CHAPTER I Introduction 1.

1 Background of the Study A healthy diet contains the right balance of different foods you need and provides the right amount of energy. The metabolic rate is the rate at which the chemical reactions in the body are carried out. The less exercise you take the less food you need; people who exercise regularly are usually fitter than those who take little exercise. People all over the world want to lose weight and for those who want to get on the weight loss bandwagon there are thousands of different diets and diet pills to choose from. Who wouldnt be enticed by the wonderful testimonials, fantastic before and after pictures and unbelievable money back guarantees that we are constantly bombarded with in magazines, newspapers, television and the internet. But surely diet pills can't all be as safe as they claim. Those desperate to lose weight quickly and easily often ignore the negatives and side effects of diet pills. Weight loss pills are the new trend in the weight loss programmed products. It offers an easy weight management that does not require any rigorous exercise routine or a strict low calorie diet. All the branches of medicine are now competing with each other by introducing new varieties of pills to reduce body weight in an effortless manner. Slimming pills said to help women drop a dress size. All people around the world especially women are relying on slimming pills in order to attain their ideal body weight. Slimming pills are fat binders, fat blockers and appetite suppressants. These are very attractive if you need a little help with your weight loss goals. We heard many reports of slimmer reaching their target weight with the help of their diet pills or weight loss supplements. We all know that slimming pills is the fastest way to lose weight. Growing reliance on fast food and time-saving technology causes weight problem around the world. Experts have warned that unless urgent action is taken, an entire generation faces an old age blighted by heart disease, cancer, diabetes and other disease brought on by obesity. Slimming pills works by stopping the body from absorbing fat in food. Although many slimmer are pro-diet pills, this does not mean every supplement on the market is safe and effective. Always choose carefully so you can achieve positive weight loss results. But there will be concerns that it will be used as a quick fix to a problem which can also be tackled by diet and exercise.

1.2 Conceptual Framework In this study the researchers focus on the therapeutic effects of slimming pills with have been frequently use but he respondents in order to maintain their body weight. It is also questions the effectivity of such medications especially to obese patients. Individuals lose weight and more importantly keep the weight off by taking a diet or slimming pills. The proper slimming pills and/or slimming tablets enable individuals to consume less calories in order to lose weight fast. But, individuals must understand the concept of dieting or slimming. Exercise is also known as physical activity and includes anything that gets you moving. Physical activity can lower your blood glucose (sugar), blood pressure, and cholesterol. It also reduces your risk for heart disease and stroke, relieves stress, and strengthens your heart, muscles, and bones. In addition, regular activity helps insulin work well, improves your blood circulation, and keeps your joints flexible. If you're trying to lose weight, a combination of physical activity and wise food choices can help you reach your target weight and maintain it. All of these benefits can be yours even if you haven't been very active before. The key causes of causes of the global obesity epidemic are increased assumption of energy-dense foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and reduced physical activity due to rapid urbanization. Excess weight and obesity weight and obesity read to adverse metabolic impact on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides. And insulin resistance some of the negative effects in turn redoubles the propensity for weight gain. Due to increase work-related to increased work-related stress and time constraints coupled with easy access to tasty junk food, advice on incorporating a low-fat, high-fiber diet in conjunction with an exercise program has been difficult to heed. And even when dietary and Physical regimen changes are made, the structure to reverse the physical and psychological inclination to gain weight remains difficult. Individuals must understand the concept of dieting or slimming. Diet is a method of preserving a view way of living concentration on increasing self- esteem while decreasing the prevalence of health complications associated with being overweight. Slimming pills or slimming tablets are used to limit the daily intake of calories for fast weight loss.

INPUT Health Effects of Slimming pills

Throughput Provide information about conditions / health risk factors or concerns in written or audiovisual forms as appropriate Acknowledge self as an individual who verbalized understanding of body image

Output Expressed desire to change specific habit lifestyle patterns to achieve/ maintain optimal health Verbalized relief of anxiety and adaptation to actual/ altered body image

Physiological

Psychological

Identify/modify external factors that contribute to alterations in sensory/ perceptual abilities

Able to response and observed behavioral responses

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study

1.3 Statement of the Problem This research aimed to determine the: THE PERVCIEVED HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLIMMING PILLS BY THE SELECTED USERS IN ANGELES CITY Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the rate of effectiveness of the pills to the health of the respondents?

