Abstract: The main idea of paper is to achieve a flat and better voltage profile i.e.

to maintain the constant voltage as equal to the supply voltage at given load. A power system is to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply. Good quality is meant the voltage levels with in reasonable limits. When power is supplied to a load through a transmission line, the receiving end voltage under goes variations depending upon the magnitude of load and power factor of load. The voltage variation at a node is an indication between the reactive power generated and consumed by that node.Practically all the equipment on the power system are designed to operate satisfactorily, only when the voltage levels on the system correspond to their rated voltages or at the most the variations are within say 5% . If the voltage variation is more than the prescribed value, the performance of the equipment suffers and the life of most of equipment is sacrificed. The picture on the television set starts rolling if the voltage is below a certified value, the fluorescent tube refuses to glow if the voltage is below the certain level. The torque of an induction motor (which forms about 70% of the load the system) varies as the square of the terminal voltage and so on Thus the necessity of the voltage on the system is very much strong. It is to be known that voltage variation is due to in balanced in the generation and consumption of the reactive power in the system with generated reactive power is more than what is being consumed voltage level goes up and vice versa. To keep network voltages with in permissible limits, mean must be provided to control the voltage i.e., to increase the voltage when it is too low and to reduce when it is too high. This can be achieved by means of a reactive power compensation that is by generation of suitable quantity of reactive power using a fixed capacitor, TRIAC and microprocessor arrangement .The disadvantage involved in reactive power control using a capacitor banks is stepped control. This method provides smooth and step less control of voltage. This method of control can be modified in such a way so as to applicable for any type of loads and industrial purposes. Index Terms:Micro Processor , Capacitor, Traic ,Inductive loads ,A/D converter I.INTRODUCTION The main idea of paper is to achieve a flat and better voltage profile i.e. to maintain the constant voltage as equal to the supply voltage at given load .A power system is to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply. Good quality is meant the voltage levels with in reasonable limits. When power is supplied to a load through a transmission line, the receiving end voltage under goes variations depending upon the magnitude of load and power factor of load. The voltage variation at a node is an indication between the reactive power generated and consumed by that node. There fore voltage variations are directly proportional to reactive power Q V=Q/VX, where = 2-V1Here XL is the inductive reactance and as it is a reactive power consumer, so it certainly consumes some amount of reactive power that this is possible only when we provide that reduced VARs i.e. we give leading VARs to the transmission line by means of a shunt capacitor connected across the load. The leading VARs supplied by the capacitor is IC2XC where IC is current thorough capacitor and XC is the capacitive reactance. Therefore VR will be constant and equal to is given as Q= I2XL, where I is current through inductor and XL is inductive reactance. Due to reduction in reactive

power, voltage at receiving end also reduced. But the aim is to maintain it constant. Vs only when I2XL=IC2XC There fore in IC2XC only possibility of variation is Ic. This can be varied according to our requirements only by means of varying the firing angle of the triac. Thus by varying the firing angle RMS value of thyristor current also varied .The main cause for the voltage variation in the power system, which supplies load through transmission line keeping sending end voltage constant, is the magnitude and the power factor of the load. With the increase in load on the supplying system the voltage at the consumer premises falls due to increases in voltage drop. The causesare1.Alternatorsynchronous impedanc.2.Transformerimpedance.3.Feeders. 4.Distributors.5.Transmission lines. The reverse would also happen should be load on the power system fall. There are other reasons, which also cause the voltage variations they are unbalance in power system loads. Different types of loads cause unbalance are 1.Arc furnaces. 2) Inductive furnaces.3) Steel rolling mills. Very large induction motors

