BMP for Stormwater Conveyance: Slope Drain

What? Temporary conduit Why? Convey concentrated runoff away cut/fill slope face When? Construction areas where excess runoff causes erosion Design capacity: 10yr storm Max. Drainage per pipe CMP typ. 0.20ha 360mm 0.30ha 450mm 0.40ha 540mm Installation: Entrance @ flowline w/compacted earth berm/dike

BMP for Stormwater Conveyance: Energy Dissipator

What? A structure designed to control erosion & prevent scour Why? Prevent erosion at outlet of channel/conduit by reducing velocity & dissipate energy When? Discharge velocities of pipe/culvert/divertion/channel exceeds allowable velocity of receiving channel/disposal area Design Capacity: 10 yr peak runoff, typically Rock-lined apron w/filter cloth lined basin.

BMP for Runoff Control: Check Dams

What? Small temporary dams built across site runoff swales/drainageway Why? Reduce flow velocities & gully erosion till permanent structures are built; traps larger sediment, stabilize drops hydraulically When? Drainage area <0.8ha Design: H 0.6m, Base W 2.4m L varies, rock size (50-400)mm, keyed in at base & into bank, centre of dam is 150mm lower than edges Inspect/Maint: Check after 25mm @24hrs storm; Remove silt when >60% full; Remove after stabilization

BMP for Structural Streambank Stabilization

What? Stabilization of eroding streambanks with structures Why? Protect streambanks from erosive water flows & debris When? Increase in erosive flow from construction activities, v > 2m/s & local vegetative protection insufficient Design velocity @ 10yr peak runoff Structural design to meet design flow, exist. alignment, surrounding, wildlife & fish habitat. Many systems, refer following BMPs.

BMP for Structural Streambank Stabilization: Gabions Protection

What? Rectangular wire baskets &mattress panels filled w/stones Why? Build retaining walls for streambank & slope protectio When? Armour is needed against erosive flow forces, pervious hydraulically, flexible & can be vegetated w/aqua shrubs & ECMs. Walls designed as a gravity wall w/calculations for OTM, Sliding, Bearing Capacity & Slip-circle. Uses: Vegetated wall, river deflector, outlet aprons, weirs, channel lining Inspect/maint: Check & repair damaged wires after storm events.

KW Leong PE, CPESC, CPSWQ

BMP for Structural Streambank Stabilization: Riprap Protection

What? An layer of sized rocks Why? To protect soil surface /river bed from erosive forces When? Cut & Fill slopes, channel side slopes & bed, inlets & outlets of culverts, abutments, storm drains Design: Uniform riprap: stones are single size, open flow, more handwork; Well-graded riprap: cheaper & easier to install Specify well graded mixture @ larger 1.5x d50 w/smaller @25mm Layer T @ 1.5x largest stone but >150mm, stone sg >2.5, w/filter cloth

BMP for Structural Streambank Stabilization: Flow Deflectors

What? Structural barriers jetties Why & When? Bank repair by diverting flow away from eroding embankment, rehab & vegetation How? Deflectors shaped 30-60-90 degrees triangle w/30 degrees upstream against the bank, spaced 3-5x groin L, single wingwall @ to & double wingwall @ across stream width, rock @ > 0.5m, keyed into bed >0.3m, tie into other streambank protection system. Many systems: Gabions, Geonets Rockpile, RC, Log cribbing, Geocell CCS, Concrete Block Wall w/geotex

Channel Protection: Articulated Concrete Blocks

Construction: Erosion Control Methods

BMP for Erosion Control: Site Preparation

What? Furrows created across slope w/bare soil surface Why? Reduce runoff velocity, trap silt, assist vegetation establishment When? After surface is cut or fill before permanent installation How? Surface roughening by tracking equipment up&down slope (>3:1). Step or terracing (0.75m steps)for soft rock cut slopes. Combined w/hydromulching/seeding & planting

BMP for Erosion Control: Hydraulic Planting

What? Method of applying erosion control materials to bare soil & establishing vegetation on disturbed areas/critical slopes Why? Method w/hydraulic equipment (hydroseeders/hydromulchers) can effectively apply seeds, fertilizers, tackifiers, mulch & water over a wide area quickly & uniformly When? Critical areas with limited/unstable access, irregular terrain, wide areas. For temporary & permanent erosion control, slopes@ <3:1 (<20) Design mix: dependent on local conditions/seeds

BMP for Erosion Control: Live Staking/Pole

What? Inserting live vegetative cuttings into soil Why? To propagate shrub growth quicker, establishing root system to reinforce slope soil from erosion When? During construction after cut or fill where immediate slope healing is needed Design: Plant species, check w/local plant specialist, harvest live wood >2-5yr, angle cutting, 50+mm x 0.5m(L), immerse 1/2 Other BMPs: combine w/other systems: gabions, geocell, riprap articulated block, log crib, RC crib

BMP for Erosion Control: Wattles (Live Fascines)

