MATLAB数值分析与应用宋叶志

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MATLAB 2008 The Math Works

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MATLAB MATLAB6.57.020072008
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2008 10
MATLAB
MATLAB ..........................................................................1
1.1 MATLAB ................................................................................................................1
1.2 MATLAB ........................................................................................................9
1.3 MATLAB 3D .......................................................................................17
1.4 MATLAB ..............................................................................................33
1.5 MATLAB ..............................................................................44
MATLAB ................................................. 50
2.1 .........................................................................................................50
2.2 .................................................................................54
2.3 ................................................................................................................59
2.4 .....................................................................................62
2.5 .........................................................................................................65
2.6 .........................................................................................69
2.7 .....................................................................................................73
2.8 ..........................................................................................76
2.9 .....................................................................................................80
2.10 ....................................................................................................83
2.11 Jacobi Hesse ......................................................................86
2.12 ..........................................................................................................92
2.13 ...................................................................................................94
2.14 ...................................................................................................97
2.15 .................................................................................................101
2.16 .................................................................................................105
2.17 .............................................................................108
2.18 ............................................................................. 111
2.19 ..................................................................... 116
.......................................................... 123
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
...........................................................................................123
...................................................................................................126
...........................................................................................132
.......................................................................136
Fourier ........................................................................................................138
Fourier ....................................................................................................144
Laplace .......................................................................................................149
Laplace ...................................................................................................153
............................................................ 159
4.1 Jacobi ............................................................................................................159
4.2 Gauss-Seidel .................................................................................................163
MATLAB
4. 3 SOR..............................................................................166
4.4 Gauss ..........................................................................170
4.5 ...........................................................................173
4.6 LU .................................................................................176
4.7 Cholesky ........................................................................178
4.8 ...........................................................................180
4.9 ......................................................................................................183
4.10 LSQR ...................................................................................186
4.11 ................................................................................190
4.12 ........................................................................193
4.13 ........................................................................196
..............................................................................................................................200
.................................................................... 203
5.1 .................................................................................................204
5.2 .....................................................................................................208
5.3 Aitken ................................................................................................. 211
5.4 Steffensen ...............................................................................................214
5.5 Newton-Rahpson ................................................................................217
5.6 ...........................................................................................220
5.7 ..................................................................................................................223
5.8 kepler ..............................................................................................226
..............................................................................................................................229
................................................ 231
6.1 .......................................................................................................231
6.2 ...............................................................................................235
6.3 ...............................................................................239
6.4 ...............................................................................................243
6.5 Broyden ................................................................................248
6.6 Broyden .................................................................................................254
6.7 DFP ............................................................................................................259
6.8 BFS ............................................................................................................265
6.9 ..........................................................................................................271
6.10 .................................................................................276
6.11 Fletcher-Reeves ..............................................................280
6.12 Polak-Ribiere ...........................................................................................285
6.13 MATLAB fsovle .....................................................................289
........................................................ 295
7.1 ...................................................................295
7.2 2 ...............................................................................302
7.3 Rayleigh ................................................................................................308
7.4 Rayleigh ..................................................................................314
MATLAB
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
..................................................................................................................321
QR ..............................................................................................................327
QR .......................................................................................333
MATLAB eig ....................................................................................338
.........................................................................................348
.................................................................... 353
8.1 ...............................................................................................353
8.2 ..........................................................................................................358
8.3 ...............................................................................................363
8.4 Hermite ......................................................................................................366
8.5 .......................................................................................................373
8.6 ...............................................................................................376
8.7 MATLAB interp1 ..................................................................................379
8.8 .......................................................................................................384
8.9 Chebyshev ..................................................................................387
8.10 Chebyshev Chebyshev ............................................392
8.11 LegendreLaguerre Hermite ............................................................398
8.12 Legendre ......................................................................................406
8.13 Chebyshev ................................................................................409
8.14 .............................................................................................413
........................................................ 431
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
...................................................................................431
SVD .............................................................434
Gauss-Markov ............................................................................................438
Kalman .......................................................................................................444
MATLAB ...............................................................................450
MATLAB lsqcurvefit ........................................................................453
...............................................................................457
............................................................................... 463
10.1 .................................................................................................463
10.2 Simpson ...........................................................................................468
10.3 .....................................................................................473
10.4 Simpson .............................................................................477
10.5 Romberg ...........................................................................................481
10.6 Gauss-Legendre ..........................................................................................484
10.7 Gauss-Laguerre ...................................................................488
10.8 Gauss-Hermite ..................................................................491
10.9 Gauss-Chebyshev ....................................................................494
10.10 .................................................................................................498
10.11 MATLAB ..........................................................................502
10.12 ...............................................................................506
MATLAB
.................................................... 511
11.1 Euler ........................................................................................................ 511
11.2 Euler .............................................................................................515
11.3 Runge-Kutta ...............................................................................................520
11.4 RK ..........................................................................................525
11.5 Adams .....................................................................................................529
11.6 ........................................................................................................532
11.7 ................................................................535
11.8 ....................................................................................................539
11.9 .............................................................................548
() ................................................. 559
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
...................................................................559
Jacobi ................................................................................570
.................................................................................576
.....................................................................................580
.................................................................................................595
............................................ 600
13.1 ..............................................................................................600
13.2 .............................................................................604
13.3 .........................................................................613
13.4 .............................................................................620
13.5 .........................................................................627
.................................................................................643
1 ...............................................................................................643
2 Banach .................................................................................645
3 Hilbert .......................................................................................648
........................................................................................................662
.............................................................................675
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB The Math Works
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
1.1 MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
MATAB
1.1.1 MATLAB
MATLAB
||MATLAB |MATLAB R2008a
MATLAB MATLAB
MATLAB R2008a
|
MATLAB MATLAB
MATLAB 1.1
MATLAB
1.1 MATLAB
MATLAB 1.1
MATLAB
File | New
M Fifgure
open M Figure 1.2
1.2
MALTAB File
Edit
Debug
Desktop
MATLAB
Windows
Help MATLAB
1.1.2
MATLAB
1 2
5 6
A=
B=
3 4
7 8 AB
1
MATLAB
>> A=[1 2;3 4];
>> B=[5 6;7 8];
>> C=A*B
C=
19
22
43
50
MATLAB 1.3
1.3 1 MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
f ( x ) = 1/(1 x ) 0
>> syms x;
>> f=1/(1-x);
>> f1=taylor(f,x,8)
f1 =
1+x+x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+x^6+x^7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f 1 = 1 + x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x
MATLAB 1.4
1.4
MATLAB
[] f=1/(1+x)
[]
>> f=1/(1-x);
f=1/(1+x); []
>> f1=taylor(f,x,8)
f1 =
1-x+x^2-x^3+x^4-x^5+x^6-x^7
MATLAB
1.1
MATLAB
exit
MALTAB
help
clear
clc
demo
demo
edit
type
which
figure
md
clf
cd
dir
quit
MATALAB
who
whos
1.1 MATLAB
2 5
1.1.3
MATLAB
MALTAB 1.5
1.5
M
M 1.6
MATLAB
1.6 M
MATLAB
MATLAB/work
1 D:\matproject cd
>> cd D:\matproject
MATLAB
(2) 1.7
1.7
MATLAB MATLAB
MATLAB addpath
D code
>>addpath(D:\code)
MATLAB
MATLAB addpath
MATLAB savepath
>>savepath
MATLAB
MATLAB
>>path
MATLABPATH
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\general
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\ops
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\lang
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\elmat
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\elfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\specfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\matfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\datafun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\polyfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\funfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\sparfun
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\matlab\scribe
M
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\target\build\xpcblocks
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\xpcdemos
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\xpc\xpcmngr
D:\MATLAB7\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\target\kernel\embedded
MATLAB
File|setpath
1.8
>>pathtool
1.8
Add Folder
MATLAB set path save
savepath
set path Default
MATLAB
1.8
1.1.4
MATLAB
>> x=0:pi/50:4*pi;
>> y=sin(x);
x 0 4 /50y x
1.9
1.9
y 1.10 y
MATLAB
1.10 y
y ploty
1.9 y
1.11 piey
1.11
1.2
MATLAB
MATLAB
c/c++,pascal,fortran
MATLAB
MATLAB
10
1.2.1
1
82
-28 9.7
1.5e3
1.7e-3
MATLAB 1 0
>> 3>7
ans =
% 0
0
>> 4<8
ans =
1
% 1
2
MATLAB Workspace
Java MATLAB
MALTAB
MATLAB 1.2
ans
NaN/nan
pi
eps
Inf/inf
realmin
bitmax
realmax
i/j
1.2 MATLAB
4
>> i
ans =
0 + 1.00000000000000i
>> bitmax
ans =
9.007199254740991e+015
>> realmin
ans =
2.225073858507201e-308
>> realmax
MATLAB
11
ans =
1.797693134862316e+308
MATLAB narginnargoutvaragin varagout
MATLAB
5 c1 = 7 + 4i, c 2 = 3e5i c = c1gc 2
>> c1=7+4*i;
>> c2=3*exp(5*i)
>> c=c1*c2
c=
17.46399719068541 -16.73346354236719i
3
+
1.3
<
~=
>
&
<=
>=
==
xor
1.3
1.2.2
1 .
MATLAB
MATLAB
M
1 2 3
4 5 6
B =

4 5 6
7 8 9
6 A =
MATLAB
12
>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6]

A=
1
>> B=[4 5 6
7 8 9]
B=
Aij A i j Ai
A i A
j A j
7 B 2 C
>> C=B(2,:)
C=
7
MATLAB
8 B A
>> D=[A B]
D=
1
>> D=[A;B]
D=
9
>> eye(4)
ans =
1
>> ones(3,4)
MATLAB
13
ans =
1
>> A=[2 5 3 6 7];

>> B=diag(A)
B=
2
2.
MATLAB
1 2 3
4 5 6
B =
A+2 A 3 A+B
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 A =
>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6]

>> A+2
ans =
3
>> A*3
ans =
3
12
15
18
>> B=[4 5 6;7 8 9];

>> A+B
ans =
5
11
13
15
.*
./
.\
5 6 7
8 9 6
11 A = 4 8 3 B = 5 3 6 A.BA.*BA./BA.\B
7 6 8
9 5 4
MATLAB
14
>> A=[5 6 7
483
7 6 8]
>> B=[8 9 6
536
9 5 4];
>> C=A.*B
C=
40
54
42
20
24
18
63
30
32
>> D=A./B
D=
0.6250
0.6667
1.1667
0.8000
2.6667
0.5000
0.7778
1.2000
2.0000
>> E=A.\B
E=
1.6000
1.5000
0.8571
1.2500
0.3750
2.0000
1.2857
0.8333
0.5000
5 6 7
12 A = 4 8 3 3
7 6 8
>> A=[5 6 7
483
7 6 8];
>> A.^3
ans =
125
216
343
64
512
27
343
216
512
1.2.3
MATLAB
15
A45 A 4
5 A{45}
13 2 3
>> clear
>> a11=0:1:10;
>> a12=ones(3);
>> a13=rand(2);
>> a21='welcome to MATLAB';
>> a22=eye(4)
>> a23=sym('sin(2*x)+cos(x)')
%
>> A{1,1}=a11;
>> A{1,2}=a12;
>> A{1,3}=a13;
>> A{2,1}=a21;
>> A{2,2}=a22;
>> A{2,3}=a23;
>> A(1,1)
ans =
[1x11 double]
>> A{1,1}
ans =
0
10
>> A(1,3)
ans =
[2x2 double]
>> A{1,3}
ans =
0.89129896614890
0.45646766516834
0.76209683302739
0.01850364324822
A=
%
[1x11 double]
'welcome to MATLAB'
[3x3 double]
[4x4 double]
[2x2 double]
[1x1 sym
MATLAB
16
1.2.4
MATLAB
Waterloo Maple
Maple
1
MATLAB sym syms
14 ab a 2 + b 2
>> syms a b
>> s=a^2+b^2
s=
a^2+b^2
s ab 1.12
1.12
2
MATLAB
1
+
-
*
\,/
= =~ =
3
MATLAB
17
sin,cos
exp,expm
eigsvd
solve
15 s1 = 2 x, s2 = 3x 2 + 4 x s = s1 + s2
>> syms x
>> s1=2*x;
>> s2=3*x^2+4*x;
>> s=s1+s2
s=
6*x+3*x^2
vpa
16
>> vpa(pi,20)
ans =
3.1415926535897932385
20
findsyms subs
1.3 MATLAB 3D
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
1.3.1
MATLAB plot
MATLAB
18
1 plot(x,y,s)
17 [05] y = 2 cos( x 2 )
x=0:0.05:5;
y=2*cos(x.^2);
plot(x,y);
1.13
1.13 plot
plot plot
1xy
2
s
s 1.4
>
<
--
MATLAB
19
-.
1.4 s
18 y = 8 x sin( x 2 ) [05]
>> x=0:0.01:5;
>> y=8*x.*sin(x.^2);
>> plot(x,y,'p')
1.14
1.14 17
y
2plot
plot
19 y1 = 2 x sin( x 2 ) y 2 = 2( x + 1) cos( x 2 ) [05]
>> clear
>> x=0:0.01:5;
>> y1=2*x.*sin(x.^2);
>> y2=2*(x+1).*cos(x.^2);
MATLAB
20
>> plot(x,y1,'d',x,y2,'*')
1.15.
1.15
plotxy m n n x,y
x ploty
y
y y
20
>> x=(0:0.01:6)';
>> k=0.2:0.1:2;
>> y=sin(x)*k;
>> plot(x,y)
1.16
MATLAB
21
1.16
3
plot
Firgure
hold
hold on
hold off
hold
21 y1 = 2 x sin( x ) y 2 = 2( x + 1) cos( x )
2
>> x=0:0.01:5;
>> y1=2*x.*sin(x.^2);
>> y2=2*(x+1).*cos(x.^2);
>> plot(x,y1,'s')
>> hold on
>> plot(x,y2,'x')
>> hold off
1.17
MATLAB
22
1.17
4
firgure
1
2
22 y1 = cos(5 x ) + 0.1x y1 = sin(3 x) + 0.1x
>> x=0:0.01:5;
>> y1=cos(5*x)+0.1*x.^2;
>> plot(x,y1)
>> y2=sin(3*x)+0.1*x;
>> figure(2)
>> plot(x,y2)
1.18
MATLAB
23
1.18
subplotmnk
m n k k
1subplot
subplot clf
23
y1 = sin(5 x) y 2 = cos(3 x) , y 3 = sin(5 x ) cos(3 x) y 4 = sin(5 x) + cos(3 x)
>> x=0:0.01:5;
>> y1=sin(5*x);
>> y2=cos(3*x);
>> y3=y1.*y2;
>> y4=y1+y2;
>> subplot(2,2,1),plot(x,y1)
1.19
1.19
MATLAB
24
5
MATLAB
Firgure
Firgure 1.5
tilte
xlable
legend
ylable
text
colorbar
grid
grid off
1.5
Firgure
MATLAB
24 sin(x),sin(5x),sin(x)+sin(5x)
>> x=0:0.04:20;
>> y1=sin(x);
>> y2=sin(5*x);
>> y3=y1+y2;
>> plot(x,y1,'*',x,y2,x,y3,':')
%y1 *y2 y3
>> legend('sin(x)','sin(5x)','sin(x)+sin(5x)')
>> xlabel('x')
%x
>> ylabel('y')
%y
>> title('the functon of sine')

>> grid
1.20
MATLAB
25
1.20
6
plot
1.6
plot
quiver
rose
ferther
stairs
compass
polar
stem
Hist
pie
1.6
25
>> t=0:.01:2*pi;
>> polar(t,sin(t).*cos(9*t)+sin(15*t));
1.21
MATLAB
26
1.21
x
26 bar y = x 2 + e + 20
>> x = -5:0.4:5;
>> y=x.^2+exp(x)+20;
>> bar(x,y)
1.22
1.22 bar
1.6
1.3.3
MATLAB
27
1 plot3
plot3 plot3x,y,z,s
xyz
xyz xyz
s plot3
x1,y1,z1,s1,x2,y2,z2,s2,
27
x = t
y = sin t
z = cos 2t
>> x=0:0.01:40;
>> y=sin(x);
>> z=cos(2*x);
>> plot3(x,y,z)
>> grid on
1.23
1.23
2
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y) z
surfx,y,z,c meshx,y,z,c
28
MATLAB
28
>> clear
>> x=-10:0.5:10;
>> y=-10:0.5:10;
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
>> r=sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);
>> z=sin(r)+cos(r);
>> subplot(1,2,1),mesh(x,y,z)
>> subplot(1,2,2),surf(x,y,z)
1.24
1.24
MATLAB contourx,y,z,n
n
xy
29
>> clear
>> clf
>> [x,y,z]=peaks(30);
>> subplot(2,2,1),mesh(z); %
>> subplot(2,2,2),contour(z,8);
>> subplot(2,2,3),contour3(x,y,z,8); %
>> subplot(2,2,4),contourf(z,8); %
1.25
MATLAB
29
1.25
1.3.4
MATLAB
ez M
ezplotezplot3ezsufr ezmesh
ezplot
ezplot(f)
ezplot(f,[min,max])
ezplot(f,[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])
ezplot(x,y)
ezplot(x,y,[tmin,tmax])
ezplot(f)ezplot(f,[min,max])
ezplot(f,[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax]) x,y ezplot(x,y)
ezplot(x,y,[tmin,tmax])
2
30 y = x + x 2
>> syms x
>> y=x^2+x-2;
>> ezplot(y),grid
1.26
MATLAB
30
1.26 ezplot
MATLAB
ezplot3
ezplot3(x,y,z)
ezplot3(x,y,z,[tmin,tmax]
31
x = t
y = sin t t [0, 20]

z = 2cos t
>> clear
>> syms t
>> x=t;
>> y=sin(t);
>> z=2*cos(t);
>> ezplot3(x,y,z,[0,20])
>> grid
1.27
MATLAB
31
1.27
ezmesh ezsurf
ezmesh
ezmesh(f)
ezmesh(f,domain)
ezmesh(x,y,z)
ezmesh(x,y,z,[smin,smax,tmin,tmax]) or ezmesh(x,y,z,[min,max])
ezmesh(f) f(x,y) ezmesh(x,y,z)
[smin,smax,tmin,tmax]Ezsurf
32 mesh
x = sin t1 cos t2
y = 16sin t1 sin t2
z = 2cos t
>>syms a t1 t2
>>x=sin(t1)*cos(t2);
>>y=16*sin(t1)*sin(t2);
>>z=2*cos(t1);
>>ezmesh (x,y,z,[0,pi,0,2*pi])
>>hidden off % hiddenoff ezsurf
1.28
MATLAB
32
1.28 ezmesh
33 ezsurf
x = cos t ( 3 + cos u )
y = sin t ( 3 + cos u ) , t [0, 2 ] , u [0, 2 ]

z = sin u
>>clear
>>clc
>>syms t u
>>x=cos(t)*(3+cos(u));
>>y=sin(t)*(3+cos(u));
>>z=sin(u);
>>ezsurf(x,y,z,[0,2*pi,0,2*pi])
>>axis off
1.29
MATLAB
33
1.29 ezsurf
1.4
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
1.4.1 M /
delphi pas c++ cpp java
java fortran f90 MATLAB
m M M
M /
1)
2)
3)
MATLAB
MATLAB FileNewM-file 1.2
edit
MATLAB
34
Editor 1.30
1.30 Editor
Editor
File 1.2 Fileopen
save as
1.4.2 M
M
MATLAB
34 M
y = sin x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x
z = cos x + sin 3 x + cos 5 x
1.4.1 Editor
x=0:0.02:8;
y=sin(x)+sin(4*x)+sin(6*x);
z=cos(x)+sin(3*x)+cos(5*x);
plot(x,y,'*',x,z)
1.31
MATLAB
35
1.31
Editor
MATLAB 1.1
ex31.m m
Editor DebugRun
Save and run
1.32
1.32
ex1
1.4.3 M
M
function
MATLAB
36
1)
function /
2)
H1 H1
lookfor help
35
dy1
dt = y2 y3
y1 (0) = 0
dy2
y2 (0) = 1
= y1 y3
y (0) = 1
dt
3
dy3
=
0.51
y
y
1 2
dt
edit Editor
function dy = rigid(t,y)
%
% y
dy = zeros(3,1);
dy(1) = y(2) * y(3);
dy(2) = -y(1) * y(3);
dy(3) = -0.51 * y(1) * y(2);

ex1_35.m
>> options = odeset('RelTol',1e-4,'AbsTol',[1e-4 1e-4 1e-5]); %

>> [t,Y] = ode45(@ex1_35,[0 12],[0 1 1],options)
1.7
% ode45
y1
y2
y3
1.0000
1.000
0.0317
0.0317
0.9995
0.9997
0.0634
0.0633
0.9980
0.9990
0.0951
0.0949
0.9955
0.9977
8.5794
0.8598
0.5109
0.7894
8.7183
0.9097
0.4156
0.7604
8.8573
0.9479
0.3190
0.7362
MATLAB
37
8.9962
0.9752
0.2218
0.7178
11.6946
-0.4865
-0.8739
0.9379
11.7710
-0.5472
-0.8373
0.9207
11.8473
-0.6041
-0.7972
0.9024
11.9237
-0.6570
-0.7542
0.8833
12.0000
-0.7058
-0.7087
0.8639
1.7
>> plot(t,Y(:,1),'-',t,Y(:,2),'-.',t,Y(:,3),'.')
1.33
1.33
1
ode45ode45
1.4.4
MATLAB
1966 Bohra Jacopini
1)
MATLAB
38
2)
3)
4)
MATLAB M
MATLAB for while

1for for
for =
end
1
50
36
x
x =1
>> s=0;
>> for x=1:50
s=s+x;
end
>> s
s=
1275
s=1275()
x=50
Editor
function s=adds(x)
%
s=0;
for i=1:x
s=s+i;
end
ex1_36.m
50
75
200
x =1
x =1
x, x, x
x =1
MATLAB
39
>> s50=ex1_36(50)
s50 =
1275
>> s75=ex1_36(75)
s75 =
2850
>> s200=ex1_36(200)
s200 =
20100
x=50
37 for Hilbert Hilbert
a (i , j ) =
i + j 1
Hilbert M
6 Hilbert
>> clear
>> for i=1:6
for j=1:6
a(i,j)=1/(i+j-1);
end
end
>> a
a=
1.0000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0909
M Hilbert
Editor
function a=hbM(n)
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
a(i,j)=1/(i+j-1);
MATLAB
40
end
end
ex1_37.m 4 7 Hilbert
>> a4=ex1_37(4)
a4 =
1.0000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
>> a7=ex1_37(7)
a7 =
1.0000
0.5000
0.5000
0.3333
0.3333
0.2500
0.2500
0.2000
0.2000
0.1667
0.1667
0.1429
0.1429
0.1250
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0909
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0909
0.0833
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0909
0.0833
0.0769
2.while while
while
end
75
38 while
x
1
>> s=0;
>> x=1;
>> while x<=75
s=s+x;
x=x+1;
end
>> s
s=
2850
MATLAB
41
1
MATLAB
1 if
end
2 if
1
else
2
end
1 2
3 if 1
1
elseif 2
2
else
3
end
1 1 2 2
3
39
e x
y = x2 + 2
x 2
Editor
function y=ex1_39(x)
if x>2
y=exp(x);
elseif x<-2
y=-x^2;
else
y=x^2+2;
end
ex1_39.m
,
>> ex1_39(1)
ans =
3
x>2
2 > x > -2
x < -2
MATLAB
42
>> ex1_39(3)
ans =
20.0855
>> ex1_39(-3)
ans =
-9
3 switch-case
forgran90c/c++ pascal MATLAB
switch
case 1
1
case 2
2
case n
n
otherwise
case
40 r
r ' y-zz-x x-z xy z
v
v
r ' = Rx ( )r
v
v
r ' = Ry ( )r
v
v
r ' = Rz ( )r
0
1
Rx ( ) = 0 cos
0 -sin
cos 0
Ry ( ) = 0
1
sin 0
cos sin
Rx ( ) = sin cos
0
0
0
sin
cos
-sin
cos
0
0
1
MATLAB
43
R 1 ( ) = RT ( ) = R ( ) switch
Editor
function m=ex1_40(a,x)
%by song ye zhi
%08/04/10
%
x=x*pi/180; %
m=zeros(3,3);
switch a
case 1
% x
m(1,1)=1;
m(2,2)=cos(x);
m(2,3)=sin(x);
m(3,2)=-sin(x);
m(3,3)=cos(x);
case 2
% y
m(1,1)=cos(x);
m(1,3)=-sin(x);
m(2,2)=1;
m(3,1)=sin(x);
m(3,3)=cos(x);
case 3
% z
m(1,1)=cos(x);
m(1,2)=sin(x);
m(2,1)=-sin(x);
m(2,2)=cos(x);
m(3,3)=1;
end
ex1_40.m
>> m1=ex1_40(1,30)
% x 30
m1 =
1.0000
0
0
0
0.8660
0.5000
0 -0.5000
0.8660
>> m2=ex1_40(2,45)
% y 45
m2 =
MATLAB
44
0.7071
0
-0.7071
0
1.0000
0
0.7071
0
0.7071
>> m3=ex1_40(3,75) % z 75
m3 =
0.2588
0.9659
0
-0.9659
0.2588
0
0
0
1.0000
MATLAB
1.5
MATLAB
MATLAB
1.5.1 MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
(1)
MATLAB MATLAB
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g. Z-
Maple
2
MATLAB
45
a.
b.
M
M-
GUI
MATLAB
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
M- M
1.5.2
MATLAB
1
2/
3DEMO
4
1.5.2.1
41 ] sin
>> help sin
MATLAB
46
SIN
Sine.
SIN(X) is the sine of the elements of X.

