NAME Cytoplasm

DESCRIPTION Part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, but not including the nucleus. In fact, the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

FUNCTION The site of many vital biochemical reactions crucial for maintaining life Place where cell expansion and growth take place Provides a medium in which the organelles can remain suspended Assists the movement of different elements found within the cell Responsible for cell shape, motility (movement) of the cell as a whole and motility of organelles within a cell.

Cytoskeleton

An organized network of three primary protein filaments: microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate fibers. The complexity of the cytoskeleton can be seen in the abundant Factin stress fibers (green) in the endothelial cell shown to the left The liquid component of the cytoplasm surrounding the organelles and other insoluble cytoplasmic structures in an intact cell where a wide variety of cell processes take place. The aqueous portion of the cytoplasm in an intact cell consisting of water, organic molecules and dissolved ions. Two DNA strands form a helical spiral, winding around a helix axis in a right-handed spiral The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA strands wind around the helix axis like the railing of a spiral staircase The bases of the individual nucleotides are on the inside of the helix, stacked on top of each other like the steps of a spiral staircase Network of tubules, vesicles and

Cytosol

The site of a wide variety of cell processes

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Serves as the storage material for genetic information contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough endoplasmic

sacs that are interconnected An extensive membrane network of cisternae (sac-like structures) held together by the cytoskeleton

reticula synthesize proteins Smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids (but not lipids), and regulate calcium concentration, drug metabolism, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins Sarcoplasmic reticula solely regulate calcium levels Important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell

Golgi Apparatus

A membrane-bound structure with a single membrane A stack of membrane-bound vesicles The stack of larger vesicles is surrounded by numerous smaller vesicles containing those packaged macromolecules The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles at the periphery of the Golgi apparatus Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymersproteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Lysosome

Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids Represent morphologically diverse organelles defined by the common function of degrading intracellular material.

Mitochondria

Present in virtually every cell of the body Contain the enzymes required for the citric-acid cycle, ATP synthesis, and the oxidation of fatty acids. Have a double membrane, outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane called cristae contains numerous foldings A tiny spherical shape at the innermost portion of the cell nucleus, non-membranous, minute organelles that is composed of protein and RNA and associated with the formation of ribosome (cell structures where protein synthesis takes place) and ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid) and the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Responsible for the aerobic (oxygen dependent) metabolism of the cell Main function is the production of energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Largest cellular organelle in animals A membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. Are organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells Contain approximately 10% of the total activity of two enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is important for energy metabolism

It is the central location for producing ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. It acts in regulating cellular functions and takes care of dealings of proteins. It consists of chromosomes which has DNA in it & works as providing genomic blue print for causing of offspring and its physiognomies. Controls all functions of the cell Maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

Peroxisomes

Involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, D-amino acids, polyamines, and biosynthesis of plasmalogens, etherphospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs

Plasma Membrane

Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is made of two layers of phospholipids. The membrane has many proteins embedded in it.

Surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and, in animal cells, physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment Carrier of genetic information, a catalyst of biochemical reactions, an adapter molecule in protein synthesis, and a structural molecule in cellular organelles. Facilitate the translation of DNA into protein Serve as a component of the translation machinery and catalyze chemical reactions

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Ribosomes

Made up of nucleic acids, has a variety of functions in a cell and is found in many organisms including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. Biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. In the cell, RNA is usually single-stranded RNA nucleotides contain ribose RNA has the base uracil A minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as the site of protein synthesis. Typically composed of two subunits: a large subunit and a small subunit. Ribosomal subunits are synthesized by the nucleolus. These two units join together when the ribosome attaches to messenger RNA to produce a protein in the cytoplasm.

The sites of protein synthesis, where RNA is translated into protein The more ribosomes within a given cell, the more protein production there is within the cell