UAQ

Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Practice 9
Generation, classification and
characterization of solid domestic
waste
By
Fernando Vzquez Blanco.

UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Objective
$ort and classify solid waste generated within 2 weeks and calculate the per capita
generation of household waste.
Introduction
The trash is all the matter considered like waste and is need to eliminate. The trash is the
product of the human activities at which is considered of equal value of 0 per waste.
Usually is placed in places provided for the collection to be channeled dumps or landfills,
landfills or sites of special handling. Currently, the term used to denote the fraction of
special handling. Currently, the term used to denote the fraction of residues that are not
profitable and therefore should be treated and disposed to avoid health or environmental
problems. The trash can be classified according to their composition, origin, biodegradable
or recyclable.
TheatricaI Framework
Waste can be classified depending on its source. The reason for using a classification by
source is that it is the specific composition of each waste category that sometimes
recommends a special collection or treatment system for each one. This means that
classification of waste will be determined by the socio-economic sector generating the
waste. Waste is usually generated by the following variety of sources:

O Households. Household waste or domestic waste is the waste generated by
households. t must be discerned from municipal solid waste, which is the waste
collected by the municipal collection systems.
Household waste can be divided mainly into paper and cardboard, glass, plastics, organic
fractions, hazardous waste and bulky waste.



Figure 1 Domestic waste
UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

O Commercial establishments. t includes waste from shops and other service
providers (restaurants, etc) and it is essentially composed of packaging waste and
organic waste from markets and restaurants.



Figure 2 Commercial waste

O nstitutions (schools, hospitals and government offices). This kind of waste includes
wastes from public and private offices and institutions which belong to the so-called
service sector. The amount of waste and the composition are often not very well
known. Although similar to household waste, some extra fractions of paper, glass
and plastics can be expected. Medical hazardous waste from hospitals should
qualify for consideration, but it will not be considered throughout these guidelines.


Figure 3 ntuitions waste
O Factories. t is the waste from industrial production, including related functions like
canteens, administration, etc. This category of waste can be split into various
fractions depending on the main industries in the city concerned. They often
contain a fraction of hazardous waste that has to be collected and treated
separately.






UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Figure 4 Type of wastes in household, commercial and industry.

Figure 5 Proximally Waste Generations
MateriaI
Bascule
Reactive
Domestic wastes

UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

!rocedure
A. Method to obtain the !! (Generation per capita)
1. dentifies three days a week and collected domestic waste, the days you select are
Monday, Wednesday and $aturday.
2. Weigh all waste and determining the total weight. Characterize the waste and
separating them into sub products and weight separately. The total weight is divided by the
total number of people and you get the generation / capita * day.
3. Determine the percentage of the products by the following equation (NMX022) and
calculate the average:
Equation:
s
=
u
1
u
-
Whereby:
Ps = % of sub product considered.
G1 = weight of sub product considered.
G = total weight of the sample.

Wednesday
(kg)
% $aturday
(kg)
% Monday
(kg)
%
2.3 35.1558 2.6 71.4284 2.6 62.650
0.12 5.877697 0.13 3.5714 0.13 3.13253
0.9 27.58273 0.12 3.2967 0.8 19.277
0.3 5.1942 0.25 6.86813 0.23 5.54216
0.15 3.5971 0.2 5.4945 0.18 4.3373
0.4 9.59232 0.34 9.34065 0.21 5.0602
4.17 100 3.64 100 4.15 100
PPC 3.98666667 / 5 habitant
PPC 0.79733333 kg/habitant*day

Method to obtain the voIumetric weight
1. According to the characterization of waste, we investigate the moisture
percentages for each of the waste.
2. Determine baseline data (recommended 100 lb) and build a table column
(1) determine the weight in pounds of subproducts; in column (2) place the
percentage of moisture for each species column (3) pounds dry is
UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

determined by the next equation.

Equation: I

=
(100-%H)
100
- IJ
3. Within the same table, in column (4) places the value of the density for
each species. To determine the volume is divided between the
mass density and yd
3
is obtained and placed in the column (5). Finally,
divide the pounds dry between total volume and thus obtaining the
density of waste.
pounds %
humidity
Dry
pounds
p
(lb/yd)
volume
yd
food 55.155 70 16.546 490 0.033
paper 2.87768 6 2.705 150 0.0180
cardboard 21.58 5 20.50 85 0.24
plastic 7.19 2 7.050 110 0.06
cans 3.597 3 3.4892 540 0.0064
glass 9.592 2 9.400 330 0.0284
m= 59.69544 v= 0.3920


(Ib/yd)
= 1522597

$aturday


Waste Pounds %
humidity
Dry
pounds
p
(lb/yd)
volume
yd
food 71.428 70 21.42 490 0.043
paper 3.57142 6 3.353 150 0.022
cardboard 3.296 5 3.131 85 0.0368
plastic 6.868 2 6.730 110 0.061
cans 5.494 3 5.32 540 0.009
glass 9.3406 2 9.153 330 0.027
m= 49.131 v= 0.201756