See also asin, sind.
Overloaded functions or methods (ones with the same name in other directories)
help sym/sin.m
Reference page in Help browser
doc sin
sin asin sind
42 ]
>> help robust control
Robust Control Toolbox

Version 2.0.10 (R14) 05-May-2004
New Features.
Readme
- Important release information about the Robust Toolbox

(Type "whatsnew directoryname",
i.e. "whatsnew robust" to display this file).
Optional System Data Structure.

branch
- extract branches from a tree.
graft
- add a branch to a tree.
issystem - identify a system variable.
1.5.2.2 /
/
helpbrowser helpdesk
F1
Help 1.34
MATLAB
47
1.34
1.5.2.3
DEMO
DEMO MATLAB
DEMO
1[Help][Demos]
2
>> demo
DEMO 1.35
1.35 DEMO
MATLAB
48
MATLAB7.0 3 DEMO
DEMO
2D [MATLAB][Graphics][2-D
Plots ] 1.36
1.36
2D DEMOS
1.5.2.4
http://www.mathworks.com
MATLAB
49
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
MATLAB
50
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
2.1
MATLAB MATLAB
limit(F,x,a)
imit(F,a)
limit(F)
limit(F,x,a,'right')
limit(F,x,a,'left')
limit(F,x,a) x a F
limit(F,a) limit(F,x,a) findsym(F)
limit(F) limit(F,a) a=0
limit(F,x,a,'left') limit(F,x,a,'right')
inf a-inf.
MATLAB
51
MATLAB
MATLAB
1
0
1 1 x2
x 0 e x cos x
lim
2
1 e1/ x
x +0 x + e1/ x
lim
31
a x + b x 3x
lim(
)
x0
2
4 g0
3x 2 + 5
2
sin
x 5 x + 3
x
lim
5
lim(
x0
1
1
)
2
x
x tan x
\\chapter2.rar\2-1.exe
\\chapter2\jixian.m
MATLAB
52
Editor
%(1)0/0
syms x;
y1=(1-sqrt(1-x^2))/(exp(x)-cos(x));
disp(' 1 ')
lim_y1=limit(y1,x,0)
subplot(2,2,1),ezplot(y1,[-4,4]),grid on,title('(1)')
%(2)/
syms x;
y2=(1-exp(1/x))/(x+exp(1/x));
disp(' 2 ')
lim_y2=limit(y2,x,0,'right')
subplot(2,2,2),ezplot(y2,[-4,4]),grid on,title('(2)')
%(3)1
syms x a b;
y3=(a^x/2+b^x/2)^(3/x);
disp(' 3 ')
%(4) 0
syms x
y4=(3*x^2+5)/(5*x+3)*sin(2/x);
disp(' 4 ')
lim_y4=limit(y4,x,inf)
%(5) -
y5=1/x^2-1/x/tan(x);
disp(' 5 ')
subplot(2,2,3:4),ezplot(y5,[0,2]),grid on,title('(5)')
jixian.m
>> clear
>> jixian
1
lim_y1 =
0
2
lim_y2 =
MATLAB
53
-1
3
lim_y3 =
a^(3/2)*b^(3/2)
4
lim_y4 =
6/5
5
lim_y5 =
1/3
MATLAB
5 2.1
34
x
2.1
MATLAB
MATLAB
54
2.2
MATLAB
MALTAB
diff(S,'v')
diff(S,n)
diff(S,'v',n)
diff(S) MALTAB findsym

diff(S,'v') diff(S,sym('v')) S v
diff(S,n) diff(S) n
diff(S,'v',n) diff(S,n,'v') MATLAB
diff(S,x) S x
diff(S,x,n) S x n
12 MATLAB
3
MATLAB
MATLAB
y=
1 + sin( x)
1 + cos( x)
MATLAB
55
arcsin x
y=
arctan x
arctan x
arc cot x
y = x 2 cos( x)
8
\\chapter2\daoshu.m
Editor
%1
syms x;
f1=1+sin(x)/(1-cos(x));
%
df1=diff(f1,x)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezplot(f1),grid on
subplot(1,2,2),ezplot(df1),grid on
%2
syms x;
y1=asin(x);
y2=acos(x);
y3=atan(x);
y4=acot(x);
%
y=[y1 y2;y3 y4];
%
dy=diff(y)
%
figure(2)
%
MATLAB
56
subplot(2,2,1),ezplot(y1),grid
%
figure(3)
subplot(2,2,1),ezplot(dy(1)),grid
%3
syms x;
z=x^2*cos(x);
dz8=diff(z,x,8)
%
figure(4)
subplot(1,2,1),ezplot(z),grid
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezplot(dz8),grid
daoshu.m
>> clear
>> daoshu
df1 =
cos(x)/(1-cos(x))-sin(x)^2/(1-cos(x))^2
dy =
[
1/(1-x^2)^(1/2), -1/(1-x^2)^(1/2)]
1/(1+x^2),
-1/(1+x^2)]
dz8 =
-56*cos(x)+16*x*sin(x)+x^2*cos(x)
MATLAB MALTAB
2.2
MATLAB
57
y=
1 + sin( x)
1 + cos( x)
dy
cos x
sin 2 x
=
dx 1 cos x (1 cos x ) 2
2.2 1
2.3
arcsin x
y=
arctan x
arctan x
arc cot x
2.3 2
2.4
MATLAB
58
1
dy 1 x 2
=
dt 1
1 + x 2
1
1 x
1
1 + x2
subplot(2,2,2) subplot(2,2,3)
2.4 2
2.5 3
y = x 2 cos( x)
8 8
d8y
= 56 cos x + 16 x sin x + x 2 cos x
8
dx
MATLAB
59
2.5 3
[] diff MATLAB diff
MATLAB
2.3
x0 c0 , c1 ,L cn ,L f ( x )
f ( n) ( x0 ) = cn []
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB maple
2.10
r = taylor(f)
r = taylor(f,n,v)
r = taylor(f,n,v,a)
taylor(f,n,v) f f n
n-1 v
r = taylor(f,n,v,a) f a
a
MATLAB
60
n n 6
a
Taylor
Taylor
1 y1 = e x cos( x) 8
2
(2) y 2 =
1
8
x 3x + 2
2
(3) y 3 = e x=2 5
x
\\chapter2\ taile.m
Editor
%1
syms x;
y1=exp(x^2)*cos(x)
tay_y1=taylor(y1,8)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezplot(y1,[-5,5]),grid
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezplot(tay_y1,[-5,5]),grid
%2
MATLAB
61
syms x;
y2=1/(x^2-3*x+2);
tay_y2=taylor(y2,8)
%3
syms x;
y3=exp(x)
tay_y3=taylor(y3,8,x,2)
taile.m
>> clear
>> taile
>> taile
tay_y1 =
1+1/2*x^2+1/24*x^4-31/720*x^6
tay_y2 =
1/2+3/4*x+7/8*x^2+15/16*x^3+31/32*x^4+63/64*x^5+127/128*x^6+255/256*x^7
tay_y3=
exp(2)+exp(2)*(x-2)+1/2*exp(2)*(x-2)^2+1/6*exp(2)*(x-2)^3+1/24*exp(2)*(x-2)^4
MATLAB LATEX
1
2.6
2.6 1
MATLAB
62
[] MATLAB n
n-1
>> syms x
>> y=sin(x);
>> taylor(y,6,x)
ans =
x-1/6*x^3+1/120*x^5
3 6 5
2.4
MATLAB symsum symsum

MATLAB
r = symsum(s)
r = symsum(s,v)
r = symsum(s,a,b)
r = symsum(s,v,a,b)
r = symsum(s,v,a,b) s v
v=a v=b MALTAB
symsum
MATLAB
63
x2
xn
11 + x +
+L+ +L
2!
n!
2 2 x
x2 m
m =0 2m + 1
31
1 1
1
+ L + (1) n +1 + L
2 3
n
n(n + 1) n 1
x
2
n =1
\\chapter2\sym_sum.m
Editor
% e
syms x k
s=x^k/sym('k!');
sum_1=symsum(s, k, 0,inf)
subplot(2,2,1),ezplot(sum_1),grid on
% 2
%[]
P390
%
syms x n
s=2*x^(2*n-1)/(2*n-1);
sum_2=symsum(s,n,1,inf)
%%%%%%
%% 2 4
MATLAB
64
subplot(2,2,[2 4]),ezplot(sum_2),grid on
% 3
%<>
syms
s=(-1)^(k+1)/k;
sum_3=symsum(s,k,1,inf)
% 4
%
P81
syms x n
s=n*(n+1)/2*x^(n-1);
sum_4=symsum(s,n,0,inf)
subplot(2,2,3),ezplot(sum_4),grid on
sym_sum.m
>> clear
>> sym_sum
sum_1 =
exp(x)
sum_2 =
log((1+x)/(-x+1))
sum_3 =
log(2)
sum_4 =
-1/(x-1)^3
MATLAB
65
2.7
2.73
2.5
MATLAB int int
MALTAB
R = int(S)
R = int(S,v)
S v v
MATLAB
MATLAB
66
>> syms a x
>> int(a*x)
ans =
1/2*a*x^2
a,x x
>> clear
>> syms a b
>> int(a*b)
ans =
1/2*a*b^2
ab b
>> syms a x
>> int(x*a)
ans =
1/2*a*x^2
MATLAB
MALTAB
MATLAB
ln x 1
dx
x2
2 e (tan x + 1) dx
2x
3 e
4
x2
dx
sin x
dx
x
MATLAB
67
\\chapter2\bd_jifen.m
Editor
syms x
%1
y1=(log(x)-1)/x^2;
int_y1=int(y1)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezplot(y1),grid on
% 0
subplot(1,2,2),ezplot(int_y1),grid on
%2
y2=exp(2*x)*(tan(x)+1)^2;
int_y2=int(y2)
%
figure(2)
%
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezplot(int_y2),grid on
%3
y3=exp(x^(-2));
int_y3=int(y3)
%4
y4=sin(x)/x;
int_y4=int(y4)
bd_jifen.m
>> clear
>> bd_jifen
int_y1 =
MATLAB
68
-1/x*log(x)
int_y2 =
exp(2*x)*tan(x)
int_y3 =
exp(1/x^2)*x+i*pi^(1/2)*erf(i/x)
int_y4 =
sinint(x)
ln x 1
ln x
dx =
+C
2
x
x
C MATLAB C
2.8
2.8 1
2
2x
(tan x + 1)2 dx = e 2 x tan x + C
C MATLAB C2
2.9
MATLAB
69
2.9 2
343
x2
dx,
dx sin x
dx, 1 k 2 sin 2 xdx (0 < k 2 < 1)
,
ln x x
Lioville
MATLAB MapleMathmatica
MATLAB 3
4
3 erf4 sinint(x)
MATLAB
erf ( x ) =
sin int( x) =
e t dt
2
sin t
dt
t
2.6
MATLAB
70
MATLAB
R = int(S,a,b)
R = int(S,v,a,b)
S
a,b inf,
-inf
/4
x
dx
1 + cos 2 x
3
x(1 x 4 ) 2 dx
dx
dx
( x + 7) x 2
dx
1 x2
dx [0,1) [0, u ] [0,1) x=1
MATLAB
71
\\chapter2\d_jifen.m
Editor
syms x;
% 1
y1=x/(1+cos(2*x));
int_y1=int(y1,x,0,pi/4)
% figure
% 2
y2=x*(1-x^4)^(3/2);
int_y2=int(y2,x,0,1)
% fitgure
% 3
%
y3=1/(x+7)/sqrt(x-2);
int_y3=int(y3,x,2,inf)
% figure
figure(2);
% figure
% 4
%
y4=1/sqrt(1-x^2);
int_y4=int(y4,x,0,1)
% figure
d_jifen.m
>> clear
>> d_jifen
int_y1 =
1/8*pi-1/4*log(2)
int_y2 =
3/32*pi
MATLAB
72
int_y3 =
1/3*pi
int_y4 =
1/2*pi
vpa
MATLAB
2.10 1
2
2.10
x
y x=ax=b
2.11 3
4
2.11 x
MATLAB
73
x
2.10 x=1 x=1
2.7
f D R P0 A
2
P U o ( P0 ; ) D f ( P ) A <
f D P P0 A
f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y0 )
lim
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y )
lim lim f ( x, y )
x x0 y y0
MATLAB
MATLAB
74
lim
( x , y ) (0,0)
x2 + y2
x2 + y 2 1
lim ( x + y ) sin
( x , y ) (0,0)
1
x + y2
2
x2 + y 2
3
lim
( x , y ) ( + ,+ ) x 4 + y 4
4
lim
( x , y ) ( + ,+ )
(1 +
1 x sin y
)
xy
\\chapter2\dby_jixian.m
Editor
syms x y;
% 1
y1=(x^2+y^2)/(sqrt(1+x*x+y*y)-1);
%
lim_y1=limit(limit(y1,x,0),y,0)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezsurf(y1)
% 2
y2=(x+y)*sin(1/(x*x+y*y));
%
lim_y2=limit(limit(y2,x,0),y,0)
% figure
% 3
y3=(x*x+y*y)/(x^4+y^4);
%
lim_y3=limit(limit(y3,x,inf),y,inf)
% figure
figure(2);
MATLAB
75
% 4
y4=(1+1/x/y)^(x*sin(y));
%
lim_y3=limit(limit(y4,x,inf),y,inf)
% figure
dby_jixian.m
>> clear
>> dby_jixian
lim_y1 =
2
lim_y2 =
0
lim_y3 =
0
lim_y3 =
1
4 2001
2.12 12 1
2
3
4 3
MATLAB
76
2.12
2.13
2.8
z = f ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D ( x0 , y0 ) D f ( x, y0 ) x0
MATLAB
77
xf ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x0 + x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
= lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
lim
f ( x0 , y0 ) x
f
MATLAB
1 z = esin xy
z z 2 z
, ,
x y xy
7 f
2 f = xy gcos( x + y ) 4 3
x y
\\chapter2\dy_daoshu.m
Editor
syms x y;
%
z=exp(sin(x*y));
% x
dzx=diff(z,x)
MATLAB
78
% y
dzy=diff(z,y)
% x y
dzxy=diff(dzx,y)
% firgure
subplot(2,2,1),ezsurf(z)
% x
subplot(2,2,2),ezsurf(dzx)
% y
subplot(2,2,3),ezsurf(dzy)
% x y
subplot(2,2,4),ezsurf(dzxy)
%
f=(x*y)*cos(x+y);
dfx4=diff(f,x,4);
dfx4y3=diff(dfx4,y,3)
figure(2)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezmesh(f)
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezmesh(dfx4y3)
dy_daoshu.m
>>clear
>> dy_daoshu
dzx =
cos(x*y)*y*exp(sin(x*y))
dzy =
cos(x*y)*x*exp(sin(x*y))
dzxy =
-sin(x*y)*x*y*exp(sin(x*y))+cos(x*y)*exp(sin(x*y))+cos(x*y)^2*y*x*exp(sin(x*y))
dfx4y3 =
-12*sin(x+y)-4*y*cos(x+y)-3*x*cos(x+y)+x*y*sin(x+y)
MATLAB
79
2.14 1
x y xy
2.114 1
2.15 f = xy gcos( x + y )
surf mesh
12.5 1
MATLAB
80
2.9
1 F ( x, y ) = 0 y = y ( x )
F'
dy
= x , ( F ' y 0)
dx
F 'y
2 F ( x, y , z ) = 0 z = z ( x, y )
F'
z
= x , ( F 'z 0)
x
F 'z
u = u ( x, y )
F ( x, y, u , v) = 0
( F , G )
J =

0
(u , v )
v = v ( x , y )
G ( x, y, u , v) = 0
u
1 ( F , G ) v
1 ( F , G)
=
, =
J ( x, v ) x
J (u , x )
x
u
1 ( F , G ) v
1 (F , G)
=
, =
y
J ( y , v) y
J (u , y )
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
81
1
xyz 3 + x 2 + y 3 z = 0 z = f ( x, y )
z z
x y
2
xu yv = 0
u u v v
, , ,
x y x y
yu + xv = 1
\\chapter2\yhs_pds.m
Editor
%
%
P150
syms x y z
F=x*y*z^3+x^2+y^3-z;
pz_x=-diff(F,x)/diff(F,z)
pz_y=-diff(F,y)/diff(F,z)
%
%
P35
syms x y u v
F=x*u-y*v;
H=y*u+x*v-1;
G=[F,H];
% Jacobian
jaco=jacobian(G,[u,v]);
jaco=det(jaco);
MATLAB
82
%
pu_x=-det(jacobian(G,[x,v]))/jaco
pu_y=-det(jacobian(G,[y,v]))/jaco
pv_x=-det(jacobian(G,[u,x]))/jaco
pv_y=-det(jacobian(G,[u,y]))/jaco
yhs_pds.m
>> clear
>> yhs_pds
pz_x =
(-y*z^3-2*x)/(3*x*y*z^2-1)
pz_y =
(-x*z^3-3*y^2)/(3*x*y*z^2-1)
pu_x =
(-x*u-y*v)/(x^2+y^2)
pu_y =
(x*v-y*u)/(x^2+y^2)
pv_x =
(-x*v+y*u)/(x^2+y^2)
pv_y =
(-x*u-y*v)/(x^2+y^2)
1 zxy x y
z yx3 + 2 x z xz 3 + 3 y 2
=
, =
x 1 3 xyz 3 y 1 3 xyz 2
MATLAB
83
2.10
MATLAB
MATLAB maple
maple Maple MATLAB
>> mhelp index
Index of help descriptions

