O PreIace

O cknowledgement
O ntroduction
O ertiIicate
O Power Scenario in ndia
O droelectric in cross-section
O ocation oI N..P. Project
O amera droelectric Project(Stage-
O atcment rea
O Site Map OI amera-
O iesel Generator Set and electric olon
O lternator
O Switc Yard
O Step up TransIormer
O droelectricit
1. dvantages
2. isadvantages

O onclusion
O ibliograp.





Power Scenario In India

"Water power for sustainable socio-economic development & nation building
Hydro power-green power:
Power from earth-power from earth


O Survival of mankind is totally dependent on natural resources but the incessant
demands of development and threatening the delicate ecological balance of
planer earth. So for only place to home human beings. Development has become
the need of mankind while energy is key to development, but fossil fuels are
exhaustible and scarce in out country. n such an environment, hydro power is
environmentally-green sources of energy harnessed utilizing abundant
renewable water resources.

O NHPC is dedicated in harnessing vast hydropower potential of country estimated
to 150000 MW of which nearly 80% has been developed by optimum utilization
of natural resources



Introduction



O NHPC (National Hydro Power Corporation).

O A Govt. of ndia Enterprise.

O Establishment in 1975.

O Started with an authorized capital of Rs.2000 million, today has an asset value of
Rs.200000 million.

O One of the largest organization for Hydro-Power development in ndia.

O Has constructed 13 hydro-power projects in ndia and abroad.

O Total installed Capacity of 3694.35 Mw.












HydroeIectric In Cross Section.




Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a
water turbine and generator. n this case the energy extracted from the water depends
on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's
outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in
water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine
may be run through a large pipe called a penstock. Pumped produces electricity to
supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations.
At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water
into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the
lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only
commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily
load factor of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are
called run-of-the-river plants, since it is not then possible to store water. A tidal power
plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides; such sources are highly
predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatch
able to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro
schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot
waterwheels


Location Of NHPC Project

















Chamera HydroeIectric Project (Stage-II)








Construction of Chamera HE Project Stage- has been taken up for
harnessing untapped potential river Ravi in its upper reaches. The project is a run of the
river scheme with 300 MW installed capacity. The project lies within Lesser Himalayan
terrain and will housed within competent metamorphic of Chamba Formation and
Dhauladhar Granites. The project generates 1499.89 million units in a 90% dependable
year which is fed to the northern grid. With the construction of the project the area has
also benefited by development of infrastructure, education and medical facilities.



Location Distt. Chamba in Himachal Pradesh.
Approach Nearest Rail Head - Pathankot.
Capacity 300 MW (3 x 100 MW)
AnnuaI Generation 1499.89 MUs
Project Cost Rs.1929.57 crore (Completion cost)
Beneficiary States
Uttaranchal, U.P., Delhi, H.P., Haryana, J&K,
Punjab, Rajasthan & Chandigarh
Year of Commissioning/CompIetion
ScheduIe
March 2004

O 39 m high, 118.50 m long Concrete Gravity Dam.
O 7.0 m dia circular shape, 7.86 km long Head Race Tunnel.
O 7.0 m dia circular shape, 3.6 km long Tail Race Tunnel.
O Underground Power House containing 3 units of 100 MW each

Catchment area





Catchment area at dam site 2593 Km2
Snow catchment 230 km2
Maximum observed avg. 10 daiIy discharge 750.53 m3/sec.
Design fIood (SPF) 9000 m3/sec.
Diversion fIood 592 m3/sec.
Minimum Discharge for 90% dependabIe year 25.84 m3/sec.

Site Map of CHEP-II








DIESEL GENERATOR SET AND ELECTRICAL
COLONY

We visited the diesel generator set at NHPC CHAMERA STAGE 2 ,
KARAN , CHAMBA.
The DG set of 1MVA is installed for the backup power for the colony and
the HRD. The specifications of the DG set are:






1. Manufacturer Cummins 25145441 KTA- 3067 85
2. Number of cylinders 16.
3. Fuel diesel.
4. Batteries 4 ( lead acid )
5. Power 800KW
6. Mobil oil filter lubrications.
7. Water cooled engine
8. Turbo charger
9. Blowers 4.



ALTERNATOR

t is coupled with generator and generate the three phase 50HZ 415V
SPECFCATONS:
1. SGBP 400Z
2. 3 phase
3. Frequency 50HZ
4. Power 800KW
5. Power factor 0.8
6. Current rating 1391A
7. Space heater 500W , 240V
8. Connection star (stator)
9. Speed 1500 RPM








SWITCH YARD


The switch yard consists of two incomers and two feeders.

ncomer:
O HPSEB
O DG SET


Feeder:
O Feeder 1 750KVA
O Feeder 2 250KVA

The sub stations are divided on the basis of different colonies :-

Substation 1 750KVA Transformer 11000/415KV
For A-type quarters and sewage plants
Substation 2 750KVA Transformer 11000/415KV
For B-type quarters
Substation 3 500KVA Transformer 11000/415KV
For C-type and D-type quarters
Substation 4 500KVA Transformer 11000/415KV
For head office , field hostel , V..P Guest house
And street lights.



SPECFCATONS OF TRANSFORMERS:

1. Power 750KV
2. Transformer voltage rating HV 11KV , LV 415V
3. Current rating high 108.53A , low 39.36A
4. 3 phase
5. Total weight 2540KG
6. Oil weight 700KG.









Power house








Power House
Type Underground
InstaIIed capacity 300 MW
Size 89mx22mx42m
Type of turbine Francis vertical axis
Generating units 3x100 MW
Gross Head 267 m
Design Head 243 m
C.L. distance between units 14.5 M



VentiIation & cooIing system



VentiIation:-

A ventilation system is provided to remove the electromagnetic losses from the
generator to control the temperature of the electrically active materials of the generator.
The ventilation system is totally enclosed by the housing, top covers and pit diaphragm.
The air is circulated by the pumping action of the rotor. No external fans are required.
The losses are transferred from the active material to the air and are then removed from
the air as it passes through the surface air coolers.

