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CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR TRAINER MODEL-OSC06

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

INTRODUCTION This trainer has been designed with a view to observe characteristics of Crystal Oscillator.

SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The complete circuit is printed on a single P.C.B. All parts are soldered on single pin tag for easy replacement. Explanation, Observation, Alignment and adjustment of Internal and external controls is possible due to Single P.C.B. Easy identification of different parts is possible at a glance. Easy measurement of voltages and observation of waveforms at any Point. Test Points are provided on P.C.B. A manual having practical detail is provided with the board. Built-in Power supply Power requirement : +5V at 200mA IC Regulated & short circuit protected : 230V, 50Hz AC.

9. Standard Accessories: 1. A manual having practical details. 2. Patch Cords.

CHAPTER-1 THEORY OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR Oscillator Basics: Transistor oscillator circuits are usually designed to generate fairly pure sine-wave outputs. Two basic requirements must be satisfied to make such an oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. First, the output of the amplifying device (A1) must be fed back to its input via a frequency selective network (A2) in such a way that the sum of the amplifier feedback network phase shifts equals zero degrees (or 360) at the desired oscillation frequency, i.e. so that x + y = 0 (or 360). Thus, if the transistor stage generates 180 of a frequency selective network connected between input and output in order to meet the first requirement of, as sine-wave oscillator must introduce phase shift between input and output, an additional 180 of phase shift. The second requirement is that the gain of the amplifying device must exactly counter the losses of the frequency-selective feedback network at the desired oscillation frequency, to give an overall system gain of precisely unity, e.g. A1 x A2 = 1. If the gain is less than unity the circuit will not oscillate, and if greater than unity it will be over-driven and will generate distorted (non-sinusoidal) waveforms. The frequency-selective feedback network usually consists of either a C-R or L-C filter or of a tuned transformer or a crystal filter.

Figure-1 Positive Feedback Circuit

CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS In the higher frequency bands, tuned LC and RC circuits do not have sufficient stability to control the frequency of operation to the necessary degree of accuracy. At these frequencies, the crystal oscillator is used. The control of frequency by means of crystals of crystals is based upon the piezoelectric effect. When certain types of crystals are compressed or stretched in specific directions, electric charges are present on the surfaces. The converse is also true, for it such a crystal is placed between two metal plates, and a difference in potential applied to the metal plates, the crystal will stretch or contract. This relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties of the crystal is the piezoelectric effect. If a crystal is caused to stretch along its length, opposite electric charges appear across its faces and a difference in potential is generated. Should the crystal now be compressed along its length, the polarities of the charges reverse. In this manner, a mechanically vibrating crystal will generate an ac voltage. Conversely, if an ac voltage is applied across the faces of a crystal, it will vibrate mechanically. If the frequency of the ac voltage is the same as the mechanical resonant frequency of the crystal, the vibration is increased and the voltage generated by the crystal aids the ac applied to its faces. Several types of crystals are known to exhibit the piezoelectric effect. Quartz is the most often used in electronics. TICKLER COIL CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR: This oscillator operates over the low- through high-frequency bands to produce an extremely stable sine-wave rf output. It is used as the LO in some heterodyne receivers and in test equipment. The tickler coil crystal oscillator may be either tuned or unturned, or partially tuned by stray and distributed capacitance. When the circuit is tuned, it is possible to operate the crystal on a fundamental frequency and tune the tank circuit to a harmonic, thereby obtaining frequency multiplication, or to use overtone crystals for the same result. The tickler coil crystal oscillator may be crystal-stabilized or crystal-controlled. However, this circuit discussion will be restricted to the crystal-controlled type of oscillator. The ease of obtaining the feedback and controlling it makes the tickler coil feedback circuit popular. Since the polarity of each coil with respect to the other is easily changed by reversing the windings, and since the coupling may be made tight by spacing the coils close together, or loose by spacing them apart, it is easy to obtain the proper amount and polarity of feedback. With the use of inductors to provide a low dc resistance, the dc resistance losses are minimized, and more output is obtained from the circuit with better efficiency. The use of a crystal operating in the series-resonant mode is more common with transistor oscillators because the crystal serves as a convenient means of permitting feedback at the resonant frequency by virtue of its low impedance series-resonant frequency by virtue of its low impedance series-resonant circuit, while it also offers high impedance to feedback at all other frequencies. When placed in series with the feedback loop, the crystal effectively controls the feedback. Use of the parallel-resonant mode is also common, since sufficient flexibility exists in the placement of the crystal in either the collector, base, or emitter circuit to match circuit conditions. For example, since the common-base circuit has high output impedance, the crystal could be placed in the collector-based loop and operated effectively as a parallel resonator. The basic common-emitter circuit configuration for the tickler coil crystal oscillator is shown in Fig. 1. You will recall that the inputs and outputs of the common-collector and common-base circuits are of the same polarity, and that those of the common-base circuits are of the same polarity, and that those of the commonemitter circuit are out of phase. To obtain the desired polarity of feedback in the common-emitter circuit, the two coils are oppositely phased. In Fig. 1, the feedback is from collector to base, with the input being considered from base to emitter. Since the polarity is reversed in the collector circuit, tickler coil L2 is connected so that it also reverses the polarity, and feedback through the crystal arrives at the base properly polarized to produce regeneration. Removal of the crystal, which is in series with the feedback loop, will prevent the occurrence of feedback; therefore, the circuit will not oscillate with the crystal removed. However, the circuit is normally designed to operate as a self-excited oscillator if the crystal is shorted. When the oscillator is switched on, current flows through the transistor as determined by the biasing circuit. Initial noise or thermal variations produce a feedback voltage (from collector to base through the crystal), which 4