2. What are the safety measures do the respondents need to know while taking slimming pills?

3. What are the effects of slimming pills to the health of the respondents?

1.4 Hypothesis There is no significant trend on the effects of slimming pills, effectiveness, and safety measures of slimming pills among the respondents. 1.5 Significance of the Study This research is believed to be very significant to the following: Medical practitioners: Conducting this research will help medical practitioners to have better understanding and good analysis of the effects of slimming pills. This study will show the present situation of individuals who are using slimming pills and the common effects to their body and daily activities. Society: Body image is the common issue why they are advertising slimming pills in the society as a solution to their problems. This study was conducted to help individuals become aware on proper use of slimming pills. Couples: The awareness of couples regarding slimming pills can promote good sexual relationship. They will see themselves more attractive and more appreciated

by their partners. Thus, the couples who are using slimming pills need to be aware regarding the effects of these drugs in their pregnancy or in their baby. Men and Women: This study will provide awareness to men and women who take and will take slimming pills. They will be informed regarding its effects to their health condition.

1.6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study was conducted along the vicinity of Baranggay Sto. Domingo, Angeles City, wherein thirty (30) respondents were utilized for the period of 2011 2012. The researchers believed that this number of respondents is enough to assess the validity and reliability of the study. The researchers did not see the plight of the other area since the researchers are from that place and felt its appropriateness and could be a big help among the respondents. 1.7. Definition of Terms: The following terms are hereby defined for easier understanding of the readers. Adverse effect- Unintended and non-therapeutic response to drug action. Appetite- Desire for food. Disease- An impairment of the normal state of the living body or one of its parts. Drug- A chemical that is introducing to the body it causes sort of changes. Effectiveness- The ability of an intervention to produce the desired beneficial effect in actual usage. Effects- To bring about; accomplish; cause to happen. Enticed- To allure. Flatulence- The quality or state of being flatulent. Gather- to collect. Health- The condition of an organism or one of its parts in which it performs its vital functions normally or property.

Homosexual- Sexually attracted by persons of the same sex. Hypothesis- A brilliant conjecture or a tentative solution to a problem. Incurable- Not susceptible. Interfere- To be in the way. Medicine- Art of science of treating disease, illness, and abnormal physical and mental conditions. Metabolic rate- Rate at which the chemical reactions in the body are carried out. Metabolism- The sum of all the physical and chemical process by which living organized substance is produced and maintained, and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism. Obesity- A condition that is characterized by excessive. Orlistat- A lipase inhibitor C29H53N05 that prevents the absorption of dietary fat and is used to treat obesity. Prescribe- To set down authoritatively, to order or direct the use of. Prohibited-Forbidden. Proliferate- The reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially of cells. Qualities-Attribute. Quantities- Amount or proportion. Questionnaire- An instrument use that contains the simplified question addressed to the respondents. Reliance- Act of being confidence. Researcher- A person who conduct research. Serotonin- Aphernolic amine neurotransmitter that is powerful vasoconstrictor and is found especially in the brain, blood, serum, a gastric mucous membrane of mammals respondents. Society- People in general, considered as living in relationship with one another. Suppressant- An agent that stops secretion or normal discharged Therapeutics- The branch of medicine that deals with the treatment and cure of diseases.

Toxic- Affected by, caused by toxin. . Utilize- To make useful. Visualize- To picture mentally.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The researchers did a lot of readings and browsing related literature and studies related to the problem. What the researchers have learned is here by presented: 2.1. Foreign Literature As stated by Macnair (2003), slimming pills, or anti-obesity medication as they're more formally called, should be viewed generally as a last resort, to help people who are grossly overweight, have already lost some weight and are now struggling to lose more. In the past they've been handed out too easily, often by poorly trained medical staff. The result has been that slimming pills have been used inappropriately. Many slimming pills have now been taken off the market because of potential side effects and complications. Amphetamine-type slimming pills were popular 30 to 40 years ago, but it took some time for doctors to realize they can be addictive and harmful. Few people manage to diet successfully with them and keep weight off, and many became physically hooked. Even the more recent appetite-suppressant drugs such as dexfenfluramine, have now been taken off the market in most countries, as research has linked their use to long term problems such as heart disease. Some new medicines to help people lose weight have been licensed in recent years. One, called sibutramine, alters the chemical messages in the brain that