Generally arc and an induction furnace acts at the low power factor under full load conditions. So load conditions operate at the REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH higher power factor and MICROPROSESSOR CONTROLLED TRIAC ARRANGEMENT take less kvar. If sudden on and off of load furnaces takes places it will lead to variation in kvar demand and causes variation in voltages .In steel rolling mills generally induction motors are used as drives. These induction motors operate at low power factor under no load conditions; hence it takes high kvar. Similarly at full loads it takes high power factor and hence less kvar. Due to sudden switching of induction motors unbalance in power system takes place, the same will happen in case of large induction motors. Thus because of above loads, characteristics of power system and equally of supply in detoriates. Thus it is desirable to 3-phase current and voltages as balance as possible so that undue heating various rotating machines can be avoided. To understand the voltage control problem ref to the figure. Thus this relation shows that the reactive power Q is proportionate to the magnitude of voltage in the line. Thus voltage control and reactive power control are inter related. The voltage at the consumer terminals must be maintained constant with in prescribed limits irrespective of the type and load of the magnitude. In power system there are several sources and sinks of reactive power they are 1.Transmissionlines.2.Transformers.3.Cables4. SynchronousachineInductivestatic loads.5.Inductionmotors.6.Staticcapacitor. Transmission lines Lines under normal conditions that is in loaded cases acts as sink for reactive power, where as under light load conditions acts as source of reactive power. Let the line be loaded such that the load current is I amp, and load voltage is V volt. Assuming the transmission line to be loss less the reactive power absorbed by the line will be I2WL Where the line. W=Angular frequency. L=Inductance of Due to the shunt capacitance of the line reactive VARs supplied by the lines are V2WC where C=shunt capacitance of the line. In case the reactive vars supplied by the line are equal to the reactive vars absorbed. Node 1 is generator node with reference voltage v1 and node 2 is a load node with voltage V2. A short line interconnects these two bus bars. Assuming the interconnected must be loss less and the voltage V1 is constant (by adjusting the excitation of generator) the following relations are hold good. V2=V1-IX V1*=P-JQ (assuming inductive load) I=P-JQ/V1* V1*=V1, being the reference vector. Substitute I in the above equation we get V2=V1-J (P-JQ/V1) X V1-QX/V1-JPX/V1 I2WL=V2WC V/I = L/C= Z Where Z is the natural impedance of the line. The loading condition at which the vars absorbed are equal to vars generated by the line and is called the surge impedance loading. In case if From the above it is clear that the load voltage is not effected much due to x component of the load as it is normal to vector V1, where as the drop due reactive component of the load is directly subtracted from the voltage V1. Assuming the voltage drop due to real power is negligible, the voltage drop

USING A

is directly proportional to the reactive power Q. The relation is given by V2=V1-QX/V1 Where the voltage variationV=QX/V1 Thus in order to keep the receiving end voltage V2 is fixed for a particular sending voltage V1, the drop (X/V1) must remain constant, since in this q is only variable quantity. I2WL>V2WC the voltage will sag I2WL<V2WC the voltage will raise Thus if the line is terminated by a load corresponding to surge impedance the voltage at the load is constant. Transformers act as a sink for reactive power. It always absorbs the reactive power Let X t be the per unit reactance of a transformer KVA is the volt amp rating KV is the voltage rating Since by definition P.u reactance =actual reactance i/v; Actual reactance X= (Xt.V)/I; I=KVA/ (1.44KV); Reactive power loss=3 I2X

= (3.KVA2.1.4.Xt.KV2.1000)/3.KV2.KVA =1.4.KVA.Xt.KVARs Thus transformer absorbs high value of reactive power under full load condition and less value of reactive power under light load condition. Cables have very small inductance and relatively very large capacitance, because of nearness of conductors largest size of the conductor and dielectric metrical is used has a relative permittivity greater than unity. They are therefore generators of the reactive power under all conditions of loading. A synchronous machine which acts as a generator under which it is known that power transmitted from a generator from a generator bus to an infinite bus bar is given by P=E /X Similar relation for the reactive power for a round rotor machine is given by Q=V.ECOS 2/X The above formula tellsIf E COS > When Q>0 and the generator provides reactive power that is acts as a capacitor. Thus an over excited a synch machine (gen or motor) provides reactive power and acts as a shunt capacitor. Similarly under excited synch machine consumes reactive power and act as a shunt inductance. Generally inductive static loads will cause power of load to be decreasing this in turn causes the reduction of voltage at the load. Static capacitor generates reactive power and may be connected in series or parallel to the system.. VOLTAGE CONTROL. METHODS To keep network voltages with in permissible limits, mean must be provided to control the voltage i.e., to increase the voltage when it is too low and to reduce when it is too high. The following are the method used to provide the reactive power compensation i.e., either generation or absorption as per the requirement. So that flat voltage profile at the load can be achieved.1.Excitation control 2.Tap changing Transformers 3. Shunt reactors 4.Synchronous phase modifiers 5.Shunt capacitors & Series capacitors 6 Induction regulators,7.Booster transformers8.Static var systems. Static var system has got certain advantages when compared to other methods. Shunt capacitor is the capacitor connected in parallel with the lines. They are installed near the load terminals in receiving end substations, distribution and in switching substations. They are arranged in three phase banks. It suffers from some problems .Since Q is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage for a given capacitors bank their effectiveness tends to decrease as the voltage sags under full load conditions.2.If the system voltage contain appreciable harmonics, the fifth being the trouble some, the capacitors may be over loaded considerably.3.With shunt capacitors at no load or light load the receiving end voltage may considerably exceed the sending end voltage .Series capacitors are connected in series with the line at suitable location Series capacitors reduces the inductive reactance between the load and the supply point. So that they can improve the power transmission capacity of line, system stability, control voltage regulation and ensure proper load division among parallel feeders. Series capacitor improves the power Transfer capability & stability of line. The power transfer over line is given by P1= (Vs Vr sin) /XL;WhereP1= power transferred per phase (W) Vs= sending end phase voltage (V) Vr= receiving end phase voltage (V),XL= series inductance of the line per phase = Phase angle between Vs and Vr If a capacitor having capacitive reactance XC is connected in series with the line. The reactance of the line is reduced from XL to (XL--XC). The power is given by P2=VsVrsin/(XL-XC)P2/P1=XL/(XL-XC)

