O %he young Charles Darwin was passionately interested in geology and natural science. He was recommended for a position on the H.M.$. Beagle, for a 5-year survey voyage around the world. His observations led him to propose an explanatory theory for evolutionary change.
O %he young Charles Darwin was passionately interested in geology and natural science. He was recommended for a position on the H.M.$. Beagle, for a 5-year survey voyage around the world. His observations led him to propose an explanatory theory for evolutionary change.
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O %he young Charles Darwin was passionately interested in geology and natural science. He was recommended for a position on the H.M.$. Beagle, for a 5-year survey voyage around the world. His observations led him to propose an explanatory theory for evolutionary change.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
O %here are competing explanations for diversity (Essentialism, Organic Progression, Common Descent with Modification) O Darwins Descent with Modification: deductions and evidence O Evidence from Comparative Biology O Anatomy O Development O 'estigial characters O More recent homologies: DNA O Evidence from Biogeography and Fossils ompet|ng nypotheses Lssent|a||sm O Plato, Aristotle - 1800 western culture O Each life form has fixed essence O All forms have separate origin O ife organized on "scale of nature = "chain of being O ife is immutable Crgan|c rogress|on O ean Baptiste amark (1809) O Chain of being (plant & animal) O $eparate origins via spontaneous generation O Organisms are transformed; simple to complex O Adaptation based on use/disuse ommon Descent w|th Mod|f|cat|on O C. Darwin, 1859 O ife has a single origin O New forms of life are derived from old ones, with modification O No chain of being; tree of ancestry O %he young Charles Darwin was passionately interested in geology and natural science. O n 1831, he was recommended for a position on the H.M.$. Beagle, for a 5-year survey voyage around the world. Ioyage of the 8eag|e
O Darwin often went ashore to study rocks and collect specimens, and make observations about the natural world O n the Galapagos slands he observed that species were similar to, but not the same as, species on the mainland of $outh America. He also realized that species varied island to island.
O Darwin postulated that species had reached the islands from the mainland, but then had undergone different changes on different islands O Part of the puzzle was determining what could be a mechanism for such changes. O %hese observations, and many others, led Darwin to propose an explanatory theory for evolutionary change based on two proposition: 4 $pecies change over time 4 %he process that produces the change is natural selection @he @heory of Lvo|ut|on O Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a theory of natural selection almost identical to Darwins (1858) O A paper with the work of both men was presented in 1868 to the innean $ociety of ondon O Darwin published his book, % ORIGIN OF SPIS, in 1859 4 %he book provided exhaustive evidence from many different fields to support evolution and natural selection. -atura| Se|ect|on O Darwin observed that although offspring tend to resemble their parents, they are not identical. 4 He suggested that slight variations among individual affect the changes of surviving and producing offspring. O Natural Selection - Differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population.
Lvo|ut|on |n a 8roader ontext O ndividuals do not evolved. Populations do. O Population - A group of individual of the same species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area. O Members of a population become adapted to the environment in which they live. O /aptations - %he processes by which useful characteristics evolve. O An organism is considered to be adapted to a particular environment when it can be demonstrated that a slightly different organism survives and reproduces less well in that environment. @erm|no|ogy O For a population to evolve, its members must possess heritable genetic variation. O %he phenotype is the physical expression of an organisms genes. A phenotype is something we can observe and/or measure. O Features of a phenotype are the characters (e.g., eye colour), specific form of a character is a trait (e.g., blue). O A heritable trait is at least partly determined by genes. O Genetic makeup of an organism is the genotype. opu|at|on Genet|cs O Main goals 4 Explain the origin and maintenance of genetic variation 4 Explain patterns and organization of genetic variation 4 &nderstand mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequencies O Different forms of a gene are called alleles. O %he gene pool is the sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population. 4 %he gene pool contains the genetic variation that produces the phenotypic traits on which natural selection acts.
Lv|dence for ommon Descent O Darwins evidence 4 Comparative biology 4 Biogeography 4 Fossils nomo|ogous Structures O Organisms that have a recent common ancestor will share more homologous structures than organisms with a distant ancestor. nomo|ogous haracters |n Anatomy S|m||ar|ty of structure desp|te d|fferences |n funct|on
@he 8ones are nomo|ogous the W|ngs are not
8ee st|ngers mod|f|ed egg|ay|ng apparatus
A |arva revea|s evo|ut|onary re|at|onsh|ps
nomo|ogous characters |n ear|y deve|opment O Embryos of 8 vertebrate groups (humans - fish)
esemb|ance |n ear|y deve|opment
nomo|ogous Structures Iest|g|a| Crgans O Features that serve no current function, but retained as a vestige of ancestors O E.g. Cave dwelling fishes and crickets display eyes (but in various stages of degeneration) nomo|ogous structures |n Mo|ecu|ar 8|o|ogy O Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) common to all of life; same nucleotide base code (CGA%) O Certain genes (ribosomal RNA genes) found in all living things. O 'estigial genes 4 E.g. photosynthesis genes in non-photosynthetic plants
8|ogeograph|ca| Lv|dence O Differences in faunal composition around the globe; not explained by environment alone. O $imilarity between organisms of adjacent environments. O slands: few species; similarity to closest mainland and among islands in same archipelago (group of islands).
Spec|at|on
oss|| Lv|dence O Fossils with no comparable living organism 4 i.e. extinction O fossil assemblages associated with specific sequences in rock strata (layers) - around the world O fossils in one stratum resemble those in neighbouring strata; recent fossils closely resemble species currently living. O Extinct forms from a given continent resemble modern organisms from that continent. O ntermediates, linking present species to past ancestors.
@he @hree Doma|ns of L|fe on Larth haracteristic Bacteria rchaea ukarya Membrane-enclosed nucleus Absent Absent Present Membrane-enclosed organelles Absent Absent Present Peptidoglycan in cell wall Present Absent Absent Membrane lipids Ester-linked &nbranched Ether-linked Branched Ester-linked &nbranched Ribosomes 70$ 70$ 80$ nitiator tRNA Formylmethionine Methionine Methionine Operons Yes Yes No Plasmids yes Yes Rare RNA polymerases One One %hree Ribosomes sensitive to chloramphenicol and streptomycin Yes No No Ribosomes sensitive to diphtheria toxin No Yes Yes $ome are methanogens No Yes No $ome fix nitrogen Yes Yes No $ome conduct chlorophyll-based photosynthesis Yes No Yes
ecap on the Sc|ent|f|c Method O $cientific method is one of many ways of knowing. O %heory is validated by testing its predictions in the real world. O Biologists seek rules in biology by investigating function and history at different (or multiple) levels of organization. O Biology contributes knowledge through facts and theories about living things. O iving things are inherently variable and thus experiments require replication and use of statistics. O Biological explanations are assessed based on reliability of facts, and generally viewed skeptically.