control how the person feels about food. By influencing brain chemicals called noradrenaline and serotonin, sibutramine helps to make a person feel full. Another, called orlistat, changes the way the stomach or intestines function, so that less fat enters the bloodstream. Several other drugs are in the development stage. But like any treatment, they have side effects. Sibutramine sometimes increases blood pressure, for example, while orlistat can cause diarrhea and flatulence. Anti-obesity drugs are only really suitable for very overweight people. Doctors are advised to only prescribe them in special circumstances. For example, as part of an overall treatment plan for the management of obesity for people aged 18 to 65 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. Or where someone has a BMI of 27 or more and has another significant disease, such as type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol. The person must have already serious attempts to lose weight by dieting, exercise and/or other changes in their behavior. In general, the idea that overweight people have a slow metabolism is a complete myth. The heavier you are the harder your body has to work to carry the weight and the greater your metabolic rate. The only exceptions are people with conditions such as clinically under-active thyroid gland, who are generally ill with other symptoms too. By far the healthiest and most effective way to control your weight is through long-term healthy eating and regular exercise, supported by counseling and behavior modification, which you should find at a slimming club. An article found on the internet, stated that the men and money pushing dangerous diet supplements. The new ban on ephedra will protect us from harm, right? Don't count on it: The same hucksters are still around, pushing the next multibillion-dollar miracles in diet capsules. As said by Steinhack (2005), most people are perfectly capable or reading the literature and making a responsible decision when he decides to self-medicate. Idiots who abused drugs will get them whether they require a prescription or not. The government and regulatory agencies should stop treating citizens as though we are all morons. As stated by Samuel (2007), taking pills for slimming and thyroid problems during pregnancy may increase the possibility of bearing lesbian daughters, a study has revealed. Researchers studied thousands of pregnant women to study the effect of prescription drugs on their babies and discovered that the drug thyroxine, used to treat thyroid deficiency, and amphetamine-based slimming pills appear to influence homosexuality among female children. The results show sexual orientation is affected by prenatal rather than social factors, with mothers of homosexual girls proving eight times more likely to have taken those pills most noticeably with daughters whose mothers took them during their first three months of pregnancy. 2.2. Local Literature

Bureau warns anew vs. Bangkok pills The Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) raised its warning anew against the use of Bangkok pills and similar unregistered slimming pills and fat-reducing pills following the proliferation of such drugs in the market. The BFAD issued an advisory as early as September 24, 1999 when Bangkok pills first spread in the market. With the reported and verified presence of Bangkok pills, which are being sold in the market, the bureau reiterated its previous warning. The BFAD said unregistered slimming and fat-reducing drug products, the safety, quality and efficacy of which has not been established, may pose dangers to the consumers. The manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offering for sale, distribution or transfer of any drug, which is not registered with the BFAD is strictly prohibited pursuant to Republic Act No. 3720 as amended and Republic Act 7391 or the Consumer Act of the Philippines. The manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offering for sale, distribution, or transfer of any drug by any person without the required license from the bureau is also prohibited.

With the proliferation of these slimming pills, however, BFAD calls on the public to report any person found selling Bangkok pills and any unregistered slimming and fat-reducing drug products through telephone number. 2.3. Synthesis and Relevance to the Studies Information from www.hateweight.com/dietpills, losing weight and maintaining slimming efforts in a safe and sensible manner requires a multifaceted approach. Individuals should set realistic and attainable slimming goals, develop eating/social behavior patterns that promote slimming success, while incorporating an exercise program designed for the long term. All the fad diets and popular slimming plans are just marketing strategies to promote the purchasing of new products when they are really just telling you the same old news, "limit your caloric intake". Clinical studies continue to show that slimming pills and/or slimming tablets are an effective method to lose weight fast. In order to lose weight fast and maintain slimming efforts individuals must make a conscientious effort to limit their caloric intake. The proper slimming pills and/or slimming tablets enable individuals to consume less calories in order to lose weight fast. However, there are now three very effective slimming pills/tablets, Reductil Slimming Pills, Xenical Slimming Pills and Physicians' Select Herbal Slimming Tablets. These three slimming pills represent the most recommended Slimming Pills by Bariatric physicians (doctors that specialize in the medical treatment of weight loss). Reductil Slimming Pills, Xenical Slimming Pills and Physicians' Select Herbal