=1/(1-k) The factor k is known as degree of compensation or compensation factor Where k=XC/XL %of compensation=XC/XL*100;Where XL is the total series inductance per phase. XC is the capacitive reactance of the capacitor bank per phase. In practice k lies between 0.4 and 0.7,For k=0.5 P2/P1=1/1-k=1/1-0.5=2;Thus the power transfer is double by 50% compensation. It suffers some problems.The draw back of series capacitors is the high over voltages produced across the capacitor terminals under short circuit conditions the drop across the capacitor is If XC.Where If is the fault current which is of order of 20 times the full load current under certain conditions a spark gap with a high speed contractor is used to protect the capacitor under these condition. Series compensated lines have a tendency to produce series resonance at frequencies lower than the power frequencies. This is known as sub synchronous resonance (SSR). The SSR current produce mechanical resonance in turbo generator shafts, which may result in high torsional stresses in rotor shafts. STATIC VAR SYSTEMS (S V S): In E H V lines, when the voltage at a bus falls below the reference value, capacitive vars are to be injected. When the bus voltage becomes higher than the reference value, inductive vars are supplied to lower the bus voltage. Shunt compensation, shunt reactors are connected during low loads and shunt capacitors connected during heavy loads or low lagging power factor loads. Such switching operations are very slow because of the greater time. Moreover these are not suitable for frequent operations; these limitations have been over come by STATIC VAR SYSTEMS. In this system thyristors are used for switching operations. For compensation we use many SVS schemes. Some of the most common schemes are 1. Thyristor control reactor (TCR) 2. Thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) 3. Fixed capacitor, thyristor control reactor (FC TCR) 4. Thyristor switched capacitor, thyristor control reactor (TSCTCR).