What? Bundles of live shrub branch cuttings Why? Reduce erosion & stabilize slopes, as interracing How? Reduce flow velocities, traps sediment, reduce hydraulic slant length, encourage vegetative growth w/moisture retention, dryer soil increases infiltration rate as runoff is slowed Design: local species, mixture, woody 2+yrs, cuttings 40mm x1m(L), tied w/rope in bundles of 200mm x210m(L) @ spacing 0.4m apart, install from toe up-slope

BMP for Erosion Control: Turf Reinforced Mattress

What? 3-D plastic matrix mattress, some w/natural fibre components Why? Stabilize channelized flows & protect river slopes & pond edges How? 3-D matrix reinforces soil & vegetative root system When? During construction, after final grading of channel/pond slope 2:1(35+) @ velocities (3-5)m/s typically when fully vegetated, Installation: Clear& grade, secure TRM w/anchor trenches & overlappings, seed & gently rake in topsoil, wet down & level off.

BMP for Erosion Control: Erosion Control Mattress

What? Natural Fibre mattress Why? Stabilized exposed slope soil & assist in establishing vegetation How? Cushions rain impact energy & reduce soil migration, retain moisture, provide shelter for seeds to germinate & biodegrade biomass, double netting reinforces plant roots. Use: hydroseed & cover. When? Construction after cut & fill, applied in critical areas to heal & vegetate, slopes >2:1 (30-45), higher tensile strength from netting for various needs,

BMP for Erosion Control: Geocell Cellular Confinement System

What? 3-D HDPE honeycomb system that retains earth, gravel or concrete Why? Permanently protect slope & channel embankments from erosion Rock slope: provides a layer of soil for vegetation, support vegetation in river channels, flexible armour to protect river beds from scouring/erosion when concrete infilled , protect landfill liners How? Confines, reinforces & restrain vegetated topsoil or stone infill from sliding, perforated geocell allows root propagation & networking for stronger system, CCS walls are flexible & green

BMP for Sediment Control Methods:

BMP for Sediment Control: Dry Sediment Basin - Earth

What? A pond created in construction site by excavation Why? Retain/detain runoff for sediment to settle out Where? Located at low point but above drainage outlet Design: dry pond for soil type C (coarse grain sand <33%@ <0.02mm), (d) 1.2m(settling@ 0.6m, storage@ 0.3m & freeboard @ 0.2m), 3mo. ARI @ t30:s-area = 200m2/ha, volume = 240m3/ha or discharge outlet ridge slope protected by ECM/TRM & vegetated

BMP for Sediment Control: Wet Sediment Basin - Earth

What? A pond created in construction site by excavation Why? Impound full runoff for 1 storm containment for rainfall event Where? Located at low point but above drainage outlet Design: wet pond for soil type F/D (fine grain loamy clay >33%@ <0.02mm),75% of 5-day rainfall event , vol. = 1/3 sediment storage = 2-mo soil loss (use MUSLE), eg. storm event 40mm moderate R-O volume = 300m3/ha, discharge outlet ridge slope protected by ECM/TRM & vegetated

BMP for Sediment Control: Silt Fence

What? A temporary sediment barrier made from filter fabric supported on wooden post entrenched into ground Why? Detains sediment by ponding water behind it & allowing sediment to settle out Where? Sheet & rill erosion can occur, surround site & prevent contamination of adjacent area from sheet & overland flows, installed along contours, not for across channel flow, maintenance: keep clean Design: Fabric EOS to retains 85% soil by wt., (H) 1m, post spacing @ 3m, driven-in 0.3m, storage < 0.5m

BMP for Sediment Control: Curb Inlet Sediment Barrier(sandbags)

What? A barriers built from layers of sandbags Why? Prevent sediment flowing into inlets, provide temp. storage of sediment after 1 rainfall event How? Allows water to pond while sediment settle out Design: low runoffs @ Q < 0.5m3/s, < 1m(H), filled w/drainrock @19mm or pea gravel @ 6mm, install curve surround curb inlet, leave small 1 bag gap for temp spillway

BMP for Sediment Control: Other Drop Inlet Sediment Barriers

BMP for Sediment Control: Sediment Barriers: Continuous Berm

BMP for Sediment Control:

Sediment Barriers: Woven Stick Check Dam
What? Small check dams made of sticks & branches tied w/filter fabric Where? Installed across roadside drainage How? Reduce flow velocity, gully forming, traps silt & provide temp. storage capacity Design: Branches 10-25mm entrenched to drain bed of 0.3m x 0.3m, installed across flow, filter fabric to be non-woven needle punch type, maintenance: cleanout after rain event/as needed

References & Acknowledgement:

Designing for Effective Sediment & Erosion Control on Construction Sites, by Dr. J. Fifield Certified Professional in Erosion & Sediment Control Workbooks, CPESC USA by J. Scherer, C.Forrest, D. Lake, M.Harding, Dr D Walker, D.Ward Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (DID Manual) Malaysia Salix Applied Earthware Erosion & Sediment Control Manual, Ca, USA, by J. McCullah Manufacturers: Polyfelt, Maccaferri, Risi Stone Systems, CHT-Natural Solutions, North American Green, Synthetic Industries, HKPC-KBI(Sin), Alcoa-Presto Products