Slimming Pills allow individuals to consume fewer calories for fast weight loss. Numerous registered clinical studies have proven that individuals that use the doctor recommended slimming pills and/or slimming tablets, Reductil, Xenical or the Physicians' Select Herbal Slimming Tablets will lose weight fast. In fact individuals will lose two to three times more weight than those who try dieting without the use of slimming pills and/or slimming tablets. Doctors warned about the possibility of other obesity drugs being sold over the counter, without a prescription which would 'perpetuate the myth that obesity can be fixed simply by popping a pill'. Research suggested almost four in 10 overweight people who take it lose 10 per cent of their body weight. However, it emerged yesterday that the drug was unlikely to be approved in America because of fears over the possible psychological effects on users. Dr. Amy Egan, an American medical officer, told experts advising the Food and Drug Administration that medical trials had suggested that patients taking the drug report side-effects including depression and anxiety. The drug controls the appetite by blocking activity in a part of the brain that regulates the body's energy balance and ability to break down sugars and fats in the blood. It also reduces levels of harmful fatty deposits around internal organs that can cause diabetes. Officials from the French manufacturer Sanofi-Aventis had suggested that patients be screened for depression. Unless you are clinically overweight avoid diet pills, they do much more harm than good and you'll be healthier and more gorgeous all round if you stick to the tried and tested method of exercise and a balanced diet. The reason diet pills are not readily available to the masses is that they carry the risk of nasty potential side effects and possible complications. About 30 years ago amphetamine slimming pills were all the rage, but GPs discovered that they weren't as fantastic as first thought, little if any weight was kept off while many of the women taking them became addicted. More recently sales of appetite suppressants (e.g. dexfenfluramine) have been stopped after research linked it to long-term problems including heart disease. Many over-the-counter slimming tablets also provides very little information on the packaging, often even failing to provide basic facts on how the product supposedly works to aide weight loss, Carey explains, Many of the products are not listed medicines. This means theyre not allowed to make certain claims such as speeds up metabolism or stops fats from being absorbed. This in turn means theres often a worrying lack of information on the packing. But the problems with over-the-counter slimming pills dont just stop there. Carey believes some may actually do more harm than good. Certainly over-the-counter slimming pills may not be suitable if you have medical conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure, yet this may not be clear from the packing with the result that a woman with these conditions still tries them. Some may also interact with other medications. For example, taking a slimming pill that includes thyroid-stimulating ingredient could interfere with prescribed medication for an under active thyroid, potentially causing problems. Again the packaging might not make this obvious. But unfortunately, a lack of information, little proof theyll work potentially putting your health at risk is not the