Air circuIation:-

The cooling air is drawn into the rotor spider and passes radially through the rim ducts
into the inter polar space where it removes the losses from the field windings. The air is
then discharged into the air gap. Fans mounted on the rotor rim above and below the
rotor assist in directing additional air flow into the air gap of the unit. The air then passes
through the radial ducts in the stator core where it removes the losses from the stator
core and winding.
This heated air passes through the stator frame and into the surface air coolers
where it is cooled and discharged into the cold air chamber. The cooled air passes over
the end windings as it returns to the rotor spider. Return air over each end of the stator
where it cools the end windings. Ventilation shrouds over each end of the rotor are
supplied to contain the high pressure air in the air gap and to direct the air through the
rotor and stator cooling ducts. Rotating seals are provided to reduce the leakage
between the rotor and the stationary shrouds
.
Surface air cooIers:-

The surface air coolers are mounted on the outside of the stator frame. Each surface air
cooler consists of a frame, finned tubes, tube sheets and water boxes. The water boxes
have bolted cover plates that permit inspection and cleaning of the tubes. Valves that
allow isolation of individual coolers and water flow balancing are supplied. Water flow
through the air coolers is monitored by two flow meters mounted in the drain lines.





Service way

Excitation system
At hydro power stations, generating units are synchronous generators/alternator, which
consists/possess:
1. Stator (stationary member/part)
2. Rotor (rotating member/part)
3. Shaft, Bearing, foundation etc.
Armature winding, which provided on stator exports AC power whereas the field winding
on rotor is energized from a DC source. To supply DC power to field winding, excitation
system is used/incorporated with the system.






Function of excitation system:
Generator excitation system produces controlled dc output for generator field. The
excitation system controls the ac terminal voltage and/or the reactive volt-amperes of
the generator by controlling its field excitation. So functions of excitation system are:


O To build up and maintain the constant terminal voltage.
O To supply reactive power to the system
O To keep the generator parameters within the capability chart.
O To protect the transformer from over fluxing

Generator FIoor


3-Phase Alternator of 100 MW, make GE, Canada has been installed at generator floor,
which consists/possess:-

1. Stator (stationary member/part)
2. Rotor (rotating member/part)


Generator
SuppIier GE
Type
Vertical shaft Hydro
generator , Salient pole
Rated MW 100
Rated voItage 11 KV
No. of Phases 3
Rated frequency 50 Hz
No. of poIes 2

















Stator frame:-

The frame is fabricated from steel plate with bolted and dowelled joints between the
sections. t is designed to provide stiffness and passageways for ventilating air. The
stator is held to the powerhouse structure by embedded foundation bolts. The stator
and rotor air is cooled by surface air coolers, which are mounted on the periphery of the
stator frame.
Stator core:-

Core laminations are punched from high-grade electrical sheet steel. The stator core
laminations are piled against dovetail key ribs which are welded to the stator frame..
The stator core is piled without core splits or joints to provide for optimum in electrical
and mechanical integrity. The stator core is piled using piling pins, which are a close
tolerance fit to the stator slots. At each 500 mm of stack during the piling, the core is
pressed, to assure good compaction. Radial air ducts throughout the stack length
provide core ventilation. The ducts, in conjunction with specially shaped slot wedges,
direct the flow of air uniformly with minimum obstruction.

Stator winding:-

The stator winding is a single turn Roebel bar type, with strands completely transposed
within the slot length. The bars are fitted tightly in the slot and installed at room
temperature. Connections are made by brazing with a silver solder. Silicon caps are
placed over each series connection. This cap has good dielectric characteristics and
securely seals to the ground insulation.
The ground insulation is applied in continuous layers of lapped, glass supported
epoxy resin rich, hydromat tape. The end arm insulation is the same thickness as the
slot insulation.
Rotor:-
The rotor is aN assembly consisting of a fabricated spider, a laminated rim, field poles
and winding, a brake ring and collector rings. The rotor is coupled to the generator
upper and lower shafts.
Stub Shaft:-

The stub shaft above the rotor is connected to the rotor spider and provides a journal
surface for the upper guide bearing. The collector is mounted on the upper end of the
stub shaft. The main generator shaft is coupled to the generator rotor spider. The main
generator shaft also couples to the turbine shaft at elevation 893.5m.
CooIing:-

Cooling air for the field poles and stator is directed radially through the rim via air ducts
between the rim plates. Fans' mounted on the ends of the rim also provide air to the
pole end regions. Ventilation shrouds enclose the field connections and poles.

PoIes:-

The rotor field poles are located around the circumference of the rim. The poles are
mounted to the rim face by driven tapered keys between the T-dovetails and the rim
slots.
CoIIector:-

The collector assembly consists of two electrically insulated steel rings mounted on the
collector support just above the stub shaft. Field excitation is provided to the rings via
the collector brush rigging assembly, which is fitted with carbon collector brushes in
constant pressure brush holders.

Thrust and guide bearing:-

The thrust and guide bearing assembly consists of a segmental guide bearing, thrust
ring, rotating ring, segmental spring-supported thrust bearing, base ring, oil reservoir,
cooling coils, instrumentation and alarm devices, and a high pressure oil injection
system for use during starting and stopping.

CooIing coiIs:-
The bearing assembly is provided with cooling coils immersed in the lubricating oil in
the oil reservoir. They act as oil-to-water heat exchangers.