It is necessary to connect inductor in series with each fixed capacitor to limit the current in the SCR switched and to reduce the risk of resonance with Ac impedance. APPLICATIONS The following are the important applications of SVS in EHV circuits.A SVS provides fast, smooth and step less variation of reactive power the line. Thus it ensures accurate voltage control of buses over wide range of loads.The SVS is used to control reactive power demand for large fluctuations of loads.Using SVS, Ferranti effect is compensated and the SVS provides control of dynamic over voltages caused by stability is increased. The most typical functions of SVS in OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER The operational amplifier (commonly referred to as op-amp) is a multi terminal device which internally quite complex, described by its terminal characteristics and those of external compounds connected to it. Zero crossing detector: A single-phase control reactor X is shown in figure. The current through reactor can be varied by controlling the firing angles of back-to-back pair of SCRs connected in series with the reactor. This scheme is used in EHV lines for providing lagging VARS during low loads or at load rejections. TSC: A single-phase thyristor switched capacitor X is a shown in fig. The current through the capacitor can be carried by controlling the firing angles of back-to-back connected SCRs in series with the capacitors. This scheme is used in EHV lines for providing leading VARs during high load. FC TCR:This type of VAR compensation is as shown in fig. This arrangement provides discrete leading VARs from the capacitors and continuously lagging vars from the thyristor switched reactors. Two or more capacitor banks supply leading VARs. The current through the reactor can be varied by controlling the firing angles of back to back pairs of SCR connected in series with the reactor.Small reactors are usually connected in the fixed capacitor branches, in order to tune these branches as filter for the 5th and 7th harmonics. The TCR and secondary winding of the coupling transformer are connected in delta as shown in fig. This delta connection eliminates 3rd harmonics. TSC-TCR This scheme is as shown in fig. It consists of number of TSC-TCR banks. The voltage level determines their number. By controlling the firing angle for backto-back pairs of SCRs connected in series with each reactor can vary the current through the reactors. Similarly the current through the capacitor is changed by controlling the firing angle of back-to-back pairs of SCRs connected in series. During heavy loads the thyristors of TSC are made to conduct for longer duration of each cycle. Thus leading VARs are provided by TSC during heavy loads. Like wise during low loads TCR is made to conduct.The TSCTCR is capable for producing both lag and lead VARs rapidly, continuously and each independently. Some fixed capacitors are also connected in the circuit, in addition to switched capacitor. These serves as a filter for harmonics when only reactors are switched. Zero crossing detector is a circuit that detects zero crossing of input sine wave and produces square wave as output. One of the important applications of operational amplifier is zero crossing detection The ZCD produces square wave output when sine wave as input with zero reference voltage. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: The monostable multivibrator, as the name itself indicates that it has only one stable state i.e. it has one

stable state and one quasi state. The time period for quasi-stable state is more than the stable state. Generally monostable multivibrator is used as delay timer and a pulse generator. Basically rectangular pulses are produced during its operation. necessary. Therefore ZCD is used as a triggering input to monostable multivibrator. voltages. TRIAC An SCR is a unidirectional device as it can conduct from anode to cathode only and not from cathode to anode. Where as a Triac can conduct in both the directions, thus a Triac is a bi-directional thyristor with three terminals. It is used extensively for the control of power in a.c circuits. Triac is the word derived from the combination of the words Triode and A.c. In. OPTO COUPLER: The combination of a miniature light source and a photo conductor in the same package is a family of devices is commonly known as opto isolators. These are available with virtually every possible combination of light source and a photoconductor, as well as combination with integrated circuit amplifier

in detector output. The main application of opto isolator involves electronic circuit isolation, where the isolator eliminated common ground connection which prevents ground loops and substantially reduces common mode noise. less maintenance. Unlike the conventional methods it offers smooth control rather than stepped control. INTERFACING The A/D converter is used to convert analog signals to digital quantity. The digital output is fed to microprocessor for process data. The most popular method of analog to digital converter is successive approximation. The clock frequency required for A/D conversion is lies in the range of 50 kHz to 800 kHz. MICROPROCESSOR: The microprocessor is the central processing unit of a microcomputer. It is the heart of the microcomputer Intel 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor. It is a 40 pin I.C it uses a 5Vd.c supply for its operation 8086 uses twenty line address bus. It can directly address up to 2 power 20 bytes of address .It uses 16 line data bus 16 bit data word is subdivided into a low order byte and a higher order byte. The 20 lines of address bus lines are multiplexed with data and 4 high order address bus lines are multiplexed with status signals.. The main difference of comparison between microprocessor and micro controller can be highlighted from the following fact that most microprocessors have many operational codes for moving data from external memory to CPU, where as the micro controller may have one or two, microprocessors may have one or two types of bit handling instructions and micro controllers will have many. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE The hardware consists of micro Processor, Traic,A/D converter, opto coupler, Transformer ,bridge rectifier, Zero crossing detector and inductive load. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The Hard ware of the circuit has been tested .The simulated results have been compared. CALUCLATION OF FIRING PULSES The microprocessor based reactive power control scheme has more flexibility than the other conventional compensating schemes due its programmable approach.In the same manner compensation can be done for different loads Hence it can be concluded that the microprocessor based compensating scheme is inevitable due to moderate cost, high efficiency, high stability, high speed and [2] An Introduction to 8086 Micro Processor by Douglas V Hall

REFERENCES BOOKS [1] Modern Power System Analysis by I.J.Nagrath & G.K.Kothari