only price youll need to be prepared to pay. Most over-the-counter pills are extremely expensive; too, with the result that you can be sure youll lose pounds but probably not the right sort! Nevertheless, if youre still tempted to try an overthe-counter sliming tablet, there are plenty to choose from. Bear in mind that most of them recommend, or come with, a reduced-calorie diet plan and suggest taking more exercise, which generally explains why they result in weight loss! Bear in mind, too, that while some of these tablets may claim to be supported by research; this is likely to be a one-off small study. Diet pills can help you to lose weight very quickly, but they should only be used when prescribed by a GP to patients who are clinically obese. The whole treatment should occur under strict medical supervision. Anyone who is overweight but not obese should be told to lose weight by a combination of healthy eating and exercise, perhaps with the aid of a dietician. A Watchdog Health check programmed in January 2002 found that when they sent two young girls who were not overweight to ten private health clinics, only four of the 10 doctors correctly refused to treat them with slimming pills. Worryingly the remaining six doctors gave the girls prescription medicines to help them lose weight. One even gave them an appetite suppressant (Reductil) only intended for people at least three stone overweight. In August 2002, the Guardian reported that: "Five people have died and almost 500 have fallen ill after taking the dangerous and poorly regulated herbal slimming aids from China, according to reports in recent weeks that have highlighted the fatal consequences of Japan's dieting obsession. The effectiveness of diet pills has been intensively studied by many international organizations and research institutes. As expected by the institute's research team, a large number of diet pills that have been researched have proven to be ineffective or even have serious side effects. On the other hand, it has identified a number of diet pills that offer the consumer very good value for money in combination with no or few side effects. Diet pills like Xenical and Meridia were introduced to burn calories but after sometime it was found that their continuous use was causing side effects, which were very harmful and were causing damage to the human system, which were beyond repairing. Diet pills are not magical pills. They cannot make you slimmer if you're not following a balanced diet and taking regular exercise. In fact, the main cause of overweight is dull metabolism, which is the result of irregular exercising and consuming wrong food. So, exercises and a balanced diet is a must.

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary from the gathered and analyzed data, the conclusions drawn from these findings and recommendations offered by the researchers in the light of the findings and conclusions. 5.1. Summary

From the data yielded by the instruments, the researchers summarized the following data: 1. on the rate of effectiveness of the pills to the health of the respondents. 1.1. Lose appetite to eat, with a frequency of 9 or 30% of the respondents. 1.2. Develops self-confidence and No reaction of slimming pills among them, with a frequency of 7 or 23% of the respondents. 1.3. Improve the capacity to work, with a frequency of 4 or 13% of the respondents. 2. on the safety measures of slimming pills among the respondents. 2.1. Slimming pills are prescribed by the doctors, with a frequency of 12 or 40% of the respondents. 2.2. Slimming pills with proper diet and exercise, with a frequency of 10 or 33% of the respondents. 2.3. Proper dosage of slimming pills and Consult doctors of the bad effects of slimming pills, with a frequency of 4 or 13% of the respondents. 3. on the effects of slimming pills to the health of the respondents. 3.1. Reduce the weight of the respondents and physically fit and healthy and stable, with a frequency of 8 or 27% of the respondents. 3.2. Lessen the food intake and Easy to move, with a frequency of 5 or 17% of the respondents. 3.3. Away from sickness, with a frequency of 4 or 13% of the respondents.

5.2. Conclusion 1. on the rate of effectiveness of the pills to the health of the respondents. On the rate of effectiveness of slimming pills among the respondents, it reveals that when they are using slimming pills their appetite in eating will be affected; they cannot eat too much because they want to maintain their body

figure. They want also to develop self-confidence since their body is presentable and this is the result of taking slimming pills. Others also are excelling in their work since they are physically fit and stable. 2. on the safety measures of slimming pills among the respondents. On the safety measures of slimming pills among the respondents, it reveals that all the respondents who are using slimming pills are prescribed by the doctors and therefore the pills they are using are safe. When the respondents are taking slimming pills, they are also having their proper diet and proper exercise and as such they can maintain much about their body posture. Others also are using slimming pills with the proper dosage; therefore this will help the respondents in the safety precautions in using slimming pills. 3. on the effects of slimming pills to the health of the respondents On the effects of slimming pills among the respondents particularly on their health, most of the respondents are using slimming pills just to reduce weight. According to them, using slimming pills will really help them reduce their weight. There are even respondents who are using slimming pills for them to lessen their food intake and as such their health and weights will be affected but to others are not and as such this has an effect to the health of the respondents. 5.3. Recommendations In the light of the findings and conclusions, the researchers offer the following recommendations: 1. Respondents should be careful in using slimming pills so that their health will not be affected. There are respondents who are using slimming pills for them to reduce but their health is being affected. 2. Female respondents should consult the doctor before taking slimming pills since there are slimming pills that can hamper the health of the respondents. Female respondents are also susceptible to any kind of sickness dealt about the slimming pills. 3. Teenagers must be careful in using slimming pills. There are teenagers who are using slimming pills though it is not required since their body build is still thin and as such their health is being affected. They should have an activity for them to burn their fats since they are still young and fats for them could be able to burn through continuous exercise, proper diet, and proper discipline among themselves. 4. Regular exercise must be properly done by the respondents. This must be done regularly for at least 30 minutes to 1 hour a day. This will help the respondents to reduce their weights.