OiI circuIation system:-

The thrust bearing and guide bearing are cooled by circulating lubricating oil through
them and over the oil coolers which are immersed in the main compartment of the oil
reservoir. The main compartment of the reservoir is completely filled with oil and is
sealed by the guide bearing; therefore it is pressurized with the oil flow proportional to
the speed. A portion of the oil is pumped into the guide bearing, and flows back into the
main compartment of the oil reservoir through channels in the guide bearing. Some
leakage flow from the guide bearing segments flows into the upper compartment of the
oil reservoir and then through ducts to the low pressure compartment at the inside
diameter of the oil reservoir. Cool oil also flows radially inwards through channels
between the stationary ring segments into the compartment formed at the inside
diameter of the rotating ring from where it is recirculated.

High pressure oiI injection system:-

A high pressure oil injection system is used to establish and maintain oil lubrication at
the thrust bearing surfaces during periods of starting and stopping. The system has a
high pressure constant volume pump driven by an AC motor. The pump unit is mounted
on the bearing support bracket adjacent to the thrust bearing oil reservoir.

Upper guide bearing:-

The upper guide bearing is located above the rotor. t consists of babbitted bearing
segments which bear on a finely finished surface on the shaft. The segments are
supported by a plate attached to the upper bracket and by the lower structure of the oil
reservoir. The bearing supports are insulated to prevent harmful circulating currents
from passing through the bearing surfaces. Loading on the bearing segments is
transmitted to the upper support bracket by the adjusting bolts and the support plate. Oil
sealing sticks are provided between adjacent segments. The segment clearances are
set by the adjusting bolts.
The bearing segments are partially immersed in an oil reservoir formed by the upper
bracket, oil pan and oil well tube. The bearing is cooled by circulating lubricating oil
through the bearing channels and over the oil coolers which are immersed in the oil
reservoir. The oil is pumped through the bearing channels by the viscous pumping
action of the shaft journal skirt.

OiI cooIing:-

During prolonged periods of shut-down, the water supply should be shut off to prevent
congealing of the oil around the cooling coils and to avoid the possible absorption of
atmospheric moisture.





Brakes and jacks:-

The generator is equipped with: combined brakes and jacks. Jacking limit switches.
brake position switches Associated piping. Solenoid valve for brake application.


Creep detector:-

The creep detector is a friction operated material brush which bears on the shaft. t is
mounted on the under side of the lower bracket near the shaft grounding brush. f the
shaft moves, the brush tilts and actuates a micro-switch which closes a set of contacts.
The contacts provide a creep signal to a latching target relay. Contacts on the relay
provide an alarm - and also start the bearing high pressure oil injection system.
The indicator assembly is fitted with a solenoid which may be operated by automatic
switching from the generator start sequencing or may be operated by manual switching.
The solenoid removes the brush contact from the rotating shaft or releases it to detect
creep.
n the generator start sequencing, the solenoid is automatically energized to
prevent an alarm initiation during normal start-up. On shut-down, a time delay retains
the solenoid energized for a time equal to or slightly greater than the nominal machine
shut down period. When the relay times out, the solenoid releases, permitting the brush
to contact the shaft surface to detect creep


















Turbine fIoor


Turbine works as a prime mover and coupled with rotor to rotate the rotor to generate
power. n CHEP-, Francis type turbine having a net head of 267 meters and rated
output of 100 MW at a discharge of 42 cum/sec at a rated speed of 300 rpm. Water
from a spiral casing enters through a 20 guide vanes and strikes at 13 blades of runner,
which coupled to the turbine shaft. Turbine shaft is coupled to the intermediate shaft,
which is coupled to Generator rotor. The opening of guide vanes depends upon the
generation requirement. Water after striking the blades of runner falls axially in the draft
tube. Runner removal from the bottom of the unit is possible.

L.P compressors:-

Two no. LP compressor, make Kaeser compressors at a
working pressure range 7 to 10 bar is supplied for Braking system, greasing and
lubrication system, service air system and other general purposes. LP compressors
have installed one receiving tank near. Either of the compressors can be set to work on
main and other as standby during their AUTO mode operation. After each 24 hours
main changes to standby and vice-versa. n case the compressor fails to stop, air will
release through safety valve installed in air receiver tank at 11.5 bar. Care must be
taken for auto operation of these compressors.


















Manufacturer - Kaeser compressors
Model - AS 47, screw compressor
Permissible gauge working pressure - 7-10 bars.
Operating temperature - 75- 100
0
C
Total oil capacity - 15 ltr.
Drive motor rated power - 30 KW
Rated speed - 1500 rpm
n put voltage - 415 V, 3-Phase
input current -56 A
Activating pressure for pressure relief valve - 11.5 bar
Recommended coolant - KAESER SGMA M-460

H.P compressors:-

For maintaining air pressure in governor and inlet valve
OPU, air at pressure of about 80 bar is supplied from the compressor. n normal
condition, air pressure in HP compressor tank is in the range of 70 to 80 bar. On panel
there are various indicating lamps for alarm conditions, start stop, auto- manual
selection. To reset alarm, press reset button.





Manufacturer - Comp Air
No. of cylinders - 3
Single acting, three stage with inter coolers
Discharge - 11 Nm
3
/ hr.
Working pressure - 8 Mpa.
Rating of driving motor -7.5 hp, 1440 rpm, 415 V, 3-phases

Compressors:-
Manufacturer - comp Air
Discharge - 246 Nm
3
/ hr.
Pressure - 4.1 Mpa
No. of cylinders - 4, Single acting
No. of stages - 2 with intercoolers
Cooling water requirement -73 ltr/ min.at 0.6 to 1.5 bar & 20
0
C

Air receiver :- Qty. -2
Volume of each tank - 9.36 m
3

Designed stress - 48 bar

TaiI water depression system (TWD Syst.):-
Tail water depression system is used to suppress the water down to the turbine when
machine is running in synchronous condenser mode. TWD Syst. Supply the
compressed air. TWD Syst. is installed in compressor room in control block. This
system comprises air receiver tank and compressor. The operating pressure for the air
receivers is 40 bar. The main compressor will start automatically at 38 bar and stop at
40 bar. The back-up compressor will start automatically at 25 bar and stop at 40 bars.
These setting point will prevent to use both compressors when only one unit is
synchronous compensatory mode, but will allow the use of both compressors in case of
high air demand, in case of high leakage, or if many successive dewatering sequences
are required.



