Test #2 Math 4038 July 2010

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do not replace precise answers with decimal approximations.
There are four (4) problems: Maximum total score = 100.
Legendres Equation:
_
1 x
2
_
y

2xy

+ n(n + 1)y = 0
Beessels Equation: x
2
y

+ xy

+
_
x
2

2
_
y = 0
1. Consider the solutions y =

0
a
m
x
m
to the Legendre equation
_
1 x
2
_
y

2xy

+ 6y = 0. (1)
a. (15) Find a recursion formula that determines all the coecients a
m
in terms of it predecessors.
b. (10) Write out in full a polynomial solution to (1). Hints: The answer is unique only up to an
arbitrary constant factor. Use the recursion formula found in part (a) to generate a series solution
that terminates, making it a polynomial.
1
Test #2 Math 4038 July 2010
2. The equation 2xy

+ y

+ y = 0 has solutions of the form y =

m=0
a
m
x
m+r
where r R and a
0
= 0.
a. (10) Find the indicial equation and solve for the two available values of r
b. (10) Find the recursion formula that determines the values of a
m+1
in terms of its predecessors.
c. (5) Now pick the larger of the two values for r and write out the series solution for y as an innite
series, including a formula for the general nth term.
2
Test #2 Math 4038 July 2010
3. The equation xy

+ (2x 1)y

+ (x 1)y = 0 has a solution of the form y

1
= e
x
+ ax for some
constant a.
a. (10) Find the value of a that makes y
1
a solution.
b. (15) Use the method of reduction of order to nd a second, linearly independent solution of the form
y
2
(x) = y
1
(x)u(x). Calculate what u is and write out the solution y
2
, so that y
1
and y
2
constitute
a basis for the solutions. (The answer is not unique.)
3
Test #2 Math 4038 July 2010
4. Solve the equation y

+ 4x
2
y = 0 by converting to a Bessel equation and expressing the solution in
terms of Bessel functions of the rst and second kind. Let y = u

x and x
2
= z. Use the following steps,
taking care with the Chain Rule.
a. (5) Express
dy
dx
in terms of
du
dx
, and express
du
dx
in terms of
du
dz
.
b. (10) Express y

in terms of
d
2
u
dz
2
c. (5) Rewrite the original dierential equation as a Bessel Equation in u as a function of z.
d. (5) Write the solution for u in terms of z using Bessel functions. Express the solution in the form
y is a function of x.
4
Test #2 Math 4038 July 2010
Solutions
1.
a. There are no restrictions at this point on a
0
or a
1
. In general, a
m+2
=
(m + 3)(m2)
(m + 2)(m + 1)
a
m
, or
a
m
=
(m + 1)(m4)
(m)(m1)
a
m2
, where m 2. Either recursion formula would be ne to use.
b. The formula in part (a) above implies that the coecient a
4
= 0. To produce a polynomial solution
we must take a
1
= 0, and we choose a
0
= 1, yielding
P(x) = 1 3x
2
.
If we had not taken a
1
= 0 then the solution would not have been a polynomial. One may note that
P(x) =
1
2
P
2
(x), where P
2
(x) =
1
2
2
2!
d
2
dx
2
_
x
2
1
_
2
, by Rodriguezs formula applied for n = 2.
2.
a. The indicial equation is 2r(r 1) + r = 0 so that r = 0 or r =
1
2
.
b. a
m+1
=
a
m
(m + r + 1)(2m + 2r + 1)
.
c. y =

m=0
(1)
m
2
m
x
m
(2m + 1)!
. (There are more intricate expressions for a
m
that do not have the factor
2
m
in the numerator.)
3.
a. a = 0.
b. y
2
= x
2
e
x
will work. Or a nonzero constant multiple of this choice would be as good.
4.
a.
dy
dx
=
du
dx

x +
1
2
ux

1
2
, and
du
dx
= 2x
du
dz
. Other versions are possible.
b.
d
2
y
dx
2
= 4x
5
2
d
2
u
dz
2
+ 4

x
du
dz

1
4
ux

3
2
. Other versions are possible.
c. z
2
d
2
u
dz
2
+ z
du
dz
+
_
z
2

_
1
4
_
2
_
u = 0.
d. u = c
1
J1
4
(z) + c
2
Y1
4
(z) , and y =

x
_
c
1
J1
4
_
x
2
_
+ c
2
Y1
4
_
x
2
_
_
. One could use J

1
4
instead of Y1
4
.
Class Statistics
% Grade Test#1 Test#2 Test#3 Final Exam Final Grade
90-100 (A) 4 2
80-89 (B) 3 5
70-79 (C) 4 2
60-69 (D) 1 0
0-59 (F) 1 1
Test Avg 81.8% 78.6% % % %
HW Avg 81.4% 77.5% %
HW/Exam Correlation 0.91 0.82
5