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1
-INVARIANT TRACE
FUNCTIONAL
MARTIN ENGMAN AND JOSELL RAM
IREZ PAZ
Abstract. On the space M
inv
of smooth S
1
invariant metrics of area 4 on
S
2
we consider the functional tr
0
: M
inv
R given by tr
0
(g)
P
1/
j
0
in
which
j
0
is the j-th eigenvalue of the 1-form laplacian acting on S
1
invariant
1-forms for the metric g. We construct examples of sequences of metrics which
converge pointwise to the standard metric on S
2
but whose trace functional
does not tend to that of the standard sphere. An easy modication of these
examples produces a sequence of homothetic metrics which collapse to a point
but leave a remnant spectrum in the limit.
1. Introduction
The trace of the S
1
-invariant Greens operator for S
1
-invariant metrics on S
2
can be written in terms of a simple integral of a function constructed from the
single function which determines the metric. Using the resulting formula it has
been shown that arbitrarily large S
1
-invariant traces can be achieved on the space
of metrics of xed area (see [2]). In this paper we take this idea a step further
and show that some of the classic examples of pointwise convergent, non-uniformly
convergent sequences of functions provide examples of sequences of metrics which
converge, pointwise, to the standard sphere, or to a point, but whose traces converge
to any real number. In other words the S
1
-invariant trace functional exhibits an
essential singularity at the constant curvature metric or leaves a remnant spectrum
after evaporation.
2. Metrics and spectra of S
1
-invariant surfaces
Let M
inv
denote the collection of all S
1
invariant metrics on S
2
of area 4. This
collection contains the classical surfaces of revolution and is, therefore, sometimes
referred to as a collection of abstract surfaces of revolution. Any metric g M
inv
can be written, locally, in the form
(2.1) g =
1
f(x)
dx dx +f(x)d d
where (x, ) (1, 1) [0, 2) and in which f is a function satisfying
(2.2) f(1) = 0 = f(1)
and
(2.3) f
(1) = 2 = f
(1).
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. Primary 58J50, 58J53, 53C20; Secondary 35P15.
Partially supported by the NSF Grant: AGMUS Institute of Mathematics at UMET .
1
2 MARTIN ENGMAN AND JOSELL RAM
IREZ PAZ
Here, (x, ) are called action-angle coordinates and f(x) a momentum prole. There
is, obviously, a one-to-one correspondence between abstract surfaces of revolution
and the momentum proles, f(x) (see [6]).
In this form, it is easy to see that the Gauss curvature of this metric is given by
K(x) = (1/2)f
and dimE
k=m
e
ik
W
k
in which W
k
(= W
k
) is the eigenspace (it might contain only 0) of the ordinary
dierential operator
L
k
=
d
dx
_
f(x)
d
dx
_
+
k
2
f(x)
with suitable boundary conditions. It should be observed that dimW
k
1, a value
of zero for this dimension occuring when
m
SpecL
k
.
It is easy to see that Spec() =
kZ
SpecL
k
and consequently the non-zero
part of the spectrum of can be studied via the spectra SpecL
k
= {0 <
1
k
<
2
k
< <
j
k
< }k Z. The eigenvalues
j
0
in the case k = 0 above are
called the S
1
invariant eigenvalues since their eigenfunctions are invariant under
the action of the S
1
isometry group. If k = 0 the eigenvalues are called k equivariant
or simply of type k = 0. Each L
k
has a Greens operator,
k
: (H
0
(M))
L
2
(M),
whose spectrum is {1/
j
k
}
j=1
, and whose trace is dened by, tr
k
(g)
1/
j
k
.