TaiI water depression system
SuppIier Alstom
Compressed air system rated pressure 40 bars
Design pressure 48 bars










Turbine guide bearing:-
The turbine guide bearing is of sump tank type and is
bolted to the head cover. The shaft in rotation is pumping the oil to go on the outer
diameter of the tank by centrifugal action. So the oil pressure at the inlet of the oil
feeding holes of bearing is increased resulting in an oil flow through the bearing. Oil
returns to the sump tank through holes at the top of the bearing.








No. of pads - 12
Type Tilting
Oil requirement - 370 ltrs.
Type - T 46
Design water pressure - 700 Kpa
nput water temperature - 20
0
C
Out put water temperature - 34
0
C
Water flow - 70 ltr. /min



Turbine runner:-

ts main function is to utilize the kinetic energy of water. When the water hits the blades
of runner, the runner starts rotating and as the shaft is coupled with rotor so, rotor also
starts rotating in the same direction to convert its kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Runner is connected to Generator rotor through turbine shaft and intermediate shaft.
Water coming from spiral casing strikes to 13 nos. turbine runner blades. Due to which
runner rotates and finally rotates the Generator rotor.
The runner is keyed to the main shaft of the turbine. Shaft may be horizontal or vertical,
accordingly the turbine are called horizontal or vertical turbines.







Francis turbine:-

A Francis reaction turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge named
after its inventor j.b Francis, an American engineer. However, the modern Francis
turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine in which the water enters the turbine in radial
direction at outer periphery of runner and leaves in axial direction.



Therefore, the vans are suitably designed to have radial entry of water to the runner
with axial discharge is axial,
Accordingly, the velocity diagram of an inward flow reaction turbine
The work done per second per unit weight of water per second




The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes
pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. A casement is needed to
contain the water flow. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source
and the low pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam.

The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine wheel,
known as a runner. This radial flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the runner to
spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water flow conditions.
As the water moves through the runner its spinning radius decreases, further acting on
the runner. For an analogy, imagine swinging a ball on a string around in a circle; if the
string is pulled short, the ball spins faster due to the conservation of angular
momentum. This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps Francis and other
inward-flow turbines harness water energy efficiently.


Francis Turbine and
generator

Guide vanes at minimum flow
setting (cut-away view)

Guide vanes at full flow setting
(cut-away view)

At the exit, water acts on cup shaped runner features, leaving with no swirl and very
little kinetic or potential energy. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the
water flow and recover the pressure.
Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along with
their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Francis
type units cover a head range from 20 meters to 700 meters, and their output power
varies from just a few kilowatts up to one gigawatt. Large Francis turbines are
individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically
over 90%.
n addition to electrical production, they may also be used for pumped storage; where a
reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) during low power demand, and then
reversed and used to generate power during peak demand.





Turbine shaft:-

t is a shaft which connected to turbine runner at one end and another end connected to
intermediate shaft. ntermediate Shaft is coupled to Generator rotor. When turbine
runner rotates, turbine shaft rotates and finally generator rotor rotates.
The shaft is made of steel and it is supported in thrust bearing





Speed governors system:-

Governors are important components of primary control units of interconnected power
systems to regulate turbine speed at a steady state operating point. Speed control is
provided by the governor that senses changes in speed & adjusts the water flow to the
runner to correct any deviation from the desired speed. Depending on the unit-operating
mode the governor performs the following functions: -



Under no load operation the governor starts the unit and stabilizes it at the
synchronization speed to make possible unit connected to grid.
n an isolated network the governor accommodates the output to the power
consumption so as to maintain the network frequency.
After connection with grid the governor takes part in the primary stability of the
grid, adjusts the output to an external set point & is ready to stabilize the
frequency in case of switching to isolated network.
The governing system in general comprises of: -
1. Two nos. of servomotors.
2. The hydraulic power Unit.
3. The electronic speed-load-governor.
4. The Man-Machine-nterface device.


G.V.Servomotor
Type Double acting
Operating pressure 6.7 Mpa ( 971.5 PS )
Hydrostatic test pressure 10.1 Mpa ( 1465.5 psi)
Max. InternaI Ieakage @ 6.7 Mpa 0.02 l/min
Servomotor totaI oiI voIume 28 Lit
HydrauIic fIuid Oil terbospec 46 ( or equivalent )
Net weight 1820 Kg

Servomotors:-
Two double acting servomotors fitted at the turbine pit to do the opening and closing of
the wicket gates. The water supply to the runner is regulated by guide vanes. These
guide vanes are operated by an operating ring through Servomotor.