is in phase with the initial noise pulse. As the emitter current increases, the collector current also increases, and additional feedback through L1 and L2 further increases the emitter current, until it reaches saturation and can no longer increase. When the current stops changing, the induced feedback voltage is reduced until there is no longer any voltage fed back into the base-emitter circuit. At this time, the collapsing field around the tank and tickler coils induces a reverse voltage into the baseemitter circuit which causes a decrease in the emitter current, and hence a decrease in the collector current. The decreasing current then induces a reverse voltage into the feedback loop, driving the emitter current to zero or cutoff. The discharge of tank capacitor C1 through L1 then causes the voltage applied to the base-emitter circuit to rise from a reverse-bias value through zero to a forward-bias value. Emitter and collector currents flow, and the previous action repeat itself, resulting in sustained oscillations. While this oscillatory action is going on, piezoelectric action occurs in the crystal. As the feedback voltage is increased, the strain on the crystal is increased, with maximum strain and maximum crystal deformation occurring at the peak of the cycle. Upon reversal of the feedback voltage, the strain on the crystal is reduced. Since the crystal shape is now reverting to its original form, a piezoelectric charge is produced across it. This charge is opposite so that which produced the deformation. If the original charge which caused the deformation. If the original charge, which caused the deformation, was positive, the crystal causes a negative potential to appear across itself when the strain is released. This potential is in the direction of the feedback, so that alternate positive and negative charges are induced across the crystal as it vibrates. These potentials add to the feedback voltage. As a result, the crystal enhances the feedback, and the feedback increases the strength of the mechanical vibrations. Since the feedback and piezoelectric action are regenerative, the transistor quickly reaches its saturation and cutoff points. By correctly proportioning the turns and coupling between the tank circuit and the tickler coil it is easy to obtain the proper amount of feedback. The circuit operates at the natural or fundamental frequency of the crystal for the series mode. The operating frequency is slightly lower than the tank resonant frequency. It is also possible to operate this circuit using the parallel mode of the crystal by proper choice of circuit parameters. Although the crystal offers high impedance in this mode, sufficient feedback can be obtained to sustain oscillation in this mode. In the parallel mode, the crystal appears as a high Q inductor, which is tuned by the total shunt capacitance across it, and the tank is tuned to a higher frequency. This type of operation is particularly applicable to the higher frequencies, where the shunt crystal capacitance is appreciable. For operation in the parallel mode, the frequency stability is slightly degraded and the output is slightly less than the output in the series mode. Both types of operation are in use.

Figure-2 Basic tickler coil crystal oscillator. In practical circuits, bias and stabilization are usually combined. Bias is usually provided by voltage divider R1R2 as shown in Fig. 2. Note that the base is not bypassed for RF, although in some circuits it may be. When it is un bypassed, there is presumed to be a slight amount of generation, which enhance the circuit stability. 5

PRACTICAL -1 To Construct Crystal Oscillator Circuit AIM: To construct Crystal Oscillator and observe its characteristics. Procedure:1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram CN1. 2. Connect frequency counter at the output terminals and observe frequency reading. It will be 4MHz with 0.3Vpp sine wave signal. 3. Observe the output waveforms on CRO.

Conclusion : The Characteristics of Crystal oscillator understood.

(Connection Diagram CN1)