Calling Sequence
?index[category]
or
help(index, category)
Description
- The following categories of topics are available in the help subsystem:
expression operators for forming expressions
function
list of Maple functions
misc
miscellaneous facilities
module
topics related to modules
packages
descriptions of library packages
procedure
topics related to procedures and programming
statement
list of Maple statements
To access these help pages, you must prefix the category with index, thus ?
index[category].
mhelp function_name
>> mhelp mtaylor

maple
maple
mtaylor(f, v)
mtaylor(f, v, n)
mtaylor(f, v, n, w)
MATLAB
84
MATLAB Maple
R=maple(mtaylor,f,[x,y],k)
R=maple(mtaylor,f,[x=a,y=b],k)
x y x=1y=4
R=maple('mtaylor(x^y,[x=1,y=4],4)')
Taylor
MATLAB maple
1 f ( x, y ) = x y 14 (1.08)3.69
2 f ( x, y ) = ln(1 + x + y ) 4
\\chapter2\dby_taile.m
Editor
%
P135
syms x y;
f1=x^y;
% maple
tay_1=maple('mtaylor',f1,'[x=1,y=4]',4)
disp(' 1.08 3.69 ')
subs(tay_1,[x y],[1.08 3.69])
MATLAB
85
disp('1.08 3.69 ')

subs(f1,[x y],[1.08 3.69])
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezsurf(f1)
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezsurf(tay_1)
%
P64
clear
syms x y
f2=log(1+x+y)
% maple
tay_2=maple('mtaylor',f2,'[x,y]',4)
figure(2)
%
subplot(1,2,1),ezsurf(f2)
%
subplot(1,2,2),ezsurf(tay_2)
dby_taile.m
>> clear
>> dby_taile
tay_1 =
-3+4*x+6*(x-1)^2+(x-1)*(y-4)+4*(x-1)^3+7/2*(y-4)*(x-1)^2
1.08 3.69
ans =
1.328704
1.08 3.69
ans =
1.32841465402236
f2 =
log(1+x+y)
tay_2 =
x+y-1/2*x^2-x*y-1/2*y^2+1/3*x^3+y*x^2+y^2*x+1/3*y^3
MATLAB
86
2.16
2.16 1
1
(1.08)3.69
2.17
2.17 1
2.11 Jacobi Hesse
MATLAB
87
Jacobi Hesse f
y y
y
,
,L ,
x n
x 1 x 2
[ x1 , x2 ,L, xn ]
f = [ f1 , f 2 ,L , f m ] ' [ x1 , x2 ,L , xn ] Jacobi
f1
x
1
M
f m
x
1
f1
xn
O M
f m
L
xn
K
Hesse
2 f
2
x1
M
2
f
x x
1 n
2 f
x1xn
O
M
2 f
L
xn 2
K
Jacobi Hesse
MATLAB
maple MATLAB
1 r =
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 maple
2 ( x, y , z ) ( r , , )
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
MATLAB
88
Jacobi
( x, y, z )
(r , , )
3
f = xy sin( x + 5 y )
MATLAB Hesse maple
4 maple
f = ( x + y )ge z
Hesse
\\chapter2\gr_ja_he.m
Editor
%08 6 24
%
syms x y z;
r=sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2);
%
grad_r=[diff(r,x),diff(r,y),diff(r,z)]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% maple
syms x y z
disp(' maple ')
grad_maple=maple('grad(sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2), vector([x,y,z]));')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%jacobi
syms r
fa the
x=r*sin(fa)*cos(the);
y=r*sin(fa)*sin(the);
z=r*cos(fa);
% jacobi
MATLAB
89
ja=jacobian([x,y,z],[r fa the])
%Hesse
syms x y
f=(x*y)*sin(x+5*y);
% n
% Hesse
df11=diff(diff(f,x),x);
df12=diff(diff(f,y),x);
df21=diff(diff(f,x),y);
df22=diff(diff(f,y),y);
Hesse=[df11 df12;df21 df22];
Hesse=simple(Hesse)
%
ezsurf(f)
figure(2)
% Hesse
subplot(2,2,1),ezsurf(df11)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% maple Hesse
disp(' maple Hesse ')
hesse_maple=maple('hessian((x*y)*sin(x+5*y),[x,y]);')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%
% 4 Hesse
clear
syms x y z
hesse3D_maple=maple('hessian((x+y)*exp(z),[x,y,z]);')
gr_ja_he.m
>> clear
>> gr_ja_he
grad_r =
[ 1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*x, 1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*y, 1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*z]
MATLAB
90
maple
grad_maple =
vector([1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*x, 1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*y, 1/(x^2+y^2+z^2)^(1/2)*z])
ja =
[
sin(fa)*cos(the),
r*cos(fa)*cos(the), -r*sin(fa)*sin(the)]
sin(fa)*sin(the),
r*cos(fa)*sin(the), r*sin(fa)*cos(the)]
cos(fa),
-r*sin(fa),
0]
Hesse =
[2*y*cos(x+5*y)-x*y*sin(x+5*y
sin(x+5*y)+x*cos(x+5*y)+5*y*cos(x+5*y)-5*x*y*sin(x+5*y) ]
[sin(x+5*y)+x*cos(x+5*y)+5*y*cos(x+5*y)-5*x*y*sin(x+5*y),
10*x*cos(x+5*y)-25*x*y*sin(x+5*y)]
maple Hesse
hesse_maple =
matrix([[2*y*cos(x+5*y)-x*y*sin(x+5*y),
sin(x+5*y)+x*cos(x+5*y)+5*y*cos(x+5*y)-5*x*y*sin(x+5*y)],
[sin(x+5*y)+x*cos(x+5*y)+5*y*cos(x+5*y)-5*x*y*sin(x+5*y),
10*x*cos(x+5*y)-25*x*y*sin(x+5*y)]])
hesse3D_maple =
matrix([[0, 0, exp(z)], [0, 0, exp(z)], [exp(z), exp(z), (x+y)*exp(z)]])
MATLAB Jacobi
Hesse
maple
1 MATLAB maple
2 Jacobi MATLAB
MATLAB
91
2.18 3
3 2.18 2.19
Hesse 4 MATLAB
maple
2.19 3Hesse
Hesse
Hesse
maple4
MATLAB
92
2.12
n Di Di
D R f : D R D
n
2
Si ( xi , yi )
f ( x , y ) S
i =1
0
f D
MATLAB
1 I =
x2
dxdy D y = x y = x3
2.x
2.20 1
2
xdxdydz D
D
MATLAB
93
x y z
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, + + = 1, (a, b, c ) > 0
a b c
\\chapter2\chong_jifen.m
Editor
% 1
%P204
syms x y
z=exp(x^2);
%
int1=int(z,y,x^3,x);
int_z=int(int1,x,0,1)
% 2
%
P286
syms x y z a b c
f=x;
%
int1=int(f,z,0,c*(1-x/a-y/b));
int2=int(int1,y,0,b*(1-x/a));
int_f=int(int2,x,0,a)
chong_jifen.m
>> clear
>> chong_jifen
int_z =
1/2*exp(1)-1
int_f =
1/24*b*c*a^2
MATLAB
94
2.13
:
1
L : y = y ( x), x [a, b]
f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y ( x )) 1 + y '2 ( x)dx

a
x = x (t )
L:
, t [t1 , t2 ]
y = y (t )
t2
f ( x, y, z )ds = f ( x (t ), y (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t )dt

t1
x = x (t )
L : y = y (t ) , t [t1 , t2 ]
z = z (t )
t2
f ( x, y, z )ds = f ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) + z '2 (t )dt

t1
MATLAB
95
MATLAB
1 L
x = a cos t
L:
t [0, ]
y = a sin t
(x
L
+ y 2 )ds
x 2 + y 2 dl x 2 + y 2 = ay, (a > 0)
\\chapter2\first_curve.m
1
2
x = ( ) cos = a sin cos
2
y = ( ) sin = a sin
Editor
% 1
%
P200
syms a positive
[0, ]
MATLAB
96
syms t
x=a*cos(t);
y=a*sin(t);
dx=diff(x,t);
dy=diff(y,t);
%
weiyuan=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2);
int_1=int(a^2*weiyuan,t,0,pi)
% 2
%
P5
syms a theta
xy;
x=a*cos(theta)*sin(theta);
y=a*sin(theta)*sin(theta);
dx=diff(x,theta);
dy=diff(y,theta);
z=sqrt(x^2+y^2);
%
weiyuan=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2);
int_2=int(z*weiyuan,theta,0,pi);
%
int_2=simple(int_2)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% a
a=5;
x=a*cos(theta)*sin(theta);
y=a*sin(theta)*sin(theta);
%
V=[-4,4,-1,6];
ezplot(x,y,[0,pi]),axis(V),grid on
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
first_curve.m
>> clear
>> first_curve
int_1 =
pi*a^3
int_2 =
MATLAB
97
2*a^2
1 a 3 1
2
2a 2.21 2
2.21 2
2.14
F = {P( x, y, z ), Q ( x, y, z ), R( x, y , z )}
Fgds =
L
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
MATLAB
98
1 L : y = y ( x ) x a ba Ab ba
b
Fgds = [ P( x, y( x))dx + Q( x, y( x)) y '( x)]dx

L
x = x (t )
L : y = y (t ) , t [t1 , t2 ]
z = z (t )
Fgds = [ P( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) x '(t ) +

L
Q ( x (t ), y (t ), z (t )) y '(t ) + R( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) z '(t )]dx
MATLAB
(1)
I = xydx + ( x y )dy + x 2 dz
L
L x = a cos t , y = a sin t , z = bt t = 0 t =
2 F ( y, x, x + y + z ) A L B L
x = a cos t
y = a sin t
z = bt
t [0, 2 ]
MATLAB
99
\\chapter2\sec_curve.m
Editor
%
%
P207
syms
a t x y z;
syms b positive
%
x=a*cos(t);
y=a*sin(t);
z=b*t;
%
F=[x*y,x-y,x^2];
%
ds=[diff(x),diff(y),diff(z)]';
int_curve1=int(F*ds,t,0,pi)
%
%
P207
syms
t x y z;
syms b positive
%
x=a*cos(t);
y=a*sin(t);
z=b*t;
%
F=[y,-x,x+y+z];
%
int_curve2=int(F*ds,t,0,2*pi)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% ab
a=3;b=3;
x=a*cos(t);
y=a*sin(t);
z=b*t;
ezplot3(x,y,z,[0,2*pi])
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
MATLAB
100
sec_curve.m
>> clear
>> sec_curve
int_curve1 =
1/2*a^2*pi+1/2*a^2*b*pi
int_curve2 =
-2*a^2*pi+2*b^2*pi^2
1 2
a (1 + b) 2
2
2 ( b a ) 2
2
2.22
2.22
MATLAB
101
2.15
f ( x, y , z ) S
S T S Si Si Si
T = max { Si } Si (i ,i , i )
1 i n
lim f (i ,i , i )Si
T 0
i =1
x = x (u , v)
S : y = y ( y , v)
z = z ( y , v)
(u , v ) D
f ( x, y, z )dS = f ( x(u, v), y (u, v), z(uv))

S
EG F 2 dudv
x y z
E = + +
u u u
x x y y z z
F = + +
u v u v u v
2
x y z
G = + +
v v v
2
S : z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D
MATLAB
102
MATLAB
xyzdS D x=0,y=0,z=0 x+y+z=1

D
( xy + yz + zx)dS D z =
x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 = y
\\chapter2\first_surf.m
a1
D x=0,y0,z=0 x+y+z=1 D1 , D2 , D3 , D4
xyzdS = xyzdS + xyzdS + xyzdS + xyzdS

D
D1
D2
D3
D4
D1 , D2 , D3 f ( x, y , z ) = xyz
xyzdS = xyzdS = xyzdS = 0

D1
D2
D3
xyzdS = xyzdS
D
D4
D4 xy
MATLAB
103
x=0y-0 x+y=1
b2
D
r = ( cos , sin , ), ( , ) D
D = {( , ) | [0,sin ], [0, ]}
Editor
%
5 P157
syms x y z
%
z=1-x-y;
ds=sqrt(1+diff(z,x)^2+diff(z,y)^2);
%
f=x*y*z;
int1=int(f*ds,y,0,1-x);
int_1=int(int1,x,0,1)
%
P14
clear
syms rou theta;
%
x=rou*cos(theta);
y=rou*sin(theta);
z=rou;
% EGF
E=diff(x,rou)^2+diff(y,rou)^2+diff(z,rou)^2;
F=diff(x,rou)*diff(x,theta)+diff(y,rou)*diff(y,theta)+diff(z,rou)*diff(z,theta);
G=diff(x,theta)^2+diff(y,theta)^2+diff(z,theta)^2;
% EFG
E=simple(E);
F=simple(F);
G=simple(G);
%
ds=sqrt(E*G-F*F);
ds=simple(ds);
%
f=x*y+y*z+z*x;
int1=int(f*ds,rou,0,sin(theta));
int_2=int(int1,theta,0,pi)
%
MATLAB
104
syms x y
z=sqrt(x^2+y^2);
ezsurf(z,'circ')
first_surf.m
>>clear
>> first_surf
int_1 =
1/120*3^(1/2)
int_2 =
4/15*2^(1/2)
0
0 01 z x,y
2.23 2
MATLAB
105
4
2
15
2.23
xy + yz + zx
4
2
15
2.16
1 v = Pi + Qj + Rk S
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy

S
S R
3
P, Q, R : S R S z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) Dxy z : Dxy R
R( x, y, z ( x, y ))dxdy (cos 0)
Dxy
S Rdxdy = R( x, y, z ( x, y ))dxdy (cos < 0)

Dxy
2
S
x = x (u , v)
S : y = y ( y , v)
z = z ( y , v)
(u , v ) D
( y, z ) ( z , x) ( x, y )
,
,
(u , v) (u, v ) (u , v)
( y, z )
Pdydz = P( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

S
MATLAB
106
( z , x)
Qdydz = Q( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

S
( x, y )
Rdydz = R( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

S
S
uv S
1
MATLAB
zdxdy D x
+ y 2 + z 2 = a 2
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy D x
+ y 2 = a 2 z = h z = h
\\chapter2\sec_sufr.m
Editor
% 1
P21-22
syms theta fa ;
syms h a
positive;
MATLAB
107
x=a*sin(fa)*cos(theta);
y=a*sin(fa)*sin(theta);
z=a*cos(fa);
% C
C=diff(x,fa)*diff(y,theta)-diff(x,theta)*diff(y,fa);
C=simple(C);
%z
Fz=z;
int1=int(Fz*C,fa,0,pi);
int2=int(int1,theta,0,pi*2)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%, a
a=5;
x=a*sin(fa)*cos(theta);
y=a*sin(fa)*sin(theta);
z=a*cos(fa);
ezmesh (x,y,z,[0,pi,0,2*pi])
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% 2
P20
syms a theta z
x=a*cos(theta);
y=a*sin(theta);
% A B C
A=a*cos(theta);
B=a*sin(theta);
C=0;
%
Fx=x;
Fy=y;
Fz=z;
%
int_x=int(int(Fx*A,theta,0,2*pi),z,-h,h);
int_y=int(int(Fy*B,theta,0,2*pi),z,-h,h);
int_z=int(int(Fz*C,theta,0,2*pi),z,-h,h);
%
int_2=int_x+int_y+int_z
sec_sufr.m
>> clear
MATLAB
108
>> sec_surf
int2 =
4/3*a^3*pi
int_2 =
4*pi*a^2*h
4
3
1 a 3 2
4 a 2 h
2.24 1
2.24 1
2.17
MATLAB
109
f A = ( P, Q, R )
gradf =
f
f
f
i+
j+ k
x
y
z
divA =
P Q R
+
+
x y z
i
rotA =
x
P
y
Q
z
R
1 u = ln( x + y + z ) M (1, 2, 2)
2
2 A A = ( x 2 yz , xy 2 z , xyz 2 )
MATLAB
110
\\chapter2\changlun.m
Editor
% P266
syms x y z
f=log(x^2+y^2+z^2);
%
grad_1=[diff(f,x),diff(f,y),diff(f,z)];
disp('u ')
grad_1=simple(grad_1)
%
disp('u 12-2')
grad_2=subs(grad_1,{x,y,z},{sym('1'),sym('2'),sym('-2')})
%
P304
syms x y z
P=x^2*y*z;
Q=x*y^2*z;
R=x*y*z^2;
%
div_1=diff(P,x)+diff(Q,y)+diff(R,z);
rot_1=[diff(R,y)-diff(Q,z),diff(P,z)-diff(R,x),diff(Q,x)-diff(P,y)];
%
disp(' A ')
div_2=simple(div_1)
disp(' A ')
rot_2=simple(rot_1)
changlun.m
>> clear
>> changlun
u
grad_1 =
[ 2*x/(x^2+y^2+z^2), 2*y/(x^2+y^2+z^2), 2*z/(x^2+y^2+z^2)]
u 12-2
grad_2 =
MATLAB
2/9,
111
4/9, -4/9]
A
div_2 =
6*x*y*z
A
rot_2 =
[ x*z^2-x*y^2, x^2*y-y*z^2, y^2*z-x^2*z]
2x
2y
2z
, 2
, 2
gradu = 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x + y + z x + y + z x + y + z
2.10 MATLAB
maple
A 6xyz
{x( z 2 y 2 ), y ( x 2 z 2 ), z ( y 2 x 2 )}
2.18
f = f ( x (u , v, w), y (u , v, w), z (u, v, w))

A = A1 (u, v, w)e1 + A2 (u, v, w)e 2 + A3 (u, v, w)e3
gradf =
1 f
1 f
1 f
e1 +
e2 +
e3
h1 u
h2 v
h3 w
MATLAB
112
divA =
[ (h2 h3 A1 ) + (h3 h1 A2 ) +
(h1h2 A3 )]
h1h2 h3 u
v
w
1
e1
h2 h3
rotA =
1
e2
h3 h1
u
h1A1
v
h2 A2
1
e3
h1h2
w
h3 A3
h1h2 h3
MATLAB
f = r cos( + z )
A = [r cos(2 ), + z , cos( )]
2
f =
A = [ sin(2 ), + ,sin( )]
MATLAB
113
\\chapter2\zhu.m
Editor
%
%08 60 25
syms rou fa z positive
u=rou;
v=theta;
w=z;
%
x=rou*cos(theta);
y=rou*sin(theta);
z=z;
%
h1=sqrt(diff(x,u)^2+diff(y,u)^2+diff(z,u)^2);
h2=sqrt(diff(x,v)^2+diff(y,v)^2+diff(z,v)^2);
h3=sqrt(diff(x,w)^2+diff(y,w)^2+diff(z,w)^2);
%
h1=simple(h1);
h2=simple(h2);
h3=simple(h3);
%
syms f A1 A2 A3
f=u*cos(w+v);
A1=u*cos(2*v);
A2=v+w;
A3=cos(v);
%
grad_f=[diff(f,u)/h1,diff(f,v)/h2,diff(f,w)/h3];
div_A=(diff(h2*h3*A1,u)+diff(h3*h1*A2,v)+diff(h1*h2*A3,w))/h1/h2/h3;
rot1=diff(h3*A3,v)-diff(h2*A2,w);
rot2=diff(h1*A1,w)-diff(h3*A3,u);
rot3=diff(h2*A2,u)-diff(h1*A1,v);
rot_A=[rot1,rot2,rot3];
%
MATLAB
114
grad_f=simple(grad_f)
div_A=simple(div_A)
rot_A=simple(rot_A)
zhu.m
>> clear
>> zhu
grad_f =
[
cos(z+theta),
-sin(z+theta), -rou*sin(z+theta)]
div_A =
4*cos(theta)^2-2+1/rou
rot_A =
[ -sin(theta)-rou,
0, z+theta+2*rou*sin(2*theta)]
Editor
%
%2008 60 25
syms rou fa theta positive
u=rou;
v=fa;
w=theta;
%
x=u*sin(v)*cos(w);
y=u*sin(v)*sin(w);
z=u*cos(v);
%
h1=sqrt(diff(x,u)^2+diff(y,u)^2+diff(z,u)^2);
h2=sqrt(diff(x,v)^2+diff(y,v)^2+diff(z,v)^2);
h3=sqrt(diff(x,w)^2+diff(y,w)^2+diff(z,w)^2);
%
h1=simple(h1);
h2=simple(h2);
h3=simple(h3);
%
syms f A1 A2 A3
f=u*v*w;
A1=u*sin(v);
A2=v+w;
A3=sin(v);
MATLAB
115
%
grad_f=[diff(f,u)/h1,diff(f,v)/h2,diff(f,w)/h3];
div_A=(diff(h2*h3*A1,u)+diff(h3*h1*A2,v)+diff(h1*h2*A3,w))/h1/h2/h3;
rot1=diff(h3*A3,v)-diff(h2*A2,w);
rot2=diff(h1*A1,w)-diff(h3*A3,u);
rot3=diff(h2*A2,u)-diff(h1*A1,v);
rot_A=[rot1,rot2,rot3];
%
grad_f=simple(grad_f)
div_A=simple(div_A)
rot_A=simple(rot_A)
qiu.m
>> clear
>> qiu
grad_f =
[ fa*theta,
theta,
fa/(sin(fa)^2)^(1/2)]
div_A =
3*sin(fa)+1/rou/(1-cos(fa)^2)*cos(fa)*sin(fa)*fa+1/rou/(1-cos(fa)^2)*cos(fa)*sin(fa)*theta+
1/rou
rot_A =
[-rou*(-2*cos(fa)+2*cos(fa)^3+(1-cos(fa)^2)^(1/2))/(1-cos(fa)^2)^(1/2),
-(1-cos(fa)^2)^(1/2)*sin(fa),
fa+theta-rou*cos(fa)]
2 u 2u 2u
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2
MATLAB
116
2.19
MATLAB
Hamilton
MATLAB
Fx = x + 2 y + z + 5
Fy = 2 x + y + z
Fz = x + y + z 6
x = cos
L1 : y = sin
z = 7
= 0 = 2
MATLAB
117
Fx = 2 x 3 y + 4 z 5
Fy = z x + 8
Fz = x + y + z + 12
L1
x = cos8
L2 : y = 20sin
z = 7
\\chapter2\pd_gong.m
Editor
%
syms x y z
F=[x+2*y+z+5,2*x+y+z,x+y+z-6];
Fx=F(1);
Fy=F(2);
Fz=F(3);
l1=diff(Fz,y)-diff(Fy,z);
%l1 1 0
l1=(l1==0);
l2=diff(Fx,z)-diff(Fz,x);
l2=(l2==0);
l3=diff(Fx,y)-diff(Fy,x);
l3=(l3==0);
if(l1&l2&l3)
disp('')
else
disp('')
end
%%%%%%%%55
%
MATLAB
118
syms x y z
F=[2*x-3*y+4*z-5,z-x+8,x+y+z+12];
Fx=F(1);
Fy=F(2);
Fz=F(3);
l1=diff(Fz,y)-diff(Fy,z);
%l1 1 0
l1=(l1==0);
l2=diff(Fx,z)-diff(Fz,x);
l2=(l2==0);
l3=diff(Fx,y)-diff(Fy,x);
l3=(l3==0);
if(l1&l2&l3)
disp('')
else
disp('')
end
pd_gong.m
>> clear
>> pd_gong
Editor
%
P51
%
%
syms x y z theta
x=cos(theta);
MATLAB
119
y=sin(theta);
z=7*theta;
%
F=[x+2*y+z+5,2*x+y+z,x+y+z-6];
%
int_1=int(F*ds,theta,0,2*pi)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
x=cos(8*theta);
y=20*sin(theta);
z=7*theta;
%
disp('')
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
syms x y z theta
x=cos(theta);
y=sin(theta);
z=7*theta;
%
F=[2*x-3*y+4*z-5,z-x+8,x+y+z+12];
%
ezplot3(x,y,z,[0,pi*2])
%%%%%%
%
x=cos(8*theta);
y=20*sin(theta);
z=7*theta;
%
disp('')
%%%
figure(2)
ezplot3(x,y,z,[0,pi*2])
gong.m
MATLAB
120
>> clear
>> gong
int_1 =
98*pi^2-70*pi
int_2 =
98*pi^2-30*pi
int_3 =
226*pi+98*pi^2
int_4 =
98*pi^2+204*pi
2.25 2.26
2.25
2.25 1 2
98 2 70 98 2 + 226 2.26
1 2 98 2 70
98 2 + 204
MATLAB
121
2.26
MATLAB
MATLAB maple
maple maple
MATLAB
1 MATLAB
MATLAB
122
1
ln 1 +
x
lim
x arccot x
1
2
2 f ( x ) =
1 f ( x ) = x sin x
ex
e x sin x
1 sin x + x cos x
2
+
cos x cos 2 x
3 f(x) x=0 6
1 x
1+ x
2
3
4
5
1 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
f ( x) =
t sin tdt
z = sin ( xy )
3 z
xy 2
x 2 y cos ( xy ) 2 x sin ( xy )
6
xdxdy D x
D
4
3
a 3
+ y 2 + z 2 = a 2
ex
cos x
MATLAB
123
MATLAB
Fourier Laplace
3.1
( a, b )
( a1 , b1 ) + ( a2 , b2 ) = ( a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 )
( a, b )( c, d ) = ( ac bd , ad + bc )
( a, b ) z z = a + bi
MATLAB i j MATLAB
C/C++Pascal
1 z=a+biab z
2 z z = ( cos + i sin )
z
3 Euler
z = ( cos + i sin )
z = ei
MATLAB
MATLAB
124
MATLAB
1 MATLAB 7+8i
2 5e 6i
3
2 + 2i 4 - 4i 5 + 6i
3 - 5i 2 - 2i 4 -8i
4 4 4 N (0,12 )
[ 0,1]
\\chapter3\shengcheng.m
Editor
%1
a1=7+8*i
%(2)
a2=5*exp(6*i)
%3
a3=[2+2*i 4-4*i 5+6*i
3-5*i 2-2*i 4-8*i]
%(3)
b1=randn(4,4);
b2=rand(4,4);
format short
a4=b1+b2*i
MATLAB
125
shengcheng.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> shengcheng
a1 =
7.0000 + 8.0000i
a2 =
4.8009 - 1.3971i
a3 =
2.0000 + 2.0000i
4.0000 - 4.0000i
5.0000 + 6.0000i
3.0000 - 5.0000i
2.0000 - 2.0000i
4.0000 - 8.0000i
a4 =
0.2888 + 0.6085i -0.4650 + 0.5869i -1.3573 + 0.7176i -1.3813 + 0.4418i
-0.4293 + 0.0158i
0.0558 + 0.0164i
-0.3679 + 0.1901i
0.3710 + 0.0576i -1.0226 + 0.6927i