HydrauIic Power Unit: -




The hydraulic power unit performs the following functions:-
Wicket gate controI: - The movements of the wicket gates are controlled by a
main distributor valve. The digital governor controls all normal operations of the
wicket gates.
TaiI water Depression system: (Condenser mode operation): - n condenser
mode operation of machine the air admission valves of TWD system are
operated by the HPU oil operated valves.
Emergency shut down of Unit: - The emergency shut down of the unit is
performed by
1. De-energizing the shut down coil
2. f the over speed detector detects an over speed it will de-pressurize the
hydraulic over speed distributor.

t consists of a sump tank in which oil is kept and a pressure vessel in which oil and air
is accumulated. Oil is at the lower portion of the vessel and air is at the upper portion.
There are tree pumps, two of 7.5KW each known as main pumps and one is of 3.7KW
known as jockey pump. These pumps are used to pump oil from sump tank to pressure
vessel to maintain pressure of oil at 60-70 bar. Jockey pump operates continuously to
maintain oil pressure in the vessel. Air intake is taken from HP compressor at pressure
of 80 bar. During starting, stopping and running of units the electrical command through
governor allows controlled flow of H.P. oil to servo motor, which moves rotating ring and
wicket gates open or close. Normally oil pressure in pressure vessel is in the range of
60-70 bar. Oil level should be near to the center marking of the oil gauge. f oil level and
pressure are high , bring them to normal values by filling the air and opening the sump
tank valve. f pressure and level are low, bring them normal by operating the pumps in
manual mode. All this is to be done with care as unit can trip due to any abnormality.
Also the readings of governor O.P.U. pressure, oil pressure in the vessel should be
noted in the logbook on hourly basis.
Supplier - Alstom
Normal working pressure - 67 bars
Maximum working pressure - 80 bars
Servomotor total oil volume - 28 ltrs.
Minimum closing time - 7 sec.
Minimum opening time - 7 sec
Air/Oil accumulator tank volume - 1050 ltr.
Main pumps - 7.5 KW, 28 ltr. / min
Jockey pump - 3.7 KW, 11 ltr./min.



Greasing system:-

Make - Graco , Model no.- 239887 series B
Maximum working pressure- 580 bar
Fluid pressure ratio - 50:1
Air operating range - 30 -140 psi
Air consumption - 0.638 m
3
/ min
Maximum recommended pump speed - 76 cycle / min.

Whenever any mechanical system slides on other mechanical system, lubrication is
required. t is provided for the lubrication of moving parts of turbine & inlet valve (e.g.
Spherical valves both side Reunions, Between Wicket and head cover, Between Wicket
and Bottom ring etc. Here for lubrication, Grease is used.








CooIing water fIoor


CooIing water system:-

Water is taken from Draft Tube/ Tail Race Tunnel (TRT) and is supplied through
common cooling header for stator winding cooling, thrust bearing cooling and generator
guide bearing (UGB) cooling, ventilation systems and 400 kv GSU transformers cooling.
At turbine floor cooling water header is located. There is a pressure gauge installed on
this header. Normal water pressure in header is 6 to7 bar.
Cooling water system of unit consists:
1. Clean water system: Close loop (for unit 1,2,3 and standby)
2. Raw water System: Open loop (for unit 1,2,3 and standby)
3. Heat exchanger (for unit 1,2,3 and standby)
Clean water is being fed from potable water tank at GS and potable water tank is filled
by boring pump of 15 Hp. Clean water is fed for cooling of TGB, LGB, Thrust Bearing,
stator surface air coolers and UGB. And circulated through heat exchangers to be
cooled by raw water .the circulation of clean water is done by clean water pump rating
75 Hp. There are two common clean water headers, one for supply of clean water to the
different bearings and other for return of the clean water from the bearings to the heat
exchanger
Raw water is taken from Draft tube D/S of each unit and given to heat exchanger
through baskets strainers, to exchange the heat of clean water and finally drops to draft
tube(D/S). there are three raw water pumps of rating 40 Hp for each unit and one for
stand by unit. The stand by unit is connected to all the three units through common
headers and valves. During normal operation all the valves in the input and output
circuits of raw water are remain in opening condition .n case of the dewatering of the
draft tube of any unit (either unit 1,2,or 3), the input and output valves for that water of
raw water are required to be closed.






Draft tube:






Water passing over the runner blades is discharge to tail race through a gradually
increasing area, called draft tube.
The small end of draft tube is fixed to outer opening of the casing and its bigger end is
deeply submerged into tail race by at least m depth from tailrace level
t is evident from discussion that the entire passages of a reaction turbine from head
race to tail race are totally enclosed and it does not communicate with the atmosphere.
t is so necessary since reaction turbines turbine run under pressure.
After striking the water to runner blades, it discharges through Draft tube to TRT

Function of a draft tube
(i) t converts the kinetic energy of water at exit of runner into useful pressure
energy and the water discharges into tail race at very low velocity. Therefore,
increase the pressure head
(ii) t increases the head on the turbine by an amount equal to the height of
runner outlet above the race.
(iii) t improves the efficiency of turbine











SpiraI casing:-






t is the passage for water inlet. The main function of spiral case is to maintain the equal
pressure on every runner blade in all directions. Water from penstock enters to spiral
case at a pressure of 26.5Bar and through 20 stays vanes and 20 guide vanes it strikes
to runner blades. After striking it discharges through draft tube to TRT. Spiral casing
was in 20 pieces and of total wt 31200 Kg., welded to stay ring and embedded into
concrete.

Stay ring:-

The water flow coming from the penstock going through the inlet valve enters in the
spiral casing. This spiral case is welded to the stay ring around which the water is
uniformly distributed. The purpose of stay vanes (20) in stay ring is to give direction of
water flow. Stay ring is the first part to be installed during erection, around which the
spiral casing is build up by welding.






Wicket gates:-




Function of guide vanes is to maintain the flow of inlet water for varying load as per
demand. There are 20 nos. wicket gates, installed between Head cover and Bottom
ring. Water passes through spiral casing to runner blades through wicket gates. All
wicket gates are fixed with head cover through mobile thrust collar assembly. Mobile
thrust collar assembly is attached with operating ring which has been fixed on top of
head cover. Operating ring is connected to servomotor with connecting links and Lever.
When Governor gives command to open the servomotor, SM rotates the operating ring,
finally which rotates/open the wicket gates.