One can prove tr
k
(g) =
1
|k|
for k N and any metric g M
inv
, but here we
are interested in the k = 0 case which is given by
(2.4) tr
0
(g) =
1
2
_
1
1
1 x
2
f(x)
dx,
It is obvious that for the constant curvature (g = can) case, tr
0
(can) = 1
3. The examples
In this section we construct a multiple parameter sequence, {g
n,h,
}
n=0
, of met-
rics
SINGULAR TRACE 3
(3.1) g
n,h,
=
1
f
n,h,
(x)
dx dx +f
n,h,
(x)d d
in which
(3.2) f
n,h,
(x) =
1 x
2
1 +hn
_
x+1
2
_
_
1
_
x+1
2
_
2
_
n
n N where R and h R, with h 0. Each of these metrics is clearly of the
form (2.1) and it is easy to see that each f
n,h,
satises the conditions (2.2) and
(2.3) verifying that the metrics are, indeed, metrics in M
inv
with area 4.
The Gaussian curvatures of these metrics are given by
(3.3)
K
n,h,
(x) =
_
_
1+hn
(
x + 1
2
)
_
1(
x + 1
2
)
2
_
n
_
1+hn
_
1(
x + 1
2
)
2
_
n2
_
(
x + 1
2
)
_
1 (
x + 1
2
)
2
_
2
n(
x + 1
2
)
2
(
1 x
2
)
_
3 (2n + 1)(
x + 1
2
)
2
_
x
_
1 (
x + 1
2
)
2
_
_
1(2n+1)(
x + 1
2
)
2
_
_
+
x
2
1
4
_
hn
_
1 (
x + 1
2
)
2
_
n1
_
1 (2n + 1)(
x + 1
2
)
2
_
_
2_
_
1 +hn
(
x + 1
2
)
_
1 (
x + 1
2
)
2
_
n
_
3
.
It is natural to dene convergence in M
inv
as pointwise convergence of the
corresponding sequences of momentum proles dened on [1, 1] in which case
lim
n
g
n,h,
= can, h R.
But also
(3.4) tr
0
(g
n,h,
) = 1 +
hn
2(n + 1)
and as a result:
Proposition 3.1. With the notations as above:
lim
n
tr
0
(g
n,h,
) =
_
_
_
1 if < 1
1 +
h
2
if = 1
if > 1
.
n=0
of homotheties of these metrics:
g
n,h,,
=
1
n
g
n,h,
for > 0 and > 0, with areas A
n
=
4
n
, curvatures
K
n,h,,
= n
K
n,h,
, and traces tr
0
(g
n,h,,
) =
1
n
tr
0
(g
n,h,
). Although the
sequence {g
n,h,,
}
n=0
collapses to the area 0 metric in the limit, the S
1
invariant
traces exhibit the following anomalous behavior.
Proposition 3.2. With the notations as above:
4 MARTIN ENGMAN AND JOSELL RAM
IREZ PAZ
lim
n
tr
0
(g
n,h,,
) =
_
_
_
0 if < 1
h
2
if = 1
if > 1
.
n=0
and {g
n,h,,
}
n=0
the sequences of curvatures are not bounded since, for example at
x = 1, K
n,h,
(1) = 1 +hn
and K
n,h,,
(1) = n
(1 +hn
) so these sequences
are neither converging nor collapsing in the sense of Cheeger-Gromov theory (see,
for example, [1]).
References
[1] Anderson, M., Cheeger-Gromov Theory and Applications in General Relativity, arXiv:gr-
qc/0208079v2.
[2] Engman, M., Trace Formulae for S
1
invariant Greens Operators on S
2
, manuscripta math.
93, (1997), 357-368.
[3] Engman, M., Sharp bounds for eigenvalues and multiplicities on surfaces of revolution, Pacic
J. Math. Vol. 186, No. 1, 1998, 29-37.
[4] Engman, M., A Note on Isometric Embeddings of Surfaces of Revolution, Amer. Math.
Monthly 111 (2004), 251-255.
[5] Fukaya, K. Collapsing of Riemannian manifolds and eigenvalues of Laplace operator, Invent.
math 87, 517-547 (1987).
[6] Hwang, A. A symplectic look at surfaces of revolution, lEnseignement Mathematique 49
(2003), 157-172.
Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnologa, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR
00928
E-mail address: um mengman@suagm.edu