0.7283 + 0.3676i
1.0378 + 0.0841i
2.1122 + 0.6315i -0.3898 + 0.4544i
0.3155 + 0.3533i
1.5532 + 0.1536i
0.7079 + 0.6756i
4 randn randn
MATLAB
126
3.2
MATLAB
realimag abs angle

conj
1 4 4 A N (0,12 ) Hilerbt
2 A
3 A B
4 A+B
5 b = 3 + 4i b A
6 A b
7 A
8 A 3
9 A
10 A
MATLAB
127
\\chapter3\yunsuan.m
Editor
%%%%(1)
disp('')
a1=randn(4,4)
disp(' hilbert ')
a2=hilb(4)
% A
disp(' A ')
A=a1+a2*i
%A
disp('')
re=real(A)
%A
disp('')
im=imag(A)
%%%%%%%
%(2)
disp('A ')
rou=abs(A)
disp('A ')
theta=angle(A)
%(3)
%
disp('A ')
B=conj(A)
%%(4)
%%
disp('A ')
C=A+B
%%5
MATLAB
128
%
b=3+4*i;
disp('A b ')
D=b.*A
%6
disp('A b')
E=A/b
%(7)
disp('A sine ')
s=sin(A)
%8
disp('A 3 ')
F=A.^3
%(9)
disp('A ')
H=log(A)
%(10)
disp('A ')
G=exp(A)
yunsuan.m
>> clear
>> yunsuan
a1 =
-2.4490
-0.6547
-0.3304
-0.9573
0.4733
-1.0807
-0.4999
1.2925
0.1169
-0.0477
-0.0360
0.4409
-0.5911
0.3793
-0.1748
1.2809
MATLAB
129
hilbert
a2 =
1.0000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
A
A=
-2.4490 + 1.0000i -0.6547 + 0.5000i -0.3304 + 0.3333i -0.9573 + 0.2500i
0.4733 + 0.5000i -1.0807 + 0.3333i -0.4999 + 0.2500i
1.2925 + 0.2000i
0.1169 + 0.3333i -0.0477 + 0.2500i -0.0360 + 0.2000i
0.4409 + 0.1667i
-0.5911 + 0.2500i
0.3793 + 0.2000i -0.1748 + 0.1667i
re =
-2.4490
-0.6547
-0.3304
-0.9573
0.4733
-1.0807
-0.4999
1.2925
0.1169
-0.0477
-0.0360
0.4409
-0.5911
0.3793
-0.1748
1.2809
im =
1.0000
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
A
rou =
2.6453
0.8238
0.4693
0.9894
0.6885
1.1309
0.5589
1.3079
1.2809 + 0.1429i
MATLAB
130
0.3533
0.2545
0.2032
0.4714
0.6418
0.4288
0.2415
1.2889
A
theta =
2.7539
2.4894
2.3517
2.8861
0.8128
2.8424
2.6779
0.1535
1.2334
1.7594
1.7488
0.3614
2.7415
0.4852
2.3799
0.1111
A
B=
-2.4490 - 1.0000i -0.6547 - 0.5000i -0.3304 - 0.3333i -0.9573 - 0.2500i
0.4733 - 0.5000i -1.0807 - 0.3333i -0.4999 - 0.2500i
1.2925 - 0.2000i
0.1169 - 0.3333i -0.0477 - 0.2500i -0.0360 - 0.2000i
0.4409 - 0.1667i
-0.5911 - 0.2500i
0.3793 - 0.2000i -0.1748 - 0.1667i
1.2809 - 0.1429i
A
C=
-4.8980
-1.3094
-0.6607
-1.9145
0.9466
-2.1613
-0.9998
2.5851
0.2339
-0.0955
-0.0720
0.8818
-1.1822
0.7587
-0.3495
2.5619
A b
D=
-11.3471 - 6.7961i -3.9641 - 1.1188i -2.3244 - 0.3214i -3.8718 - 3.0791i
-0.5801 + 3.3931i -4.5753 - 3.3226i -2.4997 - 1.2496i
-0.9825 + 1.4678i -1.1432 + 0.5591i -0.9079 + 0.4561i
-2.7733 - 1.6144i
A b
E=
0.3380 + 2.1174i -1.1909 - 0.1990i
3.0776 + 5.7702i
0.6561 + 2.2636i
3.2714 + 5.5523i
MATLAB
131
-0.1339 + 0.5118i
0.0014 + 0.1648i
0.0137 + 0.0929i -0.0749 + 0.1832i
0.1368 - 0.0157i -0.0763 + 0.2129i -0.0200 + 0.1100i

0.0674 + 0.0213i
-0.0309 + 0.1246i
0.0343 + 0.0376i
0.0775 - 0.0367i
0.0277 + 0.0298i
0.0057 + 0.0480i
0.1871 - 0.1828i
0.0796 - 0.0505i
0.1766 - 0.1878i
A sine
s=
-0.9853 - 0.9044i -0.6866 + 0.4133i -0.3426 + 0.3212i -0.8433 + 0.1454i
0.5140 + 0.4638i -0.9317 + 0.1598i -0.4944 + 0.2217i
0.9808 + 0.0553i
0.1232 + 0.3372i -0.0492 + 0.2523i -0.0367 + 0.2012i
0.4327 + 0.1514i
-0.5748 + 0.2098i
0.3777 + 0.1870i -0.1763 + 0.1649i
0.9681 + 0.0410i
A 3
F=
-7.3414 +16.9931i
0.2104 + 0.5180i
0.0741 + 0.0721i -0.6977 + 0.6716i
-0.2489 + 0.2110i -0.9018 + 1.1308i -0.0312 + 0.1718i

-0.0374 - 0.0234i
0.0088 - 0.0139i
-0.0957 + 0.2464i
0.0091 + 0.0783i
0.0043 - 0.0072i
0.0092 + 0.0106i
2.0043 + 0.9944i
0.0490 + 0.0926i
2.0234 + 0.7003i
A
H=
0.9728 + 2.7539i -0.1938 + 2.4894i -0.7565 + 2.3517i -0.0107 + 2.8861i
-0.3733 + 0.8128i
0.1230 + 2.8424i -0.5817 + 2.6779i
0.2684 + 0.1535i
-1.0406 + 1.2334i -1.3684 + 1.7594i -1.5935 + 1.7488i -0.7521 + 0.3614i

-0.4435 + 2.7415i -0.8467 + 0.4852i -1.4209 + 2.3799i
0.2538 + 0.1111i
A
G=
0.0467 + 0.0727i
0.4560 + 0.2491i
0.6791 + 0.2351i
0.3720 + 0.0950i
1.4087 + 0.7696i
0.3207 + 0.1110i
0.5877 + 0.1501i
3.5695 + 0.7236i
1.0622 + 0.3678i
0.9238 + 0.2359i
0.9454 + 0.1916i
1.5326 + 0.2578i
0.5365 + 0.1370i
1.4322 + 0.2903i
0.8280 + 0.1393i
3.5634 + 0.5125i
MATLAB
132
Maple
Mathmatics Fortran
3.3
z = a f ( z ) f ( z )
( z z0 )1 f ( z ) Resf ( z0 )
Res [ f ( z ), z = a ] = lim( z a) f ( z )
za
z = a m
d m 1
1
f ( z )( z a )m
z a ( m 1)! dz m 1
Res [ f ( z ), z = a ] = lim
MATLAB
1
c=limit(F*(Z-a),z,a)
m
c=limit(diff(F*(z-a)^m,z,m-1)/prod(1:m-1),z,a)
MATLAB residure Residure
[r,p,k] = residue(b,a)
[b,a] = residue(r,p,k)
MATLAB
133
residure
1 residue s
s=
5 z 3 + 3z 2 2 z + 7
4 z 3 + 8 z + 3
2 f
eiaz eibz
f =
z2
3 g z0 = 1
g=
( z 1)
exp ( z 2 )
\\chapter3\liushu.m
Editor
MATLAB
134
%
%08 7 23
%1 residure
s2=[ 5 3 -2 7];
s1=[-4 0 8 3];
[r,p,k]=residue(s2,s1)
%(2)
syms z a b
f=(exp(i*a*z)-exp(i*b*z))/z^2
disp('f 0 ')
c_f=limit(f*z,z,0)
%(3)
g=1/(z-1)^2*exp(z^2)
disp('f 2 ')
c_g=limit(diff(g*(z-1)^2,z,1)/prod(1:1),z,1)
liushu.m
>> clear
>> liushu
r=
-1.41671015413220
-0.66525057020591
1.33196072433811
p=
1.57371511684888
-1.16443609098554
-0.40927902586334
k=
-1.25000000000000
MATLAB
135
f=
(exp(i*a*z)-exp(i*b*z))/z^2
f 0
c_f =
i*a-i*b
g=
1/(z-1)^2*exp(z^2)
f 2
c_g =
2*exp(1)
-1.41671015413220
r = -0.66525057020591
1.33196072433811
1.57371511684888
p = -1.16443609098554
-0.40927902586334
Res s ( z ) , 1.57371511684888 = -1.41671015413220

Res s ( z ) , -1.16443609098554 = -0.66525057020591
Res s ( z ) , -0.40927902586334 = 1.33196072433811
k -1.25
resdue
MATLAB
136
f ia ib g
2e
3.4
f ( z )dz
2 i
f ( z )dz = 2 i Res[ f ( pi )]
i =1
z =3
1
z
sin
dz
z 1
4
2
MATLAB
137
exp ( z )
dz
z =1
z3
\\chapter3\liushu_yy.m
Editor
%(1)
syms z
f=1/(z^2-1)*sin(pi*z/4)
c1=limit(f*(z-1),z,1);
c2=limit(f*(z+1),z,-1);
disp(' s1 ')
s1=2*pi*i*(c1+c2)
%(2)
g=exp(z)/z^3;
c3=limit(diff((g*z^3),z,2)/prod(1:2),z,0);
disp(' s2 ')
s2=2*pi*i*c3
liushu_yy.m
>> liushu_yy
f=
1/(z^2-1)*sin(1/4*pi*z)
s1
MATLAB
138
s1 =
i*pi*2^(1/2)
g=
exp(z)/z^3
s2
s2 =
i*pi
3.5
Fourier
Fourier
F ( ) =
f ( x)e i x dx
MATLAB Fourier
F = fourier(f)
F = fourier(f,v)
F = fourier(f,u,v)
Fourier F = fourier(f,v)
v F = fourier(f,u,v) v u
MATLAB
139
Fourier
1
2
1 F1 ( ) =
2 F2 ( ) =
3 F3 ( ) =
f ( x )e i x dx
f ( x)e i x dx
f ( x)e i 2 x dx
MATLAB
Fourier
Fourier
MATLAB Fourier
Fourier
Fourier
1
f = exp ( 2 x )
g=
h = cos 2 2 x
4sin 3x
x
\\chapter3\fuliye.m
Editor
%Fourier
MATLAB
syms x
disp(' f')
f=exp(-2*abs(x))
disp(' F')
F=fourier(f)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(f)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(F)
grid
%%
figure(2)
disp(' g')
g=4*sin(3*x)/x
disp(' G')
G=fourier(g)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(g)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(G)
grid
%
figure(3)
disp(' h')
h=(cos(2*x))^2
disp(' H')
H=fourier(h)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(h)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(H)
140
MATLAB
grid
fuliye.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>fuliye
f
f
f=
exp(-2*abs(x))
F
F=
4/(4+w^2)
g
g=
4*sin(3*x)/x
G
G=
4*pi*(heaviside(w+3)-heaviside(w-3))
h
h=
cos(2*x)^2
141
MATLAB
142
H
H=
1/2*pi*(2*dirac(w)+dirac(w+4)+dirac(w-4))
1 Fourier
4
3.1
4 + 2
3.1 f F
2 Fourier MATLAB
4*pi*(heaviside(w+3)-heaviside(w-3))
h H 3.2
MATLAB
143
3.2 h H
3
1/2*pi*(2*dirac(w)+dirac(w+4)+dirac(w-4))
dirac
H=
2 ( ) + ( + 4 ) + ( 4 )
2
3.3 3 Fourier
3.3 h H
MATLAB
144
3.6
Fourier
Fourier
f ( x) =
1
2
F ( )ei x d
Fourier
f = ifourier(F)
f = ifourier(F,u)
f = ifourier(F,v,u)
Fourier Fourier
f1 ( x ) =
1
f 2 ( x) =
1
2
1
2
F1 ( )ei x d
F2 ( )ei x d
f3 ( x) = F3 ( )ei 2 x d
3
Fourier
Fourier
MATLAB Fourier
Fourier
Fourier
1
F=
( 2) + ( + 2)

2
MATLAB
145
H=
1 sin(2 )
G=
1 4sin( 3) 4sin( + 3)
+
2 3
+ 3
\\chapter3\fuliye_fan.m
Editor
%Fourier
%8 23
% 1
syms w
disp(' F')
F=(dirac(w-2)+dirac(w+2))/2
disp('F ')
f=ifourier(F)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(F)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(f)
grid
% 2
figure(2)
disp(' H')
H=sin(w*2)/w/pi
disp('H ')
h=ifourier(H)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(H)
MATLAB
146
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(h)
axis([-6,6,-1,5])
grid
% 3
figure(3)
disp(' G')
G=(sin(3-w)*4/(3-w)+sin(3+w)*4/(3+w))/2/pi
%
disp('G ')
g=ifourier(G)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(G)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(g)
grid
fuliye_fan.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> fuliye_fan
F
F=
1/2*dirac(w-2)+1/2*dirac(w+2)
F
f=
MATLAB
147
1/2*cos(2*x)/pi
H
H=
sin(2*w)/w/pi
H
h=
1/2*(heaviside(x+2)-heaviside(x-2))/pi
G
G=
(-2*sin(w-3)/(-w+3)+2*sin(w+3)/(w+3))/pi
G
g=
2*cos(3*x)*(-heaviside(x-1)+heaviside(x+1))/pi
Fourier
f =
1
cos ( 2 )
2
3.1
MATLAB
148
3.4 F f
2 MATLAB
1/2*(heaviside(x+2)-heaviside(x-2))/pi
heviside heviside(x) x>0 1x<0 x NaN 0
3.5
3.5 H h
3 MATLAB
2*cos(3*x)*(-heaviside(x-1)+heaviside(x+1))/pi
heaviside 3.6 G g
MATLAB
149
3.6 G g
3.7 Laplace
Laplace
L( s ) = f (t )e st dt
0
MATLAB
laplace(F)
laplace(F,t)
laplace(F,w,z)
t L = laplace(F,t)
L t s L = laplace(F,w,z) w sz
t s
Laplace
Laplace
MATLAB
150
MATLB Laplace
Laplace
1
f = sin 2t + sh3t
g = exp ( 4t ) sin 3t +
( exp ( 2t ) + 2t 1)
4
\\chapter3\laplace_main.m
Editor
%Laplace
syms t
disp(' f')
f=sin(2*t)+sinh(3*t)
disp('f Lf')
Lf=laplace(f)
pretty(Lf)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(f)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(Lf)
grid
%%%%%
figure(2)
syms t
(2)
MATLAB
151
disp(' g')
g=exp(-4*t)*sin(3*t)+(exp(-2*t)+2*t-1)/4;
disp('g Lg')
Lg=laplace(g)
pretty(Lg)
%
subplot(1,2,1)
ezplot(g)
grid
subplot(1,2,2)
ezplot(Lg)
grid
laplace_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> laplace_main
f
f=
sin(2*t)+sinh(3*t)
f Lf
Lf =
2/(s^2+4)+3/(s^2-9)
2
------ + ------
MATLAB
152
2
s +4
2
s -9
g
g Lg
Lg =
1/3/(1/9*(s+4)^2+1)+1/4/(s+2)+1/2/s^2-1/4/s
1/3 ---------------- + 1/4 ----- + 1/2 ---- - 1/4 1/s

2
1/9 (s + 4)
s+2
+1
2
s
pretty 1
L[ f ] =
2
3
+ 2
s + 4 s 9
2
3.7
3.7
Laplace
2
1/3/(1/9*(s+4)^2+1)+1/4/(s+2)+1/2/s^2-1/4/s
pretty Latex MATLAB
Latex latex
MATLAB
153
1/3\, \left( 1/9\, \left( s+4 \right) ^{2}+1 \right) ^{-1}+1/4\, \left( s+2 \right)
^{-1}+1/2\,{s}^{-2}-1/4\,{s}^{-1}
Latex
3.8 g Laplace
7.8
g Lapalce
3.8 Laplace
Laplace
F (t ) =
c + i
c i
L( s )e st ds
F = ilaplace(L)
F = ilaplace(L,y)
F = ilaplace(L,y,x)
F = ilaplace(L,y) F t
y
F ( y) =
c +i
c i
L(s )e sy ds
F = ilaplace(L,y,x) F t xL s y
F ( x) =
c + i
c i
L( s )e xy dy
MATLAB
154
Laplace
MATLAB
MATLAB
Laplace
1
L[ f ] =
L[ f ] =
( s + 2 )( s + 3)
s+2
( s + 2)
+4
\\chapter3\laplace_fan_main.m
Editor
%Laplace
syms s
disp(' Lf')
Lf=1/(s+2)/(s+3)
disp('Lf f')
f=ilaplace(Lf)
pretty(f)
%
MATLAB
155
subplot(2,2,1)
ezplot(Lf)
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
ezplot(f)
grid
%%%%%
(2)
syms s
disp(' Lg')
Lg=(s+2)/((s+2)^2+4)
disp('Lg g')
g=ilaplace(Lg)
pretty(g)
%
subplot(2,2,3)
ezplot(Lg)
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
ezplot(g)
grid
laplace_fan_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> laplace_fan_main
Lf
Lf =
1/(s+2)/(s+3)
Lf f
MATLAB
156
f=
2*exp(-5/2*t)*sinh(1/2*t)
2 exp(- 5/2 t) sinh(1/2 t)

Lg
Lg =
(s+2)/((s+2)^2+4)
Lg g
g=
exp(-2*t)*cos(2*t)
exp(-2 t) cos(2 t)
MATLAB pretty
3.9
MATLAB
157
3.9
Laplace
MATLAB Laplace
1 Laplace
2
3
MATLAB
MATLAB c/c++javaDelphi
Fortran
MATLAB
1 MATLAB 55
2 residue
b ( s ) 5s 2 + 3s 2 2 s + 7
=
a (s)
4 s 3 + 8 s + 3
MATLAB
158
b (s)
r
r
r
= 1 + 2 +L + n + k (s)
a ( s ) s p1 s p2
s pn
-1.4167
1.5737
r = -0.6653 , p = -1.1644 , k = -1.2500
1.3320
-0.4093
3 Fourier
1
,p>0
t + p2
f (t ) =
F ( ) =
exp ( p )
p
4 Fourier
F ( ) =
2
a + 2
f ( x ) = sgn x exp a x
5 Laplace
f (t ) =
F ( s ) =
1
( at sin at )
a3
s ( s + a2 )
2
6 Laplace
F (s) =
f ( t ) =
s ( s + a2 )
1
(1 cos at )
a2
MATLAB
159
MATLAB
4.1 Jacobi
AX = b
aii 0
bij = aij / aii i j
i=1,2,L ,n
gi = bi / aii
x1 = b12 x2 + b13 x3 + L + b1n xn + g1

x = b x + b x + L + b x + g
2
21 x
23 3
2n n
2
x1 = bn1 x1 + bn 2 x2 + L + bn ,n 1 xn 1 + g n
D = diag ( a11 , a22 ,L , ann ) g = ( g1 , g 2 ,L g n )T , B = D-1 (D - A) = E - D-1 A
X = BX + g
MATLAB
160
X ( k ) = BX ( k +1) + g Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
4 x1 x2 + x3 = 7
4 x1 8 x2 + x3 = 21
2 x + x + 5 x = 15
1
2
3
10
\\chapter4\Fjacobi.m, jacobi.m
Jacobi
Editor
function [x,k]=Fjacobi(A,b,x0,tol)
% jacobi
% tol x0
max1= 300;
D=diag(diag(A));
L=-tril(A,-1);
U=-triu(A,1);
B=D\(L+U);
f=D\b;
% 300 300
MATLAB
161
x=B*x0+f;
k=1;
while norm(x-x0)>=tol
x0=x;
x=B*x0+f;
k=k+1;
if(k>=max1)
disp(' 300 ');
return;
end
%[k x'] %
end
Fjacobi.m
Editor
%jacobi
%08 4 14
a=[4 -1 1;4 -8 1;-2 1 5];
b=[7 -21 15]';
x0=[0 0 0]' ; %
[x,k]=Fjacobi(a,b,x0,1e-7)
jacobi.m
>> jacobi
x=
1.99999997450829
3.99999999073029
3.00000001297760
k=
17
MATLAB
4.1
1E-7 17
MATLAB
162
x1( k )
x2 ( k )
x3( k )
0.00000000000000
0.00000000000000
0.00000000000000
1.65625000000000
3.87500000000000
3.17500000000000
1.92500000000000
3.85000000000000
2.88750000000000
1.99062500000000
3.94843750000000
3.00000000000000
1.98710937500000
3.99531250000000
3.00656250000000
1.99718750000000
3.99437500000000
2.99578125000000
1.99964843750000
3.99806640625000
3.00000000000000
1.99951660156250
3.99982421875000
3.00024609375000
1.99989453125000
3.99978906250000
2.99984179687500
10
1.99998681640625
3.99992749023437
3.00000000000000
11
1.99998187255859
3.99999340820313
3.00000922851563
12
1.99999604492188
3.99999208984375
2.99999406738281
13
1.99999950561523
3.99999728088379
3.00000000000000
14
1.99999932022095
3.99999975280762
3.00000034606934
15
1.99999985168457
3.99999970336914
2.99999977752686
16
1.99999998146057
3.99999989803314
3.00000000000000
17
1.99999997450829
3.99999999073029
3.00000001297760
4.1 Jacobi
4.1 4.1
5
Jacobi
MATLAB
163
4.1 Jacobi
4.2 Gauss-Seidel
Jacobi X
(k )
( k +1)
Gauss-Seidel
x1( k +1) = b12 x2 ( k ) + b13 x3 ( k ) + L + b1n xn ( k ) + g1