Wicket gate
No. of wicket gates 20
Length
466.90 - 0.15mm
+ 0
No of stay ring 20




Drainage and Dewatering System
Three nos. drainage pumps of 125 HP and two nos. dewatering pumps of 125 HP are
installed in the turbine floor of power house to collect the drainage and throw it in draft
tube or outside the main portal gate of power house.
Drainage & Dewatering system
Drainage
pumps Supplier - KSB
Quantity 3
Capacity- 420 m
3
/Hr
Head - 47.0 m

Dewatering
pumps

Supplier - KSB
Quantity 2
Capacity- 420 m
3
/Hr
Head - 47.0 m

OiI Skimmer:-
Oil skimmer system is installed in drainage sump to recollect the oil from water.
General:
Construction:
1) Solid welded carbon steel with a baked on powder coat finish.
2) olor: ark saIet blue




Step-up transformer


Generator step-up transformer is connected to generator via Bus Duct. Generator
voltage of 11KV is fed to LT side of TOSHBA Transformer, which is, then Step-up to
400KV. Total no. of transformers including one spare is 10






Manufacturer - Toshiba
Rated continuous out put - 41 MVA
Cooling type - OFWF
Frequency - 50 Hz
Number of phases - 1
Temperature rise - Winding 65
0
C, Oil- 55
0
C
Rated voltage - HV 400/ sq.root 3, LV -11 KV

Main tank oil capacity - 19.8 m
3
Cable box oil capacity - 5 m
3
Water circulation per cooler - 0.2 m
3
/min.

Transformer nstrumentation:
a) Winding temperature gauge for LT & HT
b) Oil temperature gauge
c) Oil level indicator
d) ON-LNE Moisture meter
e) Differential pressure gauge for water
pressure
Total Wt. of Transformer : 83 t
Transformer protection a) Differential relay for winding
b) Bucholz relay for any accumulation of gases

400 KV XLPE CabIe:

Electrical power is transmitted from Generator transformer HT side to GS through 400
KV XLPE (cross link poly ethylene) cable. 9 single core cable is used one for each
generator transformer and one cable is kept as spare.

Supplier Nexans
Cable cross section - 1 x 400 sq.mm (Copper)
Rated voltage - 400 KV
Type of cable - XLPE
nsulation test voltage level - 400 KV for 24 hours



Gas insuIated switchgear

400 KV SF
6
Circuit Breakers
SF
6
Gas:
SF
6
(Sulphur Hexa Floride) gas is used in gas insulated switchgear as an insulating
medium and as a switching gas due to its dielectric and arc quenching properties.
The gas is produced by direct reaction at 300
0
C between molten Sulphur and Florine
gas, generating by electrolysis of hydroflorine acid HF. t is chemically stable non-toxic
and -combustible. f SF
6
is used at atmospheric pressure it ensures that no liquid
faction occurs, the problem with condensation droplets etc. are also avoided.






InsuIating Properties of SF
6
Gas:
nsulation by SF
6
gas reduces the insulating distance i.e. the distance between the
phases and between two adjacent bays, there by reducing the space required for a
substation. The gas is electronegative in nature, i.e. an atom or molecule of SF
6
will
attract and hold the electrons. The electronegative gases are good dielectrics.
The electric strength of the SF
6
gas as comparison to Air at 20
0
C is

Pressure SF
6
Air
1 bar 75 KV/Cm 30 KV/Cm
6 bar 375 KV/Cm 150 KV/Cm

n case of nternal Fault the arc developed in SF6 has a lower AC voltage than the arc
in the compressed air .
The thermal conductivity of the SF6 gas is very high than the other insulating mediums.
Hence the dissipation of heat by ohmic resistance of conductors via the enclosures is
more in SF6 than that of air.

Switchyard
Type 400 KV , GS
Size 135mX75m
Power Generation
Peaking capacity during Iean period 300 MW
AnnuaI energy generation in 90 % dependabIe year 1500 MU


SF6 as a Switching Medium:

The SF6 is also used as the arc-extinguishing medium in the circuit breakers is most
important safety element the power supply system. The circuit breaker must be capable
of interrupting large currents at high electromotive forces.
During the operation i.e. arcing period the SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The
gas removes the heat and reduces the arc diameter during the decreasing mode of
current wave. The diameter becomes small during current zero and the arc is
extinguished. Due to the excellent properties of gas it regains its dielectric properties
after the final current zero and prevents the arc from restriking. The arc time constant,
which is the time required for a medium to regain its dielectric strength after the final
current zero, for SF6 gas is of the order of few microseconds.

Gas QuaIity:

The gas applied in switchgear should be clean without any pollution.
f the gas is heavily polluted through internal fault it should not be used any longer and
refilling should be carried out.
The gas for filling replashing is called the clean gas and gas in operation is called the
operating gas.
Adverse Effects of SF6 Gas:

b) Risk of suffocation: SF6 gas is five times heavier than air. Hence it will tend to
collect at low points of buildings, vessels and other open volumes displacing the
air in those areas. This could be hazardous to persons since it could cause
oxygen depletion which could lead to suffocation.
a) Corrosion of compartments due to effect of decomposition of SF6 gas during
operation. The impurities like water, acidic impurities and oxygen in combination
may prompt corrosion in the equipments leading to the faulty mechanical
operation.

OPERATION:
CIosing of earth switch

1) Ensure that circuit breaker is OPENED.
2) Ensure that 400KV line to be earthed is de-energized from other end
3) Open bus isolator whichever is closed that is isolate the system from
bus bar.
4) Put control switch (local, remote switch) to local mode.