(Ib/yd)
= 2435215

Monday
UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Waste

Pounds
%
humidity

Dry
Pounds
p
(lb/yd)
Volume
yd
food 62.65 70 18.79 490 0.038
paper 3.132 6 2.9 150 0.019
cardboard 19.277 5 18.313 85 0.21
plastic 5.542 2 5.431 110 0.049
cans 4.337 3 4.207 540 0.0077
glass 5.06021 2 4.9590 330 0.0150
m= 54.65 v= 0.345632


(Ib/yd)
= 1581178

C. Method for assessing househoId containers.
1. All containers are measured in the house; determine the volume of each container.
Calculate the total volume of solids generated at home.
2. Determine if the number of containers meet the waste. f this point is not
satisfied that the container is likely to become more than twice a day.
3. t evaluates the characteristics such as capacity, location based on good, fair,
poor or 5 (Excellent, very good, good, fair, poor and bad.


Measure of containers
height volume (l)
1 0.35 12
2 0.3 8
3 0.35 12
4 0.3 8
5 0.35 12
6 0.35 12
7 0.35 12
8 0.3 10

Evaluate of place
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
$afe Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good
Adequate Good Regular Good Good Good Good Good Good
ventilation Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Good



UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Evaluate by capacity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
$ize regular regular regular regular regular regular good regular
Volume regular regular regular regular regular regular good regular

Reuse of solids wastes: bad
Recycle of solid wastes: regular
Treatment: bad

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rating 8.5 8 7.8 8.7 8.8 9 9.5 8

Method to evaIuate the sweeping

$weeping is the collection of waste from the street by manual means and / or
mechanics to be located at points of collection and transportation. This will assess
the frequency sweep and the sweep type.

Frequency of sweeping: 7/7 days. 2 days a week is to recollect recycle waste.
Type of sweeping: manual

Questionnaire
A) Which method can be appIied in your home to minimize or reduce the generation
of wastes?
The method to obtain the PPC (Generation per capita) seems to be a good option,
because is easy to quantify and have a control.
s possible to recycle some articles that can be used in the future and have other use in
the house. $eparate the wastes and some articles like pet, or glass and cans that can be
sold in some place to be reused.
b) In the state, which is the generation per capita of municipaI domestic wastes?
1.3172 kg /habitant/day in 2010
c)To caIcuIate the usefuI Iife time of a IandfiII, which parameters that have been
computed can used to estimate that vaIue?
Can be applied the method to obtain the PPC, the volumetric weight, and the method to
evaluate the scanning.
UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

d) In home, what happen with the danger wastes?

This is an important topic to mention, because in some places, there is not a correct
treatment of these wastes. This is a serious problem, just by the fact that there are a lot of
people involved in this situation.
This kind of wastes most is placed in special containers, and separated in other
classification, to give the correct transportation and treatment,
e) About the storage system and the recoIIect in the state, do you consider that it
improve with the presence of container pIaced strategicaIIy in the neighbors and /or
subdivisions?
t is a good idea to place a container in a certain location, because the people can see the
treatment for the waste, and can be more informed about it, also will implicate a constant
vigilance.
oncIusions
The problem of Domestic Waste is drawing increasing attention of the people as huge
garbage is lying down uncollected beside the roads, streets dustbins and on the ground
which is causing threat to the environment as well as endangering public health.
This waste is generated as consequences of household activities such as the cleaning,
cooking, repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of plastic carry bags. Many
times these waste gets mixed with biomedical waste from hospitals and clinics. There is no
system of segregation of organic, inorganic and recyclable wastes at the household level.
Door-to-door collection is rarely practiced community collection bins are poorly managed
and are usually no more than open dumps on the roadside.
The improper handling and management of Domestic Waste from households are causing
adverse effect on the public at large and this deteriorates the environment.
The municipal workers are most affected people by the occupational danger (hazard) of
waste handling; they suffer from illness like eye problems respiratory problems, gastro and
skin problems. The persons who wander for collecting the discarded things for selling
purpose through wastes also suffer from various health problems like respiratory problem
from inhaling particles, infection from direct contact with contaminated materials which
lead to headache, diarrhea, fever and cough and cold.
The growing problem of lack of solid waste management collection as well as improper
disposal techniques also lead to various diseases and even death of the animals specially
cows, birds and stray dogs that wander and rummages through the waste for food. These
wastes are having different characteristics and having toxic elements. Many times the
animals like the cows, buffalos eat up the plastics alongwith the food and do it the death of
animals ensues. Due to eating up of waste generated food it affect the quality and quantity
of the milk products of the animals.
UAQ
Environmental Engineering.
Civil Engineering. Practice 9

Images

Figure 6 Typical domestic wastes

Figure 7 Wastes that cannon be received in domestic type.


References
O Hazardous Wastes from Homes
By John Lord
O Domestic waste
By Tony Hare
O Disposal of industrial and domestic wastes: land and sea alternatives
Written by National Research Council (U.$.) Board on Ocean $cience and Policy