( k +1)
= b12 x2( k +1) + b13 x3( k ) + L + b1n xn ( k ) + g1
x2
M
x ( k +1) = b x ( k +1) + b x ( k +1) + L + b x ( k +1) + g
n , n 1 n 1
12 2
13 3
1
n
Gauss-Seidel
Gauss-Seidel
MATLAB
164
Gauss-Seidel 4.1 107
\\chapter4.rar\4-2exe
\\chapter4\Fgseid.m, gseid.m
-
Editor
function [x,k]=Fgseid(A,b,x0,tol)
%-
% tol
max1= 300; % 300
D=diag(diag(A));
L=-tril(A,-1);
U=-triu(A,1);
G=(D-L)\U;
f=(D-L)\b;
x=G*x0+f;
k=1;
x0=x;
x=G*x0+f;
k=k+1;
if(k>=max1)
disp('');
return;
end
% [k,x'] %
end
Fgseid.m
Editor
%gauss-seidel
%08 4 14
MATLAB
165
a=[4 -1 1;4 -8 1;-2 1 5];

b=[7 -21 15]';
x0=[0 0 0]' ; %
[x,k]=Fgseid(a,b,x0,1e-7)
gseid.m
>>gseid
x=
1.99999999461628
3.99999999627471
2.99999999859157
k=
10
Gauss-Seidel 10 Jacobi
4.2
x1( k )
x2( k )
x3( k )
0.00000000000000
0.00000000000000
0.00000000000000
1.87500000000000
3.93750000000000
2.96250000000000
1.99375000000000
3.99218750000000
2.99906250000000
1.99828125000000
3.99902343750000
2.99950781250000
1.99987890625000
3.99987792968750
2.99997597656250
1.99997548828125
3.99998474121094
2.99999324707031
1.99999787353516
3.99999809265137
2.99999953088379
1.99999964044189
3.99999976158142
2.99999990386047
1.99999996443024
3.99999997019768
2.99999999173256
10
1.99999999461628
3.99999999627471
2.99999999859157
4.2 Gauss-Seidel
Gauss-Seidel Jacobi
MATLAB
166
4.2 4.2
Gauss-Seidel
4.2 -
4. 3 SOR
Jacobi Jacobi
Gauss-Seidel Gauss-Seidel
Gauss-Seidel
X ( k +1) = LX ( k +1) + UX( k ) + g
X ( k +1) = X ( k ) + X
X = LX( k +1) + UX( k ) + g - X

X( k +1) = X ( k ) + X
= (1 ) X( k ) + (LX( k +1) + UX (k ) + g)
MATLAB
167
X ( k +1) = (D - L)-1[(1- )D + U]X ( k ) + (D - L)-1 b

=1 Guass-Seidel >1 <1
5 x1 x2 x3 x4 = 4
x + 10 x x x = 12
1
2
3
4
x1 x2 + 5 x3 x4 = 8
x1 x2 x3 + 10 x4 = 34
107
\\chapter4\Fsor.m,sor.m
Editor
function [x,k]=Fsor(A,b,x0,w,tol)
%
%08 /4 /14
%tol
max = 300; %
%
if(w<=0 || w>=2)
MATLAB
168
error;
return;
end
% A
D=diag(diag(A));
% A
L=-tril(A,-1);
% A
U=-triu(A,1);
B=inv(D-L*w)*((1-w)*D+w*U);
f=w*inv((D-L*w))*b;
x=B*x0+f;
k=1;
x0=x;
x =B*x0+f;
k=k+1;
if(k>=max)
disp('SOR ');
return;
end
% [k,x']
end
Fsor.m
Editro
%
%08 /4 /14
a=[5 -1 -1 -1
-1 10 -1 -1
-1 -1 5 -1
-1 -1 -1 10];
b=[-4 12 8 34]';
x0=[1 1 1 1]';
[x,k]=Fsor(a,b,x0,1.2,1e-7)
sor.m
>>sor
x=
1.00000000983388
MATLAB
169
1.99999999502864
3.00000000071336
4.00000000211974
k=
14
14
x1( k )
x2 ( k )
x3( k )
x4( k )
1.0000000000000
1.0000000000000
1.00000000000000
1.00000000000000
1.02069360640000
2.05212603596800
3.24099400056832
3.98523856515236
1.06266734312528
2.02424278186792
2.96911688552127
4.00967552823126
0.98819497832385
1.99118993067558
3.00355112783111
3.99601721877341
1.00014299088246
2.00172737436332
2.99878279459838
4.00087493542662
1.00030382687671
1.99964991195554
3.00044232290245
3.99987254032284
0.99993078066806
2.00009949487609
2.99988821122759
4.00001571034804
1.00001466381480
1.99997033127163
3.00002252705876
3.99999776058782
0.99999481577741
2.00000774615655
2.99999557199348
4.00000022395373
10
1.00000188694942
1.99999817271628
3.00000095366997
4.00000007680954
11
0.99999943137711
2.00000042087954
2.99999979224189
12
1.00000015094842
1.99999990204428
3.00000004034457
4.00000002280489
13
0.99999996145681
2.00000002254390
2.99999999356443
3.99999999274684
14
1.00000000983388
1.99999999502864
3.00000000071336
4.00000000211974
4.3
4.3
3.99999994197792
MATLAB
170
4.3
4.3
4.4
Gauss
a)
b)
c)
Step1 AX = b
a11 a12 L
a a L
[A, b] = 21 22
M M
an1 an 2 L
a11 0
a1n b1
a2n b2
M M
ann bn
ai1
a11
MATLAB
171
a11 a12 L a1n
0 a22 L a2n
a11
a11
[A1 , b1 ] =
M
M M
an 2
a
L nn
0
a11
a11
b1
b2
a11
M
bn
a11
Step2
Step3
Gauss
Gauss
2 x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 3
4 x1 + 7 x2 + 7 x3 = 1
2 x + 4 x + 5 x = 7
1
2
3
\\chapter4\Fgauss.m,gauss.m
Editor
function X=Fgauss(A,b)
% Gauss
zengguang=[A b]; n=length(b);
ra=rank(A);
MATLAB
172
rz=rank(zengguang);
temp1=rz-ra;
if temp1>0,
disp('')
return
end
if ra==rz
if ra==n
X=zeros(n,1);
C=zeros(1,n+1);
for p= 1:n-1
for k=p+1:n
m= zengguang(k,p)/ zengguang(p,p);
zengguang(k,p:n+1)= zengguang(k,p:n+1)-m* zengguang(p,p:n+1);
end
end
b=zengguang(1:n,n+1);
A=zengguang(1:n,1:n);
X(n)=b(n)/A(n,n);
for q=n-1:-1:1
X(q)=(b(q)-sum(A(q,q+1:n)*X(q+1:n)))/A(q,q);
end
else
disp('')
end
end
Fgauss.m
Editor
%Gauss
a=[2 2 3
477
-2 4 5];
b=[3 1 -7]';
x=Fgauss(a,b)
gauss.m
>> gauss
MATLAB
173
x=
2
-2
1
x = ( 2, 2,1)
T
Gauss
a11 a12 L
a21 a22 L
M M
an1 an 2 L
a1n
b1

a2 n
b
x= 2
M
M

ann
bn
a11 a12 L a1i
a21 a22 L a2i

M
ai1 ai 2
M
L aii
0, i = 1, 2,L , n
Gauss
4.5
3.4
k akk ( k 1) akk ( k 1)
ak +1, k ( k 1) ank ( k 1)
MATLAB
174
akk ( k 1) = max aik ( k 1)

k i n
0
2
2
2
-3
1
0
3
0
-6
1 x1 0

2 x2 2
g
=
1 x3 7

-5 x4 6
\\chapter4\Fzhuyuan.m, zhuyuan.m
Editor
function X=Fzhuyuan(A,b)
%
zengguang=[A b]; n=length(b);
ra=rank(A);
rz=rank(zengguang);
temp1=rz-ra;
if temp1>0,
disp('.')
return
MATLAB
175
end
if ra==rz
if ra==n
X=zeros(n,1); C=zeros(1,n+1);
for p= 1:n-1
[Y,j]=max(abs(zengguang(p:n,p))); C=zengguang(p,:);
zengguang(p,:)= zengguang(j+p-1,:); zengguang(j+p-1,:)=C;
for k=p+1:n
m= zengguang(k,p)/ zengguang(p,p);
zengguang(k,p:n+1)= zengguang(k,p:n+1)-m* zengguang(p,p:n+1);
end
end
b=zengguang(1:n,n+1);A=zengguang(1:n,1:n); X(n)=b(n)/A(n,n);
for q=n-1:-1:1
X(q)=(b(q)-sum(A(q,q+1:n)*X(q+1:n)))/A(q,q);
end
else
disp('')
end
end
Fzhuyuan.m
Editor
%
a=[0 2 0 1
2232
4 -3 0 1
6 1 -6 -5];
b=[0 -2 -7 6]';
x=Fzhuyuan(a,b)
zhuyuan.m
>> zhuyuan
x=
-0.50000000000000
1.00000000000000
0.33333333333333
-2.00000000000000
MATLAB
176
Gauss
4.6 LU
A L U
A LU L Doolittle
U Crout
A A
A = LU
L U
AX = b
LUX = b
UX = Y
LY = b
Step1 A LU
Step2 LY = b
Step3 UX = Y
MATLAB LU
LU
LU LU
LU
MATLAB
177
MATLAB LU
5.8 x1 x2 x3 + 4.6 x4 = 21.3

7 x 8 x + x 30.3 x = 15.7
1
2
3
4
9.5 x1 + 2 x2 + 5 x3 x4 = 16.6
6 x1 x2 + 12.9 x3 + 10 x4 = 7.9
\\chapter4\LUfj.m
Editor
%LU
a=[5.8 -1 -1 4.6
7 -8 1 -30.3
9.5 2 5 -1
6 -1 12.9 10];
b=[21.3 -15.7 16.6 7.9]';
[l,u]=lu(a);
x=u\(l\b)
LUfj.m
>>LUfj
x=
2.59451803634398
0.03959342091970
-1.41333222048038
1.06044708470527
LU
MATLAB
178
4.7 Cholesky
A = [ aij ] R nn A = GG T A Cholesky
G R nn
A = [ aij ] R nn G
A = GG T
G
AX = b
GG T X = b
MATLAB Cholesky
Cholesky
Cholesky
Cholesky
MATLAB
A=
179
16.42904628903813 16.12007848664000 7.82278120608096 2.95700879000000

16.12007848664000 17.16712678518432 4.36553354006000 4.36310597100000
7.82278120608096 4.36553354006000 14.88811554662400 -0.53261940800000
2.95700879000000 4.36310597100000 -0.53261940800000 18.86911452484754
x1
15.6
x
5.8
2
X=
b=
x3
20.8

11.9
x4
Cholesky AX = b
\\chapter4\cholfj.m
Editor
%cholesky
%*********************
%
%temp=[1 2.2336 3 1.20003222
%1.2 1.52221115 3 2.1
%-1.6 3.1444 1.2 -1.000432
%1.00055213 2.1 -2.1114 3];
%
% a=temp*temp'
%***********************
a=[
16.42904628903813
16.12007848664000
7.82278120608096
2.95700879000000
16.12007848664000 17.16712678518432
4.36553354006000
4.36310597100000
7.82278120608096
4.36553354006000 14.88811554662400 -0.53261940800000
2.95700879000000
4.36310597100000 -0.53261940800000 18.86911452484754];
b=[15.6 5.8 20.8 11.9]';

ch=chol(a);
x=ch\(ch'\b)
MATLAB
180
cholfj.m
>>cholfj
x=
21.04568809397816
-18.77801201029621
-4.09920767640171
1.55888894709567
MATLAB
Cholesky Hermitan
MATLAB
4.8
A C mn U C mn V C mn
A = UV H
0
= 1
0 0
1 = diag ( 1 , 2 ,L , r )
1 2 L r > 0, r = rank (A )
MATLAB
181
MATLAB
MATLAB
6.5
6.2
-1 -1
7
-5
2.1 -6
5.6 3.7
3.6
4
4.8
2.1
x1 12.3
x 21.4
g 2 =
x3 7.8

x4 21
\\chapter4\svdfj.m
Editor
%
a=[6.5
-1 -1 3.6
6.2 7 -5 4
3 2.1 -6 4.8
1 5.6 3.7 2.1];
b=[12.3 21.4 -7.8 21]';
[u,s,v]=svd(a)
x=v*inv(s)*u'*b
svdfj.m
>> svdfj
MATLAB
182
x=
3.97995209192822
2.50936709711725
2.19909253839485
-2.46145248945037
u=
-0.37530393110199
0.31187061896009 -0.87271349503002 -0.01596345580798
-0.74652590797365
-0.19583143321837
-0.52134773516563
0.34317667132178
-0.17332791772008
0.24028706083599
0.58873699296253
0.35952671579466 -0.69366191471644
-0.86406975358104 -0.22665794629177 -0.41468912364328
s=
14.85749451186780
0
0
7.46282716561529
0
0
5.21320273589473
0
0
2.22341736082823
v=
-0.59265088725310
-0.46547848308270
0.13111175911714 -0.63894229865359
-0.77729393070950
0.39139941954830
0.47257525480137
0.16109134503896
0.44386397593026 -0.61489184557183 -0.63771095689545 -0.13497231040525

-0.48484995462154
0.02306231021941 -0.17856082667821 -0.85586487398819
x=
3.97995209192822
2.50936709711725
2.19909253839485
-2.46145248945037
MATLAB
183
4.9
MATLAB bicg bicg

x = bicg (A,b)
bicg (A,b,tol)
bicg (A,b,tol,maxit)
bicg (A,b,tol,maxit,M)
bicg (A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2)
bicg (A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)
bicg (afun,b,tol,maxit,mfun1,mfun2,x0,p1,p2,...)
[x,flag] = bicg (A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres] = bicg (A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter] = bicg (A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = bicg (A,b,...)
bicg
b - AX
b
(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)Abtol
6
10 matix20
2020x0
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec]x flag
relers iter resvec
b - AX
MATLAB
184
AX = b
23.6
4.2
9.8
A=
8.4
-9.5
26.32
-6.8
7.62
-6.8
-9.05
4.54
3.08
4.5
0.8
45.2
24.4
15.8
4.6
6.3
-3.1
3.07
2.65
4.89
-3.5
7.2
-4.5
-4.37
6.53
4.8
-7.8
8.6
-9.5000
8.1200
5.3
42.3000
7.82
b =
-3.64
-21.4000
4.7000
-7.48
25.6
3.4700
\\chapter4\bicgFa.m
Editor
%
%A,b
A=[23.6 -6.8 4.5 6.3 7.2 8.6
4.2 7.62 0.8 -3.1 -4.5 5.3
9.8 -6.8 45.2 3.07 -4.37
8.4 -9.05
7.82
24.4 2.65 6.53 -3.64
-9.5 4.54 15.8 4.89 4.8 -7.48

26.32
3.08 4.6 -3.5 -7.8 25.6];
b=[-9.5
8.12 42.3 -21.4
4.7 3.47]';
%
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec]=bicg(A,b,1e-12)
%x
%flag
%relres
% iter
MATLAB
185
%
plot(resvec)
%
bicgFa.m
>> clear
>> bicgFa
x=
1.25672052300766
0.39606838896977
-0.14086092876145
7.61912341562296
-8.41645004513924
-2.70157003627711
flag =
0
relres =
8.430700845349511e-014
iter =
6
resvec =
49.37170545970637
65.90486181041918
50.86097015776917
76.64773215087207
52.67881141389233
3.77088083326368
0.00000000000416
x flag=0
4.4
MATLAB
186
4.4
4.10 LSQR
x = lsqr ( A, b)
b AX
x = lsqr(A,b)
lsqr(A,b,tol)
lsqr(A,b,tol,maxit)
lsqr(A,b,tol,maxit,M)
lsqr(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2)
lsqr(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)
lsqr(afun,b,tol,maxit,m1fun,m2fun,x0,p1,p2,...)
[x,flag] = lsqr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres] = lsqr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter] = lsqr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = lsqr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec,lsvec] = lsqr(A,b,...)
A
b AX = b Abtol 106
Maxit 20
x flag=0
relres iter resvec
MATLAB
187
Ab
-3.1
2.6
3.2
7.6
9.8
-6.4
-4.05
6.4
-9.5
4.54
26.3 3.4
A=
4.6
3.4
-1.5 8.2
-9.15 4.5
8.4
-9.05
7.61
0.2
18
-0.8
0.5
0.8
4.2
21.4
15.8
4.5
4.2
4.1
15.8
24.4
10.8
4.2
0.3
-9.1
3.37
2.15
4.89
-3.51
-2.15
-0.41
4.8
2.65
-5.1
3.7
1.2
-4.5
-4.3
6.5
4.8
-7.18
10.4
1.71
4.5
6.53
-4.6
-5.7
8.8
-6.8
7.62
5.3
4.54
3.3
-2.4
3.08
2.65
-7.4
2.6
4.89
,b =
0.22
-3.5
2.4
-2.5
-21.4
-7.8
-3.64
-9.05
4.3
3.63
-1.8
7.3
lsqr
AX = b
\\chapter4\lsqrFa.m
Editor
MATLAB
188
% lsqr
%Ab
A=[
2.6 -3.1 0.5 0.3 1.2 8.8
3.2 7.6 0.8 -9.1 -4.5 5.3
9.8 -6.4 4.2 3.37 -4.3 3.3
6.4 -4.05
21.4 2.15 6.5 -2.4
-9.5 4.54 15.8 4.89 4.8 -7.4

26.3 3.4 4.5 -3.51
-7.18
4.6 3.4 4.2 -2.15
10.4 0.22
-1.5 8.2 4.1 -0.41
1.71 2.4
-9.15
2.6
4.5 15.8 4.8 4.5 -7.8
8.4 -9.05
24.4 2.65 6.53 -3.64
0.2 7.61 10.8 -5.1 -4.6 4.3

18 -0.8 4.2 3.7 -5.7 7.3
];
b=[-6.8
7.62
4.54
3.08
2.65
4.89
-3.5
-2.5
-21.4
-9.05
3.63
-1.8];
%
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = lsqr(A,b,[],20)
%x
%flag
%relres
%iter
%resvec
% 1e-6
% 20
plot(resvec)
%
lsqrFa.m
MATLAB
189
lsqrFa
>> lsqrFa
x=
0.07459936339388
-0.24996967593684
-0.07570918543695
-0.91230994628952
-0.48570799233206
-0.25120643229241
flag =
0
relres =
0.76954972316684
iter =
6
resvec =
27.20508040789440
22.94431040549329
22.43530063858994
21.78057317628723
20.95615640851811
20.93567320574129
20.93566209662689
4.5
MATLAB
190
4.5
4.11
x=minres(A,b) AX = b
n A minres
x = minres(A,b)
minres(A,b,tol)
minres(A,b,tol,maxit)
minres(A,b,tol.maxit,M)
minres(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2)
minres(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)
minres(afun,b,tol,maxit,mifun,m2fun,x0,p1,p2,...)
[x,flag] = minres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres] = minres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter] = minres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = minres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec,resveccg] = minres(A,b,...)
tol
1E-6maxit A n
x flag=0 felres
iter resvec
MATLAB
191
MATLAB
minres AX = b
A=
232.34
-53.846
103.35
53.387
-44.889
12.986
-53.846
118.09
2.098
-96.853
-135.04
58.624
b =[-6.5
103.35
2.098
139.19
41.495
-53.845
93.173
7.8
2.3
53.387
-96.853
41.495
104.58
64.197
-0.831
-1.4
7.5
\\chapter4\minresFa.m
Editor
%
temp=[0.6
-6.8 4.5 6.3 7.2 8.6
1.2 7.62 0.8 -3.1 -4.5 5.3

1.8 -6.8 0.2 3.07 -4.37
7.82
1.4 -9.05 0.4 2.65 0.53 -3.64

-9.5 -4.54
-15.8
4.89 4.8 -7.48
2.32 -3.08
4.6 -3.5 -7.8 05.6];
-44.889
-135.04
-53.845
64.197
463.4
-177.18
4.2]'
12.986
58.624
93.173
-0.831
-177.18
140.48
MATLAB
192
A=temp*temp'
b=[-6.5
% A
7.8 2.3 -1.4 7.5
4.2]';
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec]=minres(A,b,[],20)
%x
%flag
%relres
%
%resvec
plot(resvec)
%
minresFa.m
>> minresFa
A=
232.34
-53.846
103.35
-53.846
103.35
53.387
-44.889
12.986
118.09
2.098
-96.853
-135.04
58.624
2.098
139.19
41.495
-53.845
93.173
x=
39.751
135.11
-69.832
116.02
27.177
21.253
flag =
0
relres =
2.2289e-010
iter =
5
resvec =
13.573
53.387
-96.853
41.495
104.58
64.197
-0.831
-44.889
-135.04
-53.845
64.197
463.4
-177.18
12.986
58.624
93.173
-0.831
-177.18
140.48
MATLAB
193
8.353
5.3036
3.9297
3.8583
3.8346
x flag
4.6
4.6
4.12
x = qmr(A,b) AX = b A
b - AX
b
x = qmr(A,b)
qmr(A,b,tol)
qmr(A,b,tol,maxit)
MATLAB
194
qmr(A,b,tol,maxit,M)
qmr(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2)
qmr(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)
qmr(afun,b,tol,maxit,m1fun,m2fun,x0,p1,p2,...)
[x,flag] = qmr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres] = qmr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter] = qmr(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = qmr(A,b,...)
qmr(A,b,tol) tol 1E-6qmr(A,b,tol,maxit) maxit
n 20
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] x flag=0
felres iter resvec
MATLAB
AX = b
6.6
5.2
7.8
A=
8.4
-6.5
6.32
-6.8
7.2
-7.8
-4.05
4.4
3.8
8.5
0.5
4.2
14.4
25.8
4.6
9.3
-3.1
3.07
2.65
4.8
-3.5
7.2
-3.5
-4.7
6.3
4.8
-7.8
5.6
-8.5
6.2
5.3
25.3
7.42
,b =
-3.6
-16.4
4.6
-7.4
5.6
3.7
MATLAB
195
\\chapter4\qmrFa.m
%
%Ab
A=[6.6
-6.8 8.5 9.3 7.2 5.6
5.2 7.2 0.5 -3.1 -3.5 5.3