The SF6 gas that is filled in GS for insulation as well as arc quenching process should
have required pressure in all the chambers.
Normal Main breaker 6.5 to 7.5 bar and others modules pressures is 3.5 bar. Normal
hydraulic operating pressure of circuit breakers is 360 bars.

HydroeIectricity




The Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power
through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. t is the most widely
used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the
project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO
2
) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
Worldwide, hydroelectricity supplied an estimated 816 GWe in 2005. This was
approximately 20% of the world's electricity, and accounted for about 88% of electricity
from renewable sources.



Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator.
CaIcuIating the amount of avaiIabIe power
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is:
! = p 7 , where ! is Power in watts, p is the
density of water (~1000 kg/m
3
), is height in meters, 7 is flow rate in cubic
meters per second, is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s
2
, and is a
coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher with larger and
more modern turbines.
Advantages

Economics
The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of
operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels
such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.Hydroelectric plants also
tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in
service which were built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also usually low,
as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon
dioxide (a greenhouse gas). While some carbon dioxide is produced during
manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating
emissions of equivalent fossil-fuel electricity generation.
ReIated activities
Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports,
and become tourist attractions in themselves. n some countries, aquaculture in
reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation support agriculture with a
relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would
otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.







Disadvantages



Recreational users must exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, power
plant intakes and spillways.
Very Hazardous
Dam failures have been some of the largest man-made disasters in history. Also, good
design and construction are not an adequate guarantee of safety. Dams are tempting
industrial targets for wartime attack, sabotage and terrorism.
Limited Service Life
Almost all rivers convey silt. Dams on those rivers will retain silt in their catchments,
because by slowing the water, and reducing turbulence, the silt will fall to the bottom.
Siltation reduces a dam's water storage so that water from a wet season cannot be
stored for use in a dry season. Often at or slightly after that point, the dam becomes
uneconomic. Near the end of the siltation, the basins of dams fill to the top of the lowest
spillway, and even storage from a storm to the end of dry weather will fail. Some
especially poor dams can fail from siltation in as little as 20 years. Larger dams are not
immune.Dams' useful lives can be extended with sediment bypassing, special weirs,
and forestation projects to reduce a watershed's silt production, but at some point most
dams become uneconomic to operate.
EnvironmentaI damage
Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems both
upstream and downstream of the plant site. For instance, studies have shown that dams
along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon
populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream, even though most
dams in salmon habitat have fish ladders installed. Salmon spawn

are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through turbines. This
has led to some areas transporting smolt downstream by barge during parts of the year.
n some cases dams have been demolished
PopuIation reIocation
Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living
where the reservoirs are planned. n February 2008, it was estimated that 40-80 million
people worldwide had been physically displaced as a direct result of dam construction.
n many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural
attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally,
historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost.
Dam (Reservoir)
A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally serve
the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or
levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific
land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are often used in
conjunction with dams to provide clean electricity for millions of consumers. t can also
be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between
locations.
Types of dams
Masonry dams
(a Arch dams
(b Gravity dams
Embankment dams
(a Rock-fill dams
(b Earth-fill dams
Asphalt-concrete core
(a Cofferdams
(b)Timber dams
(c)Steel dams
(d)Beaver dams

Gravity dams

n a gravity dam, stability is secured by making it of such a size and shape that it will
resist overturning, sliding and crushing at the toe. The dam will not overturn provided
that the moment around the turning point, caused by the water pressure is smaller than
the moment caused by the weight of the dam. This is the case if the resultant force of
water pressure and weight falls within the base of the dam. However, in order to prevent
tensile stress at the upstream face and excessive compressive stress at the
downstream face, the dam cross section is usually designed so that the resultant falls
within the middle at all elevations of the cross section (the core). For this type of dam,
impervious foundations with high -0,73 strength are essential.

When situated on a suitable site, gravity dams can prove to be a better alternative to
other types of dams. When built on a carefully studied foundation, the gravity dam
probably represents the best developed example of dam building. Since the fear of flood
is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are being built in some instances
where an arch dam would have been more economical.
Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow". This is called "Zoning". The core of
the dam is zoned depending on the availability of locally available materials, foundation
conditions and the material attributes. The solid form is the more widely used of the two,
though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Gravity dams can
also be classified as "overflow" (spillway) and "non-overflow." .





Type Concrete, gravity
Max. height above deepest foundation IeveI 39 M
EIevation of top of dam 1166 m
Length at top 118.5 m
Length of non overfIow section 39.5 M
Length of overfIow section 79 M
FuII reservoir IeveI EL 1162 M
Max. reservoir IeveI EL 1164.85
Minimum draw down IeveI EL 1152.0
Gross storage up to FRL 224.88 Ha.m
Live storage capacity 156.33 Ha.m


SpiIIway

RadiaI gate
These gates are obstacle in the flow of water i.e ravi river to maintain high pressure
Maintain required level of water in dam
n this hydro power plant 4 radial gate are provided having dimensions

Weight of gates 220MT/gate
Radius of gate 25 mtrs from turning center
Sill level EL 1140.703mtrs
Top of gate EL 1162.5 mtrs
Speed of hoist/lowering 0.5mtrs/min
Max. discharge through gate 2250cumec/gate
Operation (i)auto(ii)semi auto(iii) manual
Hyd. Cylinder single acting
Test pressure 273 bar
Closing by self weight
Power rack oil capacity 4000ltrs
Hyd oil HP tellus-22WAS-32
Total lift of gate 14 mtrs
Working pressure 182 bars


Done only when discharge more than 175 cumec
135 cumec required for three turbines
.e 45x3=135 cumec
f discharge in river is more than 135 cumec than water is drawn through safety having
capacity 20 cumec
Each 20x2=40cumec
.e 135+40=175 cumec

f discharge of water is more than 175 cumec then following procedure is done
Operation
(i)EL 1160m level above 10 cm lift of radial gate 26 cumec flow of water
(ii)EL1153 to 1160m 10 cm lift of radial gate 22 cumec flow of water.