5. Eat proper kind of food, avoid too much sugar, too much soft drinks, too much salt, and too much fat, this could contribute to a bad development of the body and as such their body figure will be affected. They should eat vegetables since this could help maintain the body figure of the respondents. 6. Respondents must consult the doctor before taking the slimming pills, there are respondents who are using slimming pills that are not prescribed by the doctor and as such their health will be affected. 7. Respondents should follow strictly what is required in the taking of slimming pills so that safety measures will be applied. There are respondents who are taking slimming pills that are under and over dosage and as such their health are being affected. 8. Future researchers must explore more on the study that is not tackled or discussed in the present study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary Book Berman, Erb, Kozier , Snyder. Fundamentals of Nursing (7th Edition) Karch, Amy. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology (3rd Edition) Websites www.hateweight.com www.rexdonald.com www.readersdigest.com

APPENDICES APPENDIX A LETTER OF REQUEST TO DISTRIBUTE QUESTIONNIARIES

Systems Plus College Foundation Balibago, Angeles City Aug. 15, 2011 Mr. Ed Pamintuan Mayor Angeles City Pampanga Thru Mr. Fil Casupanan Brgy. Captain of Sto. Domingo, Angeles City Dear Sir,: The undersigned is presently undergoing a research as a partial requirement to passed in our English 4 Technical Writing. In this connection, I have the honor to ask your permission to conduct a study on the perceived health effects of slimming pills on your barangay Sto. Domingo to be used as a baseline data in future researches. It is hoped that you will act favorably on this request. Very truly yours, Vencent Malit Ebrahim Asanuddin Hermie Maglaqui (Researchers) Noted: Mr. Estabillo Professor in Technical Writing

APPENDIX B SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE RESIDENCE OF Brgy. Sto. DOMINGO, ANGELES CITY ON THE PERCIEVED HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLIMMING PILLS SYSTEM PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION

Balibago, Angeles City COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE To Residence of Sto.Domingo Respondents: This questionnaire intended to gather your perceived Health effects of slimming pills of instruction. Your answers are very important to the study and will be considered confidential. Very truly yours, Vencent Malit Ebrahim Asanuddin Hermie Maglaqui (Researchers) It is hoped that you will act favorably in this request. Directions: Please check or fill in each of the blanks with necessary information. It would be of great help not to leave any question unanswered. 1. Name: __________________________________ (optional) 2. Sex:____ MALE ____FEMALE 3. What is the rate of effectiveness of the pills to the health of the respondents? __1.Abrupt losing of weight __2. Lose appetite to eat __3.improve the capacity to work __4. Develops self-confidence __5. no reaction of slimming pills among them.

4.

What are the safety measures do the respondents need to know while taking slimming pills? __1. Slimming pills are prescribed by the doctors __2. Proper dosage of slimming pills __3. Slimming pills with proper diet and exercise __4. Consult doctors of the bad effects of slimming pills

5. What are the effects of slimming pills to the health of the respondents?

__1. Reduce the weight of the respondents. __2. Lessen the food intake. __3.Physically fit and healthy and stable __4. Easy to move __5. Away from sickness

CURRICULUM VITAE Personal Data Name : Ebrahim Asanuddin

Address: Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Civil Status:

Sto. Domingo Angeles City, Pamp April 18, 1989 Angeles City, Pamp Single

Educational Attainment Elementary : Holy Child Inc. Villa Angelina Subdivision Angeles City 1995 2001 Secondary : Holy Angel University Sto. Rosario st, Angeles City 2001 2006

SYSTEM PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION Balibago, Angeles City

THE PERCIEVED HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLIMMING PILLS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for English 4 Technical Writing

By Vencent Malit Hermie Maglaqui Ebrahim Asanuddin Sept 2011