7.8 -7.8 4.2 3.07 -4.7 7.42
8.4 -4.05
14.4 2.65 6.3 -3.6
-6.5 4.4 25.8 4.8 4.8 -7.4

6.32 3.8 4.6 -3.5 -7.8 5.6];
b=[-8.5
6.2 25.3 -16.4
4.6 3.7]';
%
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = qmr(A,b)
%x
%flag
%relres
%iter
%resvec
% 1e-6
% 20
plot(resvec)
%
qmrFa.m
>> qmrFa
x=
70.249
67.412
-41.857
182.43
-99.274
-114.24
flag =
0
relres =
2.5541e-012
MATLAB
196
iter =
6
resvec =
32.474
32.402
27.944
29.607
29.258
27.131
8.2944e-011
x flag
4.7
4.7
4.13
x = gmres(A,b) AX = b A
MATLAB
197
b - AX
b
x = gmres(A,b)
gmres(A,b,restart)
gmres(A,b,restart,tol)
gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit)
gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M)
gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M1,M2)
gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0)
gmres(afun,b,restart,tol,maxit,m1fun,m2fun,x0,p1,p2,...)
[x,flag] = gmres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres] = gmres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter] = gmres(A,b,...)
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = gmres(A,b,...)
gmres(A,b,restart) A n
restart 10 restart 10
n gmres(A,b,restart,tol) tol
1E-6
gmres(A,b,restart,tol,maxit)x flag=0
felres iter resvec
MATLAB
AX = b
MATLAB
198
25.4
4.5
8.9
A=
8.4
-9.5
6.3
-6.5
7.62
-6.8
-5.05
4.54
4.08
5.5
0.7
5.2
4.4
6.3
1.6
6.3
-3.1
3.07
2.65
4.89
-3.5
6.2
-4.5
-4.37
6.53
4.8
-7.8
4.6
-4.5
7.2
5.1
4.3
7.8
,b =
-4.4
-2.4
24.7
-7.4
5.6
5.7
\\chapter4\gmresFa.m
Editor
%
%a,b
a=[25.4 -6.5 5.5 6.3 6.2 4.6
4.5 7.62 0.7 -3.1 -4.5 5.1
8.9 -6.8 5.2 3.07 -4.37
8.4 -5.05
7.8
4.4 2.65 6.53 -4.4
-9.5 4.54 6.3 4.89 4.8 -7.4

6.3 4.08 1.6 -3.5 -7.8 5.6];
b=[-4.5
7.2 4.3 -2.4 24.7 5.7]'
[x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = gmres(A,b)
%x
%flag
%relres
%iter
%resvec
plot(resvec)
%
gmresFa.m
>> gmresFa
MATLAB
199
x=
-0.394
1.2224
1.7766
1.4422
-0.78053
-0.12284
flag =
0
relres =
6.8712e-016
iter =
1
resvec =
27.183
26.032
13.365
10.789
7.4887
4.0804
1.8678e-014
x
4.8
4.8
MATLAB
200
234
MATLAB
MALTAB
AX = b
x=A\b x=inv(A)*b MALTAB
MATLAB 4.4
norm
normest
2-
rank
det
trace
null
orth
rref
subspace
\ /
inv
cond
condest
chol
Cholesky
cholinc
Cholesky
lu
LU
luinc
LU
qr
lsqnonneg
pinv
lscov
eig
svd
eigs
svds
poly
polyeig
condeig
hess
qz
qz
schur
expm
logm
sqrtm
funm
4.4 MATLAB
MATLAB
201
1 Jacobi
3 x + 4 y 7 = 10
5 x 2 y + z = 12
2 x + y + z = 15
x=3,y=4,z=5
2 Gauss-Seidel
4 x 5 y z = 5
3 x + 2 z = 8
x + y 7 z = 55
x=2y=4,z=-7
3
2.1x1 + 3.2 x2 0.8 x3 x4 = 14.01

3.4 x 1.3 x + 7.2 x + 4 x = 13.04
1
2
3
4
2.5 x1 2.4 x2 8.3 x3 3 x4 = 20.96

4 x1 3x2 2 x3 + 2 x4 = 37.2
x = (1.5, 4.2, 3.1, 6.2 )
4 Guass
2.1x + 4.6 y - 0.4 z - 2a = 6.59
6.4 x - 6 y + 7.2 z + 3a = 0.16
-4 x - 4.1 y - 5.6 z - 4a = 19.51

3 x - 5 y - 8 z + 3a = 80.6
( x, y , z , a ) = ( 5.3,1.5, 6.4, 7 )
5
5 x + 7.1 y - 4.1z - 3a = 46.61
5 x - 6.1y + 3.2 z + 5a = 21.36
-4 x - 5.3 y - 9.2 z - 4a = 61.22

2 x - 3 y - 4 z + 5a = 4.1
( x, y , z , a ) = ( 3.6, 1.4, 4.5, 6.7 )
6 LU
MATLAB
202
4 x + 5.3 y - 5.6 z - 3m - 3.4n = 100.16

5 x - 2.1y + 3.2 z + 4m - 8n = 75.72
2 x - 4 y - 7.2 z - 5m - 2.4n = 98.2

5 x - 3 y -8 z + 2.3m + 3n = 57.1
4.2 x - 3 y - 2n = 3.72
( x, y , z , m, n ) = ( 4.6,3.2, 7.5, 11,3)

7 Cholesky
6 x + 4 y - 3.1z - 2m + 2n = 91.72
4 x - 2.6 y + 4 z + 4m + 3n = 13.64
2 x - 4 y - 7.3 z - 0.6m - 3.4n = 28.36

5 x - 3 y - 4.2 z + 2.3m + 8.2n = 65.64
4.2 x - 2.4 y + 2m - 2n = 1.24
( x, y , z , m, n ) = ( 7, 3.4,5.2, 6, 4 )
MATLAB
203
f ( x) = 0
f : A A A A
A f
p a f ( f ( p )), p A
f 2 : A a A f
2
f2:Aa A f
p a f ( f 2 ( p)), p A f 3 : A a A
f , f 2 , f 3 ,L , f n , L
f ( x ) = 0
lim xk = p p f ( x ) = 0
k
ek = xk p
m C
lim
x
ek +1
=C
ek
m M m=1
m>1
1 f ( xn ) < TOL TOL

f ( xn ) 0 xn
2 xn xn 1 < TOL xn xn 1 xn
f ( x )
3
xn xn 1
< TOL
xn
f ( x )
MATLAB
204
5.1
f ( x) = 0
f ( x ) [ab] f ( a) f (b) < 0 f ( x ) [ab]
[ a, b] = [ a1 , b1 ] p1 [ a1 , b1 ]
p1 =
a1 + b1
2
TOL1
f ( p1 ) < TOL1 p1 f ( x ) = 0
f ( p1 ) > TOL1 p1
[ a1 , p1 ] [ p1 , b1 ]
f ( p1 ) f (b1 ) < 0 [ p1 , b1 ] f ( p1 ) f (b1 ) > 0

[ a1 , p1 ] [ a1 , b1 ]
TOL1
TOL2
MATLAB
205
f ( x ) = ( x 1)3 3 x + 2
[24]
\\chapter5\Erfen.m,Erfen_main.m
Editor
%
%08 6 17
function gen=Erfen(f,a,b,tol)
%f f(x)=0 f(x)
%
1E-3
if(nargin==3)
tol=1.0e-3;
end
gen=compute_gen(f,a,b,tol);
function r=compute_gen(f,a,b,tol)
%
fa=subs(f,a);
%
fb=subs(f,b);
%
fzd=subs(f,(a+b)/2);
%sub
R = subs(S,old,new)
% S old new
%sub
if(fa*fzd>0)
t=(a+b)/2;
%
r=compute_gen(f,t,b,tol);
MATLAB
206
else
if(fa*fzd==0)
r=(a+b)/2;
else
if(abs(b-a)<=tol)
r=(b+3*a)/4;
else
s=(a+b)/2;
%
r=compute_gen(f,a,s,tol);
end
end
end
Erfen.m
Editor
function Erfen_main()
% [24]
x=Erfen('(x-1)^3-3*x+2',2,4)
%
[-14]
x=-1:0.01:4;
f=(x-1).^3-3*x+2;
plot(x,f)
grid on
Erfen_main.m
>> clear
>> Erfen_main
x=
2.879150390625
MATLAB
207
5.1
5.1
subs
subs
R = subs(S)
R = subs(S, new)
R = subs(S,old,new)
S old new
S oldnew S
S
[]
>> clear
>> syms a b
>> y=sin(a)+cos(b);
% ab cd c,d
>> z1=subs(y,{a,b},{sym('c'),sym('d')})
%
z1 =
sin(c)+cos(d)
%
>> z2=subs(y,{a,b},{sym('c'),2})
%
z2 =
sin(c)+cos(2)
%
MATLAB
208
>> z3=subs(y,{a,b},{5,2})
%
z3 =
-1.37507111121028
5.2
f ( x) = 0
x = g ( x)
x0
xk = g ( xk 1 ), k = 1, 2,L
{ xk } Picard
g ( x) lim xk = p p g p
k
f ( x ) = 0
g ( x) [a,b]
1 g ( x ) [a, b], x [ a, b]
2 L<1, L<1
g ( x ) g ( y ) L x y , x, y [a, b]
x0 [ a, b] Picard p
MATLAB
209
4 0 0.3 4
1
P4 ( x ) = (35 x 4 30 x 2 + 3)
8
\\Picard.m,Picard_main.m
Picard
Editor
%08/06/18
%Picard
function [x,time]=Picard(f,x0,tol)
%
%x0
%tol
if(nargin==2)
tol=1.0e-5;
end
%
wucha=0.5; %
x1=x0;
%x1 x0
time=0; %
while(wucha>tol)
x1=subs(f,x0)+x0;
%
MATLAB
210
wucha=abs(x1-x0);
x0=x1;
% x0
time=time+1;
%
end
x=x1;
Picard.m
Editot
%
% 4 0.3
[x,time]=Picard('1/8*(35*x^4-30*x^2+3)',0.3)
%
x=0:0.01:1;
f=1/8*(35*x.^4-30*x.^2+3);
plot(x,f)
grid
title('')
Picard_main.m
>> picard_main
x=
0.339985464476505
time =
61
x 4 P4 ( x ) =
1
(35 x 4 30 x 2 + 3) = 0 x=0.3
8
time 61 5.2 4
MATLAB
5.2
5.3
211
4 x
Aitken
{ xn } : x0 , x1 , x2 L p
lim
n
xn +1 p
= , ( 0)
xn p
xn+1 p xn + 2 p
xn p
xn+1 p
p xn
( xn+1 xn )
xn+ 2 2 xn+1 + xn
x%n+1 xn
( xn+1 xn )
xn+ 2 2 xn+1 + xn
Aitken
MATLAB
212
xn = xn +1 xn
2 xn = (xn )
= xn+ 2 2 xn+1 + xn
Aitken
x%n+1 xn
(xn ) 2
2 xn
Aitken
Aitken
Aitken
3 0 0.1 4
1
P4 ( x ) = (5 x3 3x)
2
\\chapter5\Aitken.m, Aitken_main.m
Aitken
Editor
%Aitken
% time
function [gen,time]=Aitken(func,x0,tol)
%
% 10 -5
if(nargin==2)
MATLAB
213
tol=1.0e-5;
end
gen=x0;
x(1:2)=[0,0];
t=0; %
m=0;
x2=x0;
wucha=0.1;
while(wucha>tol)
t=t+1; %
x1=x2;
temp=gen;
gen=subs(func,temp)+temp;
x(t)=gen;
% Aitken
if(t>2)
m=m+1;
x2=x(m)-(x(m+1)-x(m))^2/(x(m+2)-2*x(m+1)+x(m));
%
wucha=abs(x2-x1);
end
end
gen=x2;
time=t; %
Aitken.m
Editor
% Aitken 10 -5
[x_Aitken,time_Aitken]=Aitken('1/2*(5*x^3-3*x)',0.1)
% Picard
[x_picard,time_picard]=Picard('1/2*(5*x^3-3*x)',0.1)
%
x=-1:0.01:1;
f=1/2*(5*x.^3-3*x);
plot(x,f)
grid
Aitken_main.m
>>Aitken_main
MATLAB
214
x_Aitken =
-6.6893680121527e-007
time_Aitken =
5
x_picard =
-2.85594955533468e-006
time_picard =
15
x_Aitken x_picard
105 106
107
Aitken 5 15
Atiken
5.3 x
5.3 x
5.4
Steffensen
Steffensen x = g ( x)
xk +1 = g ( xk ), k = 0,1, 2L
MATLAB
215
( x) = x
[ g ( x ) x]2
g ( g ( x )) 2 g ( x ) + x
yk = g ( xk ), zk = g ( yk )
xk +1 = xk
( yk xk ) 2
, k = 0,1, 2L
z k 2 yk + xk
Steffensen
Steffensen Aitken
Steffensen
x 2 5cos(2 x) 4 = 0
x=1 x
\\chapter5\Steff.m,Steff_main.m
Steffensen
Editor
%Steffensen
function [gen,time]=Steff(fun,x0,tol)
% 10 -5
if(nargin==2)
tol=1.0e-5;
MATLAB
216
end
%
time=0; %
wucha=0.1; %
gen=x0;
while(wucha>tol)
x1=gen;
y=subs(fun,x1)+x1;
z=subs(fun,y)+y;
%
gen=x1-(y-x1)^2/(z-2*y+x1);
wucha=abs(gen-x1);
time=time+1; %
end
gen;
time; %
Steff.m
Editor
% Steffensen
function Steff_main()
[x_steff,time_steff]=Steff('x^2-5*cos(2*x)-4',1)
%
x=-4:0.02:4;
y=x.^2-5*cos(2*x)-4;
plot(x,y)
grid
Steff_main.m
>> clear
>> Steff_main
x_steff =
1.08527331222438
time_steff =
5
x_steff x=1 time_steff 5
MATLAB
217
Steffensen Steffensen
x = g ( x)
xk +1 = ( xk ), k = 0,1, 2,L ,
[ g ( x ) x]2
( x) = x
g ( g ( x )) 2 g ( x ) + x
Steffensen x = g ( x) pp
1 r x [ p r , p + r ] x g
x Steffensen x0 [ p r , p + r ]
x 5.4
5.4
5.5
Steffensen x
Newton-Rahpson
NewtonRahpson
NewtonRahpson
Newton f ( x ) = 0 y = f ( x ) x
y = f ( xk ) + f '( xk )( x xk )
y=0 x
MATLAB
218
x = xk
f ( xk )
f '( xk )
xk +1 = xk
f ( xk )
f '( xk )
Newton
Newton f ( x ) p f ( x ) =0
x0 p Newton
Newton-Raphson
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + 10 x 20 = 0
[12]
\\chapter5\Newton.m,Newton_main.m
Newton-Raphson
Editor
function [gen,time]=Newton(f,x0,tol)
%x0
%tol 10 -5
%Newton-Raphson
MATLAB
219
%
if(nargin==2)
tol=1.0e-5;
end
%
df=diff(sym(f));
x1=x0;
%time
time=0;
wucha=0.1; %
while(wucha>tol)
time=time+1;
fx=subs(f,x1);
df=subs(df,x1);
gen=x1-fx/df;
wucha=abs(gen-x1);
x1=gen; % x1
end
end
Newton.m
Editor :
disp(' Newton-Raphson ')
[x,time]=Newton('x^3+2*x^2+10*x-20',1.5,1e-4)
% x
x=0:0.01:2;
y=x.^3+2*x.^2+10*x-20;
plot(x,y)
grid
Newton_main.m
>> Newton_main
Newton-Raphson
x=
1.36880992354309
time =
4
MATLAB
220
x time 4
Newton
5.5
5.5 Newton-Raphson x
Newton
f ( x ) [a,b]
a f ( a) f (b) < 0
b f '( x) 0, x [ a, b]
c f ''( x ) [ a, b]
f ( a)
f (b)
< b a,
<ba
f '(a )
f '(b)
x0 [ a, b] f ( x ) = 0 2
5.6
MATLAB
221
Newton
xk = xk 1
F ( xk 1 )
f ( x)
F ( x ) =
f '( x)
F '( xk 1 )
xk = xk 1
f ( xk 1 ) f '( xk 1 )
[ f '( xk 1 )]2 f ( xk 1 ) f ''( xk 1 )
Newton x=1.5
f ( x) = x 4 4 x2 + 4 = 0
\\Newton_Tay.m, Newton_Tay_main.m
Editor
function [gen,time]=Newton(f,x0,tol)
%x0
%tol 10 -5
%Newton-Raphson
%
MATLAB
222
if(nargin==2)
tol=1.0e-5;
end
%
df=diff(sym(f));
df2=diff(df); %2
x1=x0;
%time
time=0;
wucha=0.1; %
while(wucha>tol)
time=time+1;
fx=subs(f,x1);
df=subs(df,x1);
df2=subs(df2,x1);
gen=x1-fx*df/(df^2-fx*df2);
wucha=abs(gen-x1);
x1=gen; % x1
end
end
Newton_Tay.m
Editor
disp(' Newton-Raphson ')
[x1,time1]=Newton('x^4-4*x^2+4',1.5,1e-4)
disp('')
[x2,time2]=Newton_Tay('x^4-4*x^2+4',1.5,1e-4)
% x
x=-2:0.01:2;
y=x.^4-4*x.^2+4;
plot(x,y)
grid
Newton_Tay_main.m
>> Newton_Tay_main
Newton-Raphson
x1 =
MATLAB
223
1.41837336771881
time1 =
39
x2 =
1.41173276486676
time2 =
2
x1time1 Newton-Raphson x2time2
5.6
5.6 x
5.7
MATLAB
224
Newton f ( x ) = 0 y = f ( x )
y = f ( x ) x f ( x ) = 0
y = f ( x )
x f ( x ) = 0
y = f ( xk ) +
f ( xk ) f ( xk 1 )
( x xk )
xk xk 1
x = xk
f ( xk )( xk xk 1 )
f ( xk ) f ( xk 1 )
xk +1 = xk
f ( xk )( xk xk 1 )
f ( xk ) f ( xk 1 )
2e2 x - 7 x 2 -10 = 0
[-22] x
\\chapter5\gexian.m,gexian_main.m
MATLAB
225
Editor
%08/06/21
%
%tol
function [gen,time]=gexian(f,a,b,tol)
% 10 -5
if(nargin==3)
tol=1.0e-5;
end
time=0; %
wucha=0.1; %
fa=subs(sym(f),a);
fb=subs(sym(f),b);
gen=a-(b-a)*fa/(fb-fa);
%
while(wucha>tol)
time=time+1;
x1=gen;
fx=subs(sym(f),x1);
s=fx*fa;
if(s>0)
gen=b-(x1-b)*fb/(fx-fb);
else
gen=a-(x1-a)*fa/(fx-fa);
end
wucha=abs(gen-x1);
end
end
gexian.m
Editor
% [-22]
[x,time]=gexian('2*exp(2*x)-7*x^2-10',-2,2)
% x
x=-2:0.01:2;
e=exp(1);
y=2*e.^(2*x)-7*x.^2-10;
plot(x,y)
grid on
gexian_main.m
MATLAB
226
>> gexian_main
x=
1.11971095143669
time =
39
x time=39 39
5.7
x
5.7 x
5.8
kepler
(a, e, i, , , M )T a e i
M
t p f E
MATLAB
227
M E
E e sin E = M
Kelper
6
Kepler
Kepler Newton
Kepler Newton
Kepler
Kepler
kepler 0.01 32
Kepler
E e sin E = M
\\charper6\kelper_Newton.m
Newton
Editor
%Newton Kepler
function [E,n]=kepler_Newton(e,M,tol)
% 10 14
if(nargin==2)
tol=1.0e-14;
end
%
M=M*pi/180;
Ek=M;
%
MATLAB
228
wucha=0.01;
n=0; %
while(wucha>tol)
E=Ek-(Ek-e*sin(Ek)-M)/(1-e*cos(Ek));
%
wucha=abs(Ek-E);
Ek=E;
n=n+1;
end
%
E=E*180/pi;
kelper_Newton.m
>> [E,n]=kepler_Newton(0.01,32,1e-14)
E=
32.306
n=
3
E n 3
Kepler
Newton
sinx
cosx
19
RK
MATLAB
229
MATLAB
x cos x 2=0
x [ 4, 2]
x=
-2.49875576265241
x 3 + 4 x 2 10 = 0
[12]
x=1.3652300134141
3 Neton-Raphson
exp ( x ) sin x = 0
[-4-3]
x=-3.18306301193336
MATLAB
230
2 x3 5x 1 = 0
[12]
x=1.67298164785494
MATLAB
231
20
6.1
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn ) = 0
( , ,L , ) = 0
xn
f 2 x1 x2
f n ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn ) = 0
x1 = 1 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )
x = ( x , x ,L , x )
2
n
2 1
2
xn = n ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )
2 x 1 x 2
x1( k +1) = 1 ( x1( k ) , x2 ( k ) ,L , xn ( k ) )

k +1
k
k
k
x2( ) = 2 ( x1( ) , x2( ) ,L , xn( ) )
( k +1)
= n ( x1( k ) , x2 ( k ) , L , xn( k ) )
xn
MATLAB
232
(0)
0
0
0
= 1 ( x1( ) , x2 ( ) ,L , xn ( ) )
1
x
1
'(x) = M
n
x
1
1
xn
O
M
n
L
xn
K
'( x) < 1
x + x sin y = 2.2378
3
x y cos y = 0
x
y
0
0
\\chapter6.rar\\6-1.exe
\\chapter6\budong.m,budong_fun.m,
budong_main.m
MATLAB
233
Editor
%
%08-6-26
% x0 tol
% r
n data1
function [r,n,data]=budong(x0,tol)
% 10 -3
if nargin==1
tol=1.0e-3;
end
x1=budong_fun(x0);
n=1;
%
while (norm(x1-x0)>tol)&(n<500)
x0=x1;
x1=budong_fun(x0);
n=n+1;
%data1
data(:,n)=x1;
end
r=x1;
budong.m
Editor
%
function f=budong_fun(x)
f(1)=-sin(x(2))*x(1)+2.2378;
f(2)=x(1)^3-cos(x(2))
f=[f(1) f(2)];
budong_fun.m
Editor
x0=[0 0];
[r,n,data]=budong(x0);
disp('')
r
disp('')
n
% data1
MATLAB
234
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(data(1,:))
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:))
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
save data1.txt a -ascii
budong_main.m
>> clear
>> budong_main
r=
1.15970358667494
1.19256473358258
n=
211
211
6.1
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
4.1208438e+000
1.0666038e+001
3.0000000e+000
6.1369116e+000
7.0301109e+001
4.0000000e+000
-3.4505109e+000
2.3075111e+002
5.0000000e+000
-1.1708393e+000
-4.0926555e+001
6.0000000e+000
2.3381939e+000
-6.0874530e-001
7.0000000e+000
3.5748695e+000
1.1962892e+001
8.0000000e+000
4.2665741e+000
4.4862365e+001
2.0300000e+002
1.1593402e+000
1.1935945e+000
2.0400000e+002
1.1599627e+000
1.1899136e+000
2.0500000e+002
1.1609639e+000
1.1890053e+000
2.0600000e+002
1.1604269e+000
1.1922071e+000
MATLAB
235
2.0700000e+002
1.1595464e+000
1.1930099e+000
2.0800000e+002
1.1600208e+000
1.1902018e+000
2.0900000e+002
1.1607857e+000
1.1895076e+000
2.1000000e+002
1.1603752e+000
1.1919528e+000
2.1100000e+002
1.1597036e+000
1.1925647e+000
6.1
6.1
150
6.1
6.2
MATLAB
236
0
0
x0 =
4 x1 x2 + 0.1e x1 = 1
1 2
x1 + 4 x2 + x1 = 0
8
\\chapter6\gseid_fun.m, gseid_main.m
Editor
%P182
%n
function [x,n,data]=gseid_fun(x0,tol)
% 10 -10
if nargin==1
tol=1e-10;
MATLAB
237
end
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
%
while (wucha>tol)&(n<500)
x1(1)=(1+x0(2)-0.1*exp(x0(1)))/4;
x1(2)=(x1(1)-x1(1)^2/8)/4;
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
x0=x1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
gseid_fun.m
Editor
%-
x0=[0,0];
[x,n,data]=gseid_fun(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(data(1,:)),title('x ')
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:)),title('y ')
gseid_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> gseid_main
MATLAB
238
x=
0.232567005090585
0.0564515196521212
n=
9
-
9 6.2
x1
x2
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
2.2500000e-001
5.4667969e-002
3.0000000e+000
2.3235892e-001
5.6402523e-002
4.0000000e+000
2.3256132e-001
5.6450181e-002
5.0000000e+000
2.3256685e-001
5.6451483e-002
6.0000000e+000
2.3256700e-001
5.6451519e-002
7.0000000e+000
2.3256700e-001
5.6451520e-002
8.0000000e+000
2.3256701e-001
5.6451520e-002
9.0000000e+000
2.3256701e-001
5.6451520e-002
6.2
6.2
MATLAB
239
6.2 -
6.3
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )
f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )
f=
f n ( x1 , x2 , L , xn )
x
(k )
f1( k ) ( x1( k ) , x2 ( k ) ,L , xn ( k ) )
x1( k +1) x1( k )
(k ) (k ) (k )
( k +1)
(k )
x2( k )
f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )
( k ) x2
+ f'(x )
=0
M
M
f ( k ) ( x ( k ) , x ( k ) ,L , x ( k ) )
x ( k +1) x ( k )
n
n
1
2
n
f1
f1
x K x
n
1
f'(x) = M O M
f n L f n
x
xn
1
x1( k +1) x1( k )

f1( k ) ( x1( k ) , x2( k ) , L , xn ( k ) )
(k ) (k ) (k )
( k +1) ( k )
(k )
x2
= x2 f'(x ( k ) ) 1 f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )

M M
M
x ( k +1) x ( k )
f ( k ) ( x ( k ) , x ( k ) ,L , x ( k ) )
n
n
1
2
n
n
MATLAB
240
x 2 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
x
y
1
1
\\chapter6\
new_ton.m,f1.m,df1.m,new_main.m
Editor
%
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=new_ton(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-10;
end
x1=x0-f1(x0)/df1(x0);
MATLAB
241
n=1;
%
while (norm(x1-x0)>tol)
x0=x1;
x1=x0-f1(x0)/df1(x0);
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
new_ton.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
%
function f=f1(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f1=x^2-2*x-y+0.5;
f2=x^2+4*y^2-4;
%
f=[f1 f2];
f1.m
2 Editor
% jacobi
function f=df1(x0);
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f=[2*x-2
-1
2*x 8*y];
df1.m
Editor
%
x0=[1 1];
[x,n,data]=new_ton(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
MATLAB
242
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(data(1,:)),title('x ')
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:)),title('y ')
new_main.m
>> clear
>> new_main
x=
-0.222214555069498
0.993808418603981
n=
16
16 6.3
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
1.0365566e+001
-3.2417453e+000
3.0000000e+000
-1.1642673e+000
2.8124951e+000
4.0000000e+000
-1.7772623e-001
1.5676266e+000
5.0000000e+000
-3.9354034e-001
1.0830395e+000
6.0000000e+000
-2.4209867e-001
1.0027873e+000
7.0000000e+000
-2.2445033e-001
9.9489768e-001
8.0000000e+000
-2.2248412e-001
9.9393058e-001
9.0000000e+000
-2.2224505e-001
9.9382342e-001
1.0000000e+001
-2.2221827e-001
9.9381008e-001
1.1000000e+001
-2.2221497e-001
9.9380863e-001
1.2000000e+001
-2.2221461e-001
9.9380844e-001
1.3000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
1.4000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
1.5000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
1.6000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
MATLAB
243
6.3
MATLAB 6.3
x y
6.3
6.4
n Jacobi
k Jacobi
MATLAB
244
x1( k +1) x1( k )

f1( k ) ( x1( k ) , x2 ( k ) , L , xn( k ) )
(k ) (k ) (k )
( k +1) ( k )
(k )
x2
= x2 f'(x(0) ) 1 f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn )

M M
M
x ( k +1) x (k )
f ( k ) ( x ( k ) , x ( k ) ,L , x ( k ) )
1
2
n
n
n
n
2
x 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
\\chapter6\
new2_ton.m,f1.m,df1.m,new2_main.m
Editor
%
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
MATLAB
245
function [x,n,data]=new2_ton(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-10;
end
x1=x0-f1(x0)/df1(x0);
n=1;
% Jacobi
cmat=df1(x0);
%
while (norm(x1-x0)>tol) &(n<500)
x0=x1;
x1=x0-f1(x0)/cmat;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
new2_ton.m
jacobi
1 Editor
%
function f=f1(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f1=x^2-2*x-y+0.5;
f2=x^2+4*y^2-4;
%
f=[f1 f2];
f1.m
2 Editor
% jacobi
function f=df1(x0);
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f=[2*x-2
-1
2*x 8*y];
df1.m
[]
MATLAB
246
Editor
%
x0=[1 1];
[x,n,data]=new2_ton(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(data(1,:),'-.'),title('x ')
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:),'-.'),title('y ')
new2_main.m
>> clear
>> new2_main
x=
NaN
-Inf
n=
9
x 0
y = 1.5

x0=[1 1];
x0=[0 1.5];
>>clear
>> new2_main
x=
MATLAB
247
-0.222214555094034
0.99380841863608
n=
21
6.4
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
-1.4583333e-001
1.0219907e+000
3.0000000e+000
-2.5036169e-001
9.9668607e-001
4.0000000e+000
-2.1700255e-001
9.9644821e-001
5.0000000e+000
-2.2467905e-001
9.9424798e-001
6.0000000e+000
-2.2188365e-001
9.9409786e-001
7.0000000e+000
-2.2243275e-001
9.9387255e-001
8.0000000e+000
-2.2219811e-001
9.9384153e-001
9.0000000e+000
-2.2223476e-001
9.9381715e-001
1.0000000e+001
-2.2221443e-001
9.9381231e-001
1.1000000e+001
-2.2221653e-001
9.9380956e-001
1.2000000e+001
-2.2221469e-001
9.9380888e-001
1.3000000e+001
-2.2221476e-001
9.9380857e-001
1.4000000e+001
-2.2221458e-001
9.9380848e-001
1.5000000e+001
-2.2221458e-001
9.9380844e-001
1.6000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380843e-001
1.7000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
1.8000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
1.9000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.0000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.1000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
6.4
x y
MATLAB
248
6.4
6.5 Broyden
Jacobi
H k f'(x k )
x k +1 = x k - H k f(x k )
H k Broyden Broyden
x k +1 = x k - H k f(x k )
T
H = H + (x k - H k y k )(x k ) H k
k
T
k +1
( x k ) H k y k
x k = x k +1 - x k , y k = f(x k +1 ) - f(x k )
20 60
MATLAB
249
Broyden
3 x cos( yz ) 2 = 0
2
2
x 81( y + 0.1) + sin z + 1.06 = 0
10 3
e xy + 20 z +
=0
3
x 0.1

y = 0.1

z 0.1
\\chapter6\
broyden.m,f2.m,df2.m,broyden_main.m
Editor
%
% x0
MATLAB
250
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=broyden(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-5;
end
H0=df2(x0);
H0=inv(H0);
x1=x0-H0*f2(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
%
while
(wucha>tol)&(n<20) &(n<500)
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
dx=x1-x0;
y=f2(x1)-f2(x0);
fenzi=dx'*H0*y; %
H1=H0+(dx-H0*y)*(dx)'*H0/fenzi;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
temp_x0=x0;
x0=x1;
x1=temp_x0-H1*f2(temp_x0);
%x1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% H
H=H1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
broyden.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
%
%
MATLAB
251
function F = f2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
f1=3*x-cos(y*z)-1/2;
f2=x^2-81*(y+0.1)^2+sin(z)+1.06;
f3=exp(-x*y)+20*z+(10*pi-3)/3;
F=[f1;f2;f3];
f2.m
2 Editor
%Jacobi
%33
function f=df2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
f=[3 z*sin(x*y) y*sin(y*z)
2*x -162*(y+0.1) cos(z)
-y*exp(-x*y) -x*exp(-x*y) 20];
df2.m
Editor
%
x0=[0.1 0.1 -0.1]';
[x,n,data]=broyden(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(data(1,:)),title('x1 ')
% data
subplot(3,1,2)
v=[1 n -0.05 0.05]; %
plot(data(2,:)),axis(v),title('x2 ')
%
subplot(3,1,3)
%
MATLAB
252
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
save data1.txt a ascii
broyden_main.m
>>clear
>>broyden_main
x=
0.5
2.18322554219361e-015
-0.523598775598299
n=
7
Broyden DFPBFS
7
6.5
x1
x2
x3
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
4.9997948e-001
8.7357473e-003
-5.2317450e-001
3.0000000e+000
5.0000665e-001
8.4957485e-004
-5.2357450e-001
4.0000000e+000
5.0000033e-001
3.6894065e-005
-5.2359783e-001
5.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
1.6228628e-007
-5.2359877e-001
6.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
3.2211591e-011
-5.2359878e-001
7.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
2.1832255e-015
-5.2359878e-001
6.5
3 6.5
MATLAB
253
6.5
H
H H
7 H
H 0 =
0.33333 -1.034e-005 1.7181e-005

0.0021086 -0.030869 0.0015358
0.0016605 -0.00015286 0.050008
0.3334 -9.1303e-006 7.1072e-006
H1 = -0.0020213 -0.030948 0.002197

0.001024 -0.0001651
0.05011
0.33334 6.8572e-005 -6.4284e-006
H 2 = 0.00013882 -0.053288 0.0082432

0.0015593 -0.0013047 0.050352
H3 =
0.33333 2.6195e-005 1.2362e-005

0.0030565 -0.058888 0.0052313
0.001705 -0.0014679 0.050181
H 4 =
0.33333 2.566e-006 1.5939e-005

0.0068284 -0.061549 0.0044891
0.0018733 -0.0015358 0.050141
H5 =
0.33333 1.1423e-007 1.6229e-005

0.0072323 -0.06182 0.0043549
0.0018906 -0.0015427 0.050134
MATLAB
254
H 6 =
0.33333 5.1651e-009 1.6243e-005

0.0072804 -0.061833 0.0043439
0.0018927 -0.0015429 0.050134
6.6 Broyden
Broyden Broyden
-
2005
x k +1 = x k - H k f(x k )
T
x k - H k y k )
(
T
H k +1 = H k + ( x k - H k y k )
( x k - H k y k ) H k y k
x k = x k +1 - x k , y k = f(x k +1 ) - f(x k )
1 Broyden
3 MATLAB Broyden
8 H
MATLAB
255
Broyden
3 x cos( yz ) 2 = 0
2
2
x 81( y + 0.1) + sin z + 1.06 = 0
10 3
e xy + 20 z +
=0
3
x 0.1

y = 0.1

z 0.1
\\chapter6\broyden2.m,f2.m,df2.m,
broyden2_main.m
Broyden
Editor
%Broyden
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=broyden2(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-5;
end
H0=df2(x0);
H0=inv(H0);
x1=x0-H0*f2(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
%
MATLAB
while
256
(wucha>tol)&(n<20)
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
dx=x1-x0;
y=f2(x1)-f2(x0);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%
%%H1
temp1=dx-H0*y;
temp2=(dx-H0*y)';
temp3=(dx-H0*y)'*y;
H1=H0+temp1*temp2/temp3;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
temp_x0=x0;
x0=x1;
%x1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% H
H=H1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
broyden_2.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
%broyden
function F = f2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
f1=3*x-cos(y*z)-1/2;
f2=x^2-81*(y+0.1)^2+sin(z)+1.06;
f3=exp(-x*y)+20*z+(10*pi-3)/3;
F=[f1;f2;f3];
f2.m
2 Editor
MATLAB
257
function f=df2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
2*x -162*(y+0.1) cos(z)
df2.m
Editor
%broyden
x0=[0.1 0.1 -0.1]';
[x,n,data]=broyden_2(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(3,1,1)
% data
subplot(3,1,2)
v=[1 n -0.05 0.05]; %
%
subplot(3,1,3)
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
broyden2_main.m
>>clear
>> broyden2_main
x=
MATLAB
258
0.5
1.3408e-011
-0.5236
n=
6
Broyden 6
6.6
x1
x2
x3
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
5.0006960e-001
2.8214778e-003
-5.2408597e-001
3.0000000e+000
5.0000264e-001
2.1481596e-004
-5.2359468e-001
4.0000000e+000
5.0000001e-001
4.9558509e-006
-5.2359859e-001
5.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
7.4760173e-009
-5.2359878e-001
6.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
1.3408232e-011
-5.2359878e-001
6.6 Broyden
6.6
6.6
Broyden
6.6
MATLAB
259
6.7
H 0 =
0.33333 -1.034e-005 1.7181e-005

0.0021086 -0.030869 0.0015358
0.0016605 -0.00015286 0.050008
H1 =
0.33333 0.00025734 5.8434e-005

0.0023763 -0.048437 -0.0011717
0.0017018 -0.0028604
0.04959
H 2 =
0.33333 5.9456e-005 2.0666e-005

0.0021784 -0.05587 0.00028757
0.001664 -0.0014011 0.049945
H3 =
0.33333 3.7999e-006 1.782e-005

0.0021228 -0.060344 0.00020338
0.0016612 -0.0014853 0.049947
H 4 =
0.33333 4.84e-007 1.7667e-005

0.0021194 -0.061766 0.00014883
0.001661 -0.0015399 0.049945
H5 =
0.33333 3.0628e-007 1.766e-005

0.0021193 -0.061859 0.00014195
0.001661 -0.0015468 0.049945
DFP
DFP Davidon-Fletcher-Powell Broyden

1 DFP BFS
2
MATLAB
260
x k +1 = x k - H k f(x k )
T
x k )( x k ) H k y k y k T H k
(
T
H k +1 = H k +
yk Hk yk
x
y
(
)
k
k
x k = x k +1 - x k , y k = f(x k +1 ) - f(x k )

1978
DFP
3 x cos( yz ) 2 = 0
2
2
x 81( y + 0.1) + sin z + 1.06 = 0
10 3
e xy + 20 z +
=0
\\chapter6\
DFP.m,f2.m,df2.m,DFP_main.m
MATLAB
261
DFP
Editor
%
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=DFP(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-5;
end
H0=df2(x0);
H0=inv(H0);
x1=x0-H0*f2(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
%
while
(wucha>tol)&(n<20)
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
dx=x1-x0;
y=f2(x1)-f2(x0);
%DFP H
H1=H0+dx*dx'/(dx'*y)-H0*y*y'*H0/(y'*H0*y);
%%%%%%%%%%%
%
temp_x0=x0;
x0=x1;
%%%%%%%%
% H
H=H1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
%x1
MATLAB
262
DFP.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
%DFP
function F = f2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
f1=3*x-cos(y*z)-1/2;
f2=x^2-81*(y+0.1)^2+sin(z)+1.06;
f3=exp(-x*y)+20*z+(10*pi-3)/3;
F=[f1;f2;f3];
f2.m
2 Editor
function f=df2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
2*x -162*(y+0.1) cos(z)
df2.m
Editor
%DFP
x0=[0.1 0.1 -0.1]';
[x,n,data]=DFP(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(3,1,1)
% data
subplot(3,1,2)
v=[1 n -0.05 0.05]; %
%
subplot(3,1,3)
MATLAB
263
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
DFP_main.m
>>clear
>> DFP_main
x=
0.499999999999997
-2.26125878261035e-012
-0.52359877559838
n=
7
DFP
Broyden 7
H H
H 0 =
0.33333 -1.034e-005 1.7181e-005

0.0021086 -0.030869 0.0015358
0.0016605 -0.00015286 0.050008
0.33444 -0.0023296 -0.00037419
H1 = 0.00081677 -0.030242 0.0027621

0.00034443 0.0023144 0.050579
MATLAB
264
0.33328 6.4324e-005 -9.0927e-005
H 2 = 0.00015772 -0.054495 -0.0013636

0.0015357 -0.0013475
0.04981
0.33424 -2.2783e-005 -0.00022332
H3 = 0.00010262 -0.059197 -0.0014467

0.00062413 -0.0014615
0.05012
0.33329 1.6921e-006 -2.7854e-005
H 4 = 2.4669e-005 -0.061677 -0.0015425

0.0015962 -0.0015391 0.049902
0.33338 4.1877e-007 5.7332e-005
H5 = 1.1848e-005 -0.061796 -0.0015452

0.0016341 -0.001548 0.049929
0.33329 -3.5772e-007 -3.7352e-006
H 6 = 9.2713e-005 -0.062134 -0.001562

0.0014736 -0.001558 0.049823
6.7
x1
x2
x3
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
4.9919291e-001
8.9623267e-003
-5.2233579e-001
3.0000000e+000
5.0000785e-001
7.4009242e-004
-5.2357195e-001
4.0000000e+000
4.9999972e-001
2.9806602e-005
-5.2359785e-001
5.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
5.7913103e-008
-5.2359877e-001
6.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
3.1249693e-010
-5.2359878e-001
7.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
-2.2612588e-012
-5.2359878e-001
6.7 DFP
6.7
3 DFP
MATLAB
265
6.7 DFP
6.8 BFS
BFS 2 BFS Broyden-Flether-Shanno
BFS
DFP
x k +1 = xk - H k f(x k )
T
T
k x k ( x k ) - H k y k ( x k ) - ( x k ) y k T H k
H k +1 = H k +
T
( x k ) y k
T
k = 1 + y k H k y k
T
( x k ) y k
x k = x k +1 - x k , y k = f(x k +1 ) - f(x k )
DFP BFS
MATLAB
266
BFS
3 x cos( yz ) 2 = 0
2
2
x 81( y + 0.1) + sin z + 1.06 = 0
10 3
e xy + 20 z +
=0
3
x 0.1

y = 0.1

z 0.1
\\chapter6\
BFS.m,f2.m,df2.m,BFS_main.m
BFS
Editor
%BFS
% x0
%tol
10 -10
MATLAB
267
%data
function [x,n,data]=BFS(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-5;
end
H0=df2(x0);
H0=inv(H0);
x1=x0-H0*f2(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
%
while
(wucha>tol)&(n<20)
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
dx=x1-x0;
y=f2(x1)-f2(x0);
u=1+y'*H0*y/(dx'*y);
H1=H0+(u*dx*dx'-H0*y*dx'-dx*y'*H0)/(dx'*y);
%%%%%%%%%%%
%
temp_x0=x0;
x0=x1;
%x1
%%%%%%
% H
H=H1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
BFS.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
function F = f2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
MATLAB
268
z=x0(3);
f1=3*x-cos(y*z)-1/2;
f2=x^2-81*(y+0.1)^2+sin(z)+1.06;
f3=exp(-x*y)+20*z+(10*pi-3)/3;
F=[f1;f2;f3];
f2.m
2 Editor
function f=df2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
2*x -162*(y+0.1) cos(z)
df2.m
Editor
%BFS
x0=[0.1 0.1 -0.1]';
[x,n,data]=DFP(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(3,1,1)
% data
subplot(3,1,2)
v=[1 n -0.05 0.05]; %
%
subplot(3,1,3)
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
BFS_main.m
MATLAB
269
>> clear
>> BFS_main
x=
0.499999999999998
-7.43062354656595e-013
-0.523598775598313
n=
7
BFS DFP
BFS DFP
H
H 0 =
0.33333 -1.034e-005 1.7181e-005

0.0021086 -0.030869 0.0015358
0.0016605 -0.00015286 0.050008
0.33444 -0.0023344 -0.00037497
H1 = 0.00078724 -0.03018 0.0027722

0.00033801 0.002328 0.050581
0.33331 6.7531e-005 -4.0646e-005
H 2 = 0.00015821 -0.054489 -0.0013616

0.0015475 -0.0013458 0.049833
0.3338 2.1978e-006 -0.00010594
H3 = 0.00017794 -0.059196 -0.0014668

0.0010797 -0.0014875 0.049997
0.33332 2.1055e-006 -2.5196e-006
H 4 = 2.4773e-005 -0.061672 -0.0015426

0.0015816 -0.0015396 0.049886
MATLAB
270
0.33333 -2.728e-009 1.6809e-005
H5 = -8.2965e-006 -0.061781 -0.0015443

0.0016163 -0.0015443 0.049928
0.33331 -4.092e-007 -1.5962e-005
H 6 = 3.1285e-005 -0.061966 -0.0015509