Rack
This structure is at inlet of both the D/C and its purpose to stop the dust particles that
river carry with itself by following like plastic bottle, polythene or other wastage that the
people of catchment area thrown on the river
This dust particles is removed by the TRCM



Water conductor system

(i) Destiling arrangement
(ii) Head Race Tunnel
(iii) Surge shaft
(iv) Penstock


Intake structure and destiIing arrangement

Designed discharge of 145 cumec. For trapping suspended still particles carried by
river, an underground destiling champers is proposed to the constructed at the end of
approach tunnels



DesiIting arrangement
Type Underground
Size & type
Two numbers , parallel compartments
380x16x15 m(excluding hoppers)
ParticIe size to be removed All particles greater than 0.2 mm


Dewatering of desiIiting chamber
Dewatering of one desiliting chamber only
The dewatering shall normally be carried out when reservoir level is b/w EL 1157 and
EL 1152 the following procedure shall be followed
(i) Lower the corresponding silt flushing service gate
(ii) Lower the corresponding intake gate
(iii) Lower the Desilting stop log (3units) in the bay the desilting chamber to be
dewatered
(iv) Lower the corresponding silt flushing maintaince gate
(v) The silt flushing service gate to pass discharge of about 7 cumec opening
shall be kept about 0.5m if the reservoir level at EL 1157 and about 0.6m for
reservoir level at EL 1152
(vi) The D/C will be dewatered up to EL 1124.45m in a period of 6 hour


Head Race TunneI

HRT alignment will be diverted into the HRT through rock shaft for augmentation of
power generation, the construction of tunnel will be carried out by three construction
ADTS by developing modern






Power tunneI
Size & type 7 m horse shoe
Length 7.86 kms
Design discharge 142 cumecs
SIope 0.417%
VeIocity 3.46 m/sec
Adits 3
Length of inIet adit at 0 RD 200 m
Length of adit no . 1 200 M
Length of adit no. 2 325 m



Surge shaft

Surge shaft
No. One
Type Restricted orifice
Diameter 15.5 m
Hieght 93 M
Orifice/gate sIot area 7.07 m
2

Top eIevation 1200 M
Max. up surge 1198 m


Butter fIy vaIve
Manufacturer : Litostroj E..
Type : Biplane, Eccentric
nlet diameter : 3000 mm
Outlet diameter : 3000 mm
Working pressure : 10.5 bar
Test pressure : 15.75 bars
Valve opening : By hydraulic system
Valve closing : By counter weight



Butter fly valve is designed to function as a safety-locking device in penstock. t opens
at equalized water pressure on either side of closed valve gate and closes in
emergency at max. operating pressure. Butterfly is installed between the up-stream
section flange and down stream dismantling pipe, which enables simple assembly and
dismantling of butterfly valve in case of repair or overhaul.
Butter fly valve is also equipped with power pack having nitrogen gas and a HPU.




ButterfIy vaIve
SuppIier Alstom / Litostroj
NominaI diameter 3000 mm
Working pressure 10.5 bars
Test pressure 15.75 bars
VaIve opening By hydraulic system
VaIve cIosing by Counterweight
Service seaI (D/S) operation Penstock water pressure
Maintenance seaI (U/S) operation Penstock water pressure



Penstock
A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed
pipe that delivers water to hydraulic turbines and sewerage systems. t is a term that
has been inherited from the technology of wooden watermills.

Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped with a gate system and
a surge tank. Flow is regulated by turbine operation and is nil when turbines are not in
service. Maintenance requirements may include hot water wash, manual cleaning,
antifouling coatings, and desiccation.
Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction, the penstock is usually
situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings,
these penstock rings control the water level letting the slimes settle out of the water, this
water is then piped back under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline



Pressure shaft
Nos. and type
Three ,vertical
underground,circular,steel lined
Height 210 m
Diameter 3 m
Max. VeIocity 6.69 m/Sec.
Discharge carrying capacity 47.73 Cumec
Type & thickness of steeI Iiner or equivaIent S-2002 grade 3 or equivalent

Main inIet vaIve




Main inlet valve, type Spherical valve has been installed between the U/S of turbine and
penstock. Opening and closing of valve is done with help of Single acting
Servomotor(R/B side). Before Opening and closing of valve, pressure of both side of
valve should be equalized, which done with help of U/S seal and D/S seal. U/S seal is
the maintenance seal, which is normally open and during operation D/S seal (service
seal) is closed or open. For Operation (movement) of servomotor, 70 bar pressurized
oil is applied through inlet valve HPU.

SphericaI vaIve
SuppIier Alstom / Litostroj
NominaI diameter 2362 mm
Working pressure 34.5 bars
Test pressure 51.8 bars
VaIve opening By hydraulic system
VaIve cIosing by Counterweight
ConcIusion

National hydroelectric power corporation limited (NHPC) has several units, which are
engaged in operation of generating electricity are under construction stage. Various
types of stores inventory need to maintain to ensure the smooth running of these power
stations and construction of the units under construction. The purchase and stores
accounting procedure shall be subject to NHPC's policy for procurement of stores,
delegation of power and administrative instruction issued in this regard for time to time.
The stores inventory includes inventory for construction (like steel, element, etc) as well
as for operation purposes. NHPC uses all the procedure and guidelines for the stores
management discussed in the report.















BibIiography


Books:-
O Manual of NHPC
O Hand book of NHPC
O Magazine of NHPC
O DPR: Details project report CPS-
O Documentary CPS-
O Project completion report
O Manual on Protection on generators, Generators Transformer and 220KV and
400KV networks.


Website:-
O www.nhpcindia.com