0.001573 -0.0015454 0.049876
H
6.8
x1
x2
x3
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
4.9919127e-001
8.9835755e-003
-5.2233116e-001
3.0000000e+000
5.0000736e-001
7.4194500e-004
-5.2357209e-001
4.0000000e+000
5.0000001e-001
2.9840067e-005
-5.2359815e-001
5.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
5.2475693e-008
-5.2359877e-001
6.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
1.5636976e-010
-5.2359878e-001
7.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
-7.4306235e-013
-5.2359878e-001
6.8
BFS
6.8
BFS
MATLAB
271
6.8
BFS
6.9
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn ) = 0
( , ,L , ) = 0
xn
f 2 x1 x2
f n ( x1 , x2 ,L , xn ) = 0
n
n n
0
n
h
h = f12 + f 2 2 + L + f n 2
x0 x
xk +1 = x k + p k
p k
p(x) = -gradh(x), p k = p(x k )
h xk
p k (x) = -gradh(x k )
MATLAB
272
MATLAB
2
x 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
\\chapter6\
tidu_fuhao.m,f1_tidu.m,zuisu.m,zuisu_main.m
c/c++,java,delphi
MATLAB
Editor
% f1
%
syms x y
MATLAB
273
f1=x^2-2*x-y+0.5;
f2=x^2+4*y^2-4;
h=f1^2+f2^2
grad=[diff(h,x),diff(h,y)];
grad=simple(grad)
tidu_fuhao.m
>> clear
>> tidu_fuhao
h=
(x^2-2*x-y+1/2)^2+(x^2+4*y^2-4)^2
grad =
[ 8*x^3-12*x^2-4*x*y-6*x+4*y-2+16*x*y^2, -2*x^2+4*x-62*y-1+16*y*x^2+64*y^3]
h grad
Editor
%
function f=f1_tidu(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f= [8*x^3-12*x^2-4*x*y-6*x+4*y-2+16*x*y^2
-2*x^2+4*x-62*y-1+16*y*x^2+64*y^3]';
f1_tidu.m
Editor
%
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=zuisu(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-4;
end
x1=x0-0.001*f1_tidu(x0);
n=1;
MATLAB
274
%
while (norm(x1-x0)>tol)& (n<2000)
x0=x1;
%0.001
x1=x0-0.001*f1_tidu(x0);
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
zuisu.m
Editor
%
x0=[0 0];
[x,n,data]=zuisu(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
zuisu_main.m
>> clear
>> zuisu_main
x=
-0.21412
n=
426
0.99395
MATLAB
275
426
6.9
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
4.0080559e-003
2.0540079e-003
3.0000000e+000
6.0241131e-003
3.1653552e-003
4.0000000e+000
8.0481054e-003
4.3375795e-003
5.0000000e+000
1.0079954e-002
5.5744368e-003
6.0000000e+000
1.2119567e-002
6.8799151e-003
7.0000000e+000
1.4166837e-002
8.2582483e-003
8.0000000e+000
1.6221643e-002
9.7139312e-003
9.0000000e+000
1.8283847e-002
1.1251735e-002
4.1600000e+002
-2.1307193e-001
9.9396857e-001
4.1700000e+002
-2.1318305e-001
9.9396676e-001
4.1800000e+002
-2.1329283e-001
9.9396497e-001
4.1900000e+002
-2.1340130e-001
9.9396319e-001
4.2000000e+002
-2.1350846e-001
9.9396144e-001
4.2100000e+002
-2.1361434e-001
9.9395970e-001
4.2200000e+002
-2.1371894e-001
9.9395798e-001
4.2300000e+002
-2.1382229e-001
9.9395628e-001
4.2400000e+002
-2.1392439e-001
9.9395459e-001
4.2500000e+002
-2.1402527e-001
9.9395293e-001
4.2600000e+002
-2.1412493e-001
9.9395128e-001
6.9
MATLAB
276
6.9
6.9
6.10
p(x) = f '(x)1 f(x)

= 1
x k +1 = x k k f '(x k )1 f(x k )
k
min f ( x k k f '(x k )1 f(x k ) ) = f ( x k k f '(x k )1 f(x k ) )
MATLAB
277
2
x 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
\\chapter6\
xiajiang.m,f1.m,df1.m,xiajiang_main.m
Editor
%
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=new_ton(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-10;
end
x1=x0-f1(x0)/df1(x0);
n=1;
%
namda=0.8;
MATLAB
278
%
while (norm(x1-x0)>tol) &(n<500)
x0=x1;
x1=x0-namda*f1(x0)/df1(x0);
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
xiajiang.m
Jacobi
1 Editor
%
function f=f1(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f1=x^2-2*x-y+0.5;
f2=x^2+4*y^2-4;
f=[f1 f2];
f1.m
2 Editor
% jacobi
function f=df1(x0);
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f=[2*x-2
-1
2*x 8*y];
df1.m
Editor
%
x0=[1 1];
[x,n,data]=xiajiang(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
MATLAB
279
% data
subplot(2,1,2)
xiajiang_main.m
>> clear
>> xiajiang_main
x=
-0.22221455507441
0.993808418606753
n=
25
MATLAB
25
6.10
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
9.8924528e+000
-2.2433962e+000
3.0000000e+000
-9.3419360e-003
3.3895442e+000
4.0000000e+000
-1.1351822e+000
2.1102150e+000
5.0000000e+000
-4.1241089e-001
1.4374303e+000
6.0000000e+000
-3.0867994e-001
1.1379207e+000
7.0000000e+000
-2.6066196e-001
1.0311720e+000
8.0000000e+000
-2.3639580e-001
1.0029638e+000
9.0000000e+000
-2.2678878e-001
9.9622182e-001
1.0000000e+001
-2.2360243e-001
9.9448708e-001
1.1000000e+001
-2.2262648e-001
9.9400479e-001
1.2000000e+001
-2.2233594e-001
9.9386581e-001
1.3000000e+001
-2.2225024e-001
9.9382525e-001
1.4000000e+001
-2.2222504e-001
9.9381336e-001
MATLAB
280
1.5000000e+001
-2.2221763e-001
9.9380987e-001
1.6000000e+001
-2.2221546e-001
9.9380884e-001
1.7000000e+001
-2.2221482e-001
9.9380854e-001
1.8000000e+001
-2.2221463e-001
9.9380846e-001
1.9000000e+001
-2.2221458e-001
9.9380843e-001
2.0000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.1000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.2000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.3000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.4000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
2.5000000e+001
-2.2221456e-001
9.9380842e-001
6.10
6.10
67
6.10
6.11 Fletcher-Reeves
MATLAB
281
Fletcher-Reeves
p k = -g k + k p k 1
p k g k Fletcher-Reeves
gkT gk
k =
g k 1T g k 1
x k +1 x k = k p k
p 0 = g 0
p = -g + p
k
k k 1
k
Fletcher-Reeves
x 2 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
[ x, y ] = [ 0,1]
MATLAB
282
\\chapter6\
gongE.m,gEf_tidu.m,gongE_main.m
Flechter-Reeves
Editor
% Fletcher-Reeves
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=gongE(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-4;
end
x1=x0-0.001*gEf_tidu(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
p0=-gEf_tidu(x0);
beta=gEf_tidu(x0)'*gEf_tidu(x1)/(gEf_tidu(x0)'*gEf_tidu(x0));
p1=p0+beta*p0;
x1=x0+0.001*p1;
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
x0=x1;
n=n+1;
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
gongE.m
Editor
%
%
function f=gEf_tidu(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f= [8*x^3-12*x^2-4*x*y-6*x+4*y-2+16*x*y^2
-2*x^2+4*x-62*y-1+16*y*x^2+64*y^3];
MATLAB
283
gEf_tidu.m
Editor
%
x0=[0 1]';
[x,n,data]=gongE(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
% data
%
v=[0,n,0.5,1.5];
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:),'-.'),axis(v),title('y ')
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
gongE_main.m
>> gongE_main
x=
-0.21832
0.99388
n=
177
177
6.11
MATLAB
284
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
-3.9321055e-003
9.9803395e-001
3.0000000e+000
-7.8692522e-003
9.9657466e-001
4.0000000e+000
-1.1747431e-002
9.9552198e-001
5.0000000e+000
-1.5570238e-002
9.9476871e-001
6.0000000e+000
-1.9340214e-002
9.9423617e-001
7.0000000e+000
-2.3059150e-002
9.9386635e-001
8.0000000e+000
-2.6728306e-002
9.9361637e-001
9.0000000e+000
-3.0348566e-002
9.9345447e-001
1.0000000e+001
-3.3920550e-002
9.9335708e-001
1.6800000e+002
-2.1734180e-001
9.9389660e-001
1.6900000e+002
-2.1746094e-001
9.9389452e-001
1.7000000e+002
-2.1757717e-001
9.9389249e-001
1.7100000e+002
-2.1769059e-001
9.9389050e-001
1.7200000e+002
-2.1780124e-001
9.9388856e-001
1.7300000e+002
-2.1790921e-001
9.9388666e-001
1.7400000e+002
-2.1801455e-001
9.9388481e-001
1.7500000e+002
-2.1811733e-001
9.9388299e-001
1.7600000e+002
-2.1821760e-001
9.9388122e-001
1.7700000e+002
-2.1831544e-001
9.9387949e-001
6.11
6.11
6.11
y
x
k
MATLAB
285
6.12
Polak-Ribiere
k
Fletcher-Reeves Hestenes-Stiefel Polak-Ribiere
Polak-Ribiere Hestenes-Stiefel
k
Polak-Ribiere
k =
(g k g k 1 )T g k
g k 1T g k 1
Fletcher-Reeves
Hestenes-Stiefel
(g k g k 1 )T g k
k =
(g k g k 1 )T p k 1
MATLAB
286
2
x 2 x y + 0.5 = 0
2
2
x + 4 y 4 = 0
[ x, y ] = [ 0,1]
\ \chapter6\
polak_ribi.m,gEf_tidu.m, polak_main.m
Polak-Ririere
Editor
% Polak-Ririerel
% x0
%tol
10 -10
%data
function [x,n,data]=polak_ribi(x0,tol)
if nargin==1
tol=1e-4;
end
x1=x0-0.001*gEf_tidu(x0);
n=1;
%
wucha=0.1;
p0=-gEf_tidu(x0);
dgef=gEf_tidu(x1)-gEf_tidu(x0);
%bega
beta=dgef'*gEf_tidu(x1)/(dgef'*gEf_tidu(x0));
%p
p1=p0+beta*p0;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% x
wucha=norm(x1-x0);
x0=x1;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
x1=x0+0.001*p1;
n=n+1;
MATLAB
287
%data
data(:,n)=x1;
end
x=x1;
ploak_ribi.m
Editor
%
%
function f=gEf_tidu(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
f= [8*x^3-12*x^2-4*x*y-6*x+4*y-2+16*x*y^2
-2*x^2+4*x-62*y-1+16*y*x^2+64*y^3];
gEf_tidu.m
Editor
%Polak-Ribiere
x0=[0 1]';
[x,n,data]=polak_ribi(x0);
disp('')
x
disp('')
n
% data1
subplot(2,1,1)
% data
%
v=[0,n,0.5,1.5];
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(data(2,:),'-.'),axis(v),title('y ')
%
num=(1:n)';
a=[num data'];
polak_main.m
MATLAB
288
MATLAB
>>clear
>> polak_main
x=
-0.2184
0.99388
n=
176
176 Fletcher-Reeves
6.12
1.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
-5.7733968e-003
9.9711330e-001
3.0000000e+000
-9.2659226e-003
9.9559545e-001
4.0000000e+000
-1.2690309e-002
9.9453740e-001
5.0000000e+000
-1.6135684e-002
9.9383066e-001
6.0000000e+000
-1.9640854e-002
9.9337535e-001
7.0000000e+000
-2.3206935e-002
9.9310126e-001
8.0000000e+000
-2.6807149e-002
9.9295761e-001
9.0000000e+000
-3.0408197e-002
9.9290464e-001
1.0000000e+001
-3.3985321e-002
9.9291109e-001
1.6900000e+002
-2.1766507e-001
9.9389096e-001
1.7000000e+002
-2.1777775e-001
9.9388898e-001
1.7100000e+002
-2.1788766e-001
9.9388705e-001
1.7200000e+002
-2.1799486e-001
9.9388517e-001
1.7300000e+002
-2.1809942e-001
9.9388332e-001
1.7400000e+002
-2.1820140e-001
9.9388152e-001
1.7500000e+002
-2.1830087e-001
9.9387976e-001
1.7600000e+002
-2.1839789e-001
9.9387804e-001
6.12
Polak-Ririere
6.12
MATLAB
289
6.12
Polak-Ririere
6.12 y 6.12
6.12 y 0
x x
6.13
MATLAB fsovle
MATLAB fsovle
x = fsolve(fun,x0)
x = fsolve(fun,x0,options)
[x,fval] = fsolve(...)
[x,fval,exitflag] = fsolve(...)
[x,fval,exitflag,output] = fsolve(...)
[x,fval,exitflag,output,jacobian] = fsolve(...)
fun
fzero fzero MATLAB
fzero
MATLAB
MATLAB
fsovle
MATLAB
290
fsolve
3 x cos( yz ) 2 = 0
2
2
x 81( y + 0.1) + sin z + 1.06 = 0
10 3
e xy + 20 z +
=0
3
2 A 2 2
5
A3 - A2 =
7
6
8
\\chapter6\fsolve_main.m,f2.m,f3.m,
Editor
function F = f2(x0)
x=x0(1);
y=x0(2);
z=x0(3);
f1=3*x-cos(y*z)-1/2;
f2=x^2-81*(y+0.1)^2+sin(z)+1.06;
f3=exp(-x*y)+20*z+(10*pi-3)/3;
F=[f1;f2;f3];
f2.m
MATLAB
291
Editor
%
x0 = [0.1 0.1 -0.1];
[x,fx,flag,out,jaco] = fsolve(@f2,x0)
fsolve_main.m
>> clear
>> fsolve_main
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than options.TolFun.

x=
0.500000000007109
7.76727247110874e-010
-0.523598775577995
fx =
2.13264961246296e-011
-1.25582886312259e-008
1.77209358298569e-011
flag =
1
out =
iterations: 4
funcCount: 20
algorithm: 'trust-region dogleg'
firstorderopt: 2.03435432237348e-007
message: [1x76 char]
jaco =
3
0
1
-16.2000013440847
0
-0.5
x
Editor
function F = f3(A)
F = A^3-A^2-[5 6;7,8];
f3.m
fsolve_main.m
0
0.866025403141975
20
MATLAB
292
%
x0 = ones(2,2); %
options = optimset('Display','off');
[A,Fval,exitflag] = fsolve('f3',x0,options)
>>clear
>>clc
>>fsolve_main
A=
0.856455826826365
1.39013497618595
1.62182413888026
1.55152331491535
Fval =
-7.21544415327458e-008
5.31073043319452e-008
6.19440836402418e-008
-4.56180107022419e-008
exitflag =
1
A
fx
Flag=1
xout jaco jacobi
A A
Fval flag=1
0.856455826826365
A=
1.62182413888026
1.39013497618595
1.55152331491535
fsolve
fsolve MATLAB
MATLAB
293
MATLAB
a) -
xy = z 2 + 1
2
2
xyz + y = x + 2
e x + z = e y + 3
( x, y , z ) = (1,1,1)
( x, y , z ) = (1.7776719,1.4239605,1.2374711)
b)
x 5 y 2 + 7 z 2 + 12 = 0
3 xy + xz 11x = 0
2 yz + 40 x = 0
( x, y , z ) = (1.5, 6.5, 5.0 )
( x, y , z ) = (1.000188, 5.000432, 4.000388 )

c)
MATLAB
294
x2 + y2 + z3 = 1
2
2
2 x + y 4 z = 0
x2
2
3 4 y + z = 0
( x, y , z ) = (1,1,1)
( x, y , z ) = ( 0.7851969, 0.4966114, 0.3699228 )

d)
2
2
4 x + y 4 = 0
x + y sin ( x y ) = 0
( x, y ) = (1, 0 )
( x, y ) = ( 0.998607, 0.1055305)
MATLAB
295
Ax = x
Ax = Bx
7.1
A R
n n
n 1 > 2 3 L n
x1 , x 2 , L, x n v 0 = u 0
v0 = u0 0
v k = Au k 1
uk =
vk
max ( v k )
lim u k =
k
x1
max ( x1 )
lim max( v k ) = 1
max( v) v
MATLAB
296
1 2 1
A = 2 -4 1
1 1 -6
A
\\chapter7\mifa.m,mifa_main.m
Editor
function [namda,q,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa(A,tol,x0)
%namda
%q
%time
%A
%x0
%tol 10 -7
%data_na
%data_q
if nargin==1
tol=1e-7;
temp=length(A); %x0
MATLAB
297
x0=ones(temp,1); % 1
end
if nargin==2
temp=length(A); %x0
end
%
m1=0;
u=x0;
time=0;
%
while time<500
v=A*u;
[vmax,i]=max(abs(v));
m=v(i);
%
u=v/m;
if abs(m-m1)<tol
break;
end
m1=m;
time=time+1;
%data_na
%data_na
%data_q
data_na(time,1)=m;
data_q(:,time)=u;
end
namda=m;
q=u;
mifa.m
Editor
%
MATLAB
298
%08 7 19
a=[-1 2 1
2 -4 1
1 1 -6];
[namda,v,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa(a,1e-8);
disp('')
namda
disp('')
v
disp('')
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
temp2=[n2,data_q];
%
save data_mifa_na.xls temp1 -ascii
save data_mifa_q.xls temp2 ascii
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(data_na)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(data_q(:,1))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_q(:,2))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
MATLAB
299
plot(data_q(:,3))
title('')
grid
mifa_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>mifa_main
namda =
-6.42106659021352
v=
-0.0461455030428652
-0.374921093002661
1
time =
61
xls
10
108 61
7.1
MATLAB
300
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
M
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
-4.0000000000
-6.2500000000
-6.1600000000
-6.2207792208
-6.2640918580
-6.2991168139
-6.3268432052
-6.3485852626
-6.3655012665
M
-6.4210661064
-6.4210662293
-6.4210663225
-6.4210663931
-6.4210664467
-6.4210664872
-6.4210665180
-6.4210665413
-6.4210665590
-6.4210665724
-6.4210665825
7.1
10 7.1
7.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M
50
51
52
53
-0.500000000
-0.320000000
-0.266233770
-0.218162840
-0.179803370
-0.149414040
-0.125584860
-0.107044960
-0.092707914
-0.081673107
M
-0.046146040
-0.046145905
-0.046145803
-0.046145725
0.250000000
0.160000000
0.045454545
-0.045929019
-0.119313450
-0.177429170
-0.223000410
-0.258456310
-0.285874630
-0.306977710
M
-0.374920070
-0.374920320
-0.374920520
-0.374920670
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
M
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
MATLAB
301
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
-0.046145667
-0.046145622
-0.046145589
-0.046145563
-0.046145544
-0.046145529
-0.046145518
-0.046145509
-0.374920780
-0.374920860
-0.374920930
-0.374920980
-0.374921020
-0.374921040
-0.374921060
-0.374921080
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
7.2
7.2
7.1 7.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
MATLAB
302
7.2 2
u k = Av k 1
uk
v k = m
k
mk 1 > 1 v k 1 < 1 v k
2
for k=1,2, L
k
k
z ( ) = Aq ( 1)
(k )
z(
z(
k)
k)
2
H
( k ) = q( k ) Aq ( k )
end
MATLAB
303
2
A = 10
3
3 2
3 4
6 1
\\chapter7\mifa_2.m,mifa_2_main
Editor
function [namda,q,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_2(A,tol,x0)
%namda
%q
%time
%A
%x0
%tol 10 -7
%data_na
%data_q
if nargin==1
tol=1e-7;
temp=length(A); %x0
end
if nargin==2
temp=length(A); %x0
end
%
m1=0;
u=x0;
time=0;
%
MATLAB
304
while time<500
v=A*u;
u=v/norm(v);
m=u'*A*u;
if abs(m-m1)<tol
break;
end
m1=m;
time=time+1;
%data_na
%data_na
%data_q
data_na(time,1)=m;
data_q(time,:)=u;
end
namda=m;
q=u;
mifa_2.m
Editor
% 2
%
a=[2 3 2
10 3 4
3 6 1];
[namda,v,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_2(a,1e-8);
disp('')
namda
disp('')
v
disp('')
time
%
MATLAB
305
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(data_na)
title('')
grid
%
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(data_q(:,1))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_q(:,2))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_q(:,3))
title('')
grid
mifa_2_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> mifa_2_main
namda =
11.0000
v=
0.5000
1.0000
0.7500
MATLAB
306
time =
18
108 18 7.3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.700000000E+01
9.470588235E+00
1.158385093E+01
1.083163539E+01
11.04979951
10.98590609
11.00395312
10.99890329
11.00030258
10.99991685
11.00002279
10.99999376
11.0000017
10.99999953
11.00000013
10.99999997
11.00000001
11
7.3
7.3 11
7.4
1
2

0.411764706
1
0.527950311
1
0.588235294
0.826086957
MATLAB
307
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.492761394
0.502004851
0.499455687
0.50014864
0.499959477
0.500011053
0.499996986
0.500000822
0.499999776
0.500000061
0.499999983
0.500000005
0.499999999
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.726005362
0.757437751
0.747837306
0.750616681
0.749827131
0.750048013
0.749986749
0.750003642
0.749999001
0.750000273
0.749999925
0.75000002
0.749999994
0.750000002
0.75
0.75
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
MATLAB
308
7.1
7.3 Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Hermitian A C nn Rayleigh Rayleigh-Ritz
R ( x ) = R ( x, A ) =
( Ax, x ) = x H Ax
( x, x ) x H x
x Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
1 x
(0)
R n TOL
2 k = 1, 2, L 36
3
y ( ) = Ax(
mk
Ax(
(
=
( x(
x( k ) =
k 1)
k 1)
k 1)
, x( k 1)
, x( k 1)
y(k )
mk
6 mk mk 1 < TOL
7
mk mk 1
< TOL
mk
MATLAB
309
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
261 209
A = -530 422
-800 631
-49
-98
-144
\\chapter7\mifa_ray.m,mifa_ray_main.m
Rayleigh
Editor
function [namda,q,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_ray(A,tol,x0)
% Rayleigh
%namda
%q
%time
%A
%x0
%tol 10 -7
%data_na
%data_q
MATLAB
310
if nargin==1
tol=1e-7;
temp=length(A); %x0
end
if nargin==2
temp=length(A); %x0
end
%
m1=0;
u=x0;
time=0;
%
while time<500
v=A*u;
%rayleigh
m=u'*v/(u'*u);
q=v/m;
u=q;
if abs(m-m1)<tol
break;
end
m1=m;
%
time=time+1;
%data_na
%data_na
%data_q
data_na(time,1)=m;
data_q(time,:)=u;
end
MATLAB
311
namda=m;
mifa_ray.m
Editor
% Rayleigh
%08 7 19
a=[-261 209 -49
-530 422 -98
-800 631 -144];
[namda,v,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_ray(a,1e-8,[1 0 0]');
disp('')
namda
disp('')
v
disp('')
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
temp2=[n2,data_q];
%
save data_ray_na.dat temp1 -ascii
save data_ray_q.dat temp2 -ascii
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(data_na)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(data_q(:,1))
title('')
MATLAB
312
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_q(:,2))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_q(:,3))
title('')
grid
mifa_ray_main.m
>>clear
>> mifa_ray_main
namda =
10.0000000042464
v=
1.01835988750934
2.03671977525235
3.05507966346134
time =
20
MATLAB
313
20 108
10.0000000042464
7.5
-261
13.0604800100301
10.7191389740989
10.2072898264179
10.0632836698198
10.0198035279698
10.0063036760606
10.0020395554168
10.0006715860955
10
10.0002253981757
11
10.0000771920262
12
10.0000269870324
13
10.0000096279234
14
10.0000035011088
15
10.000001295427
16
10.0000004866659
17
10.0000001852133
18
10.0000000712513
19
10.0000000276511
20
10.0000000108049
7.5 Rayleigh
7.5
7.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.0000000000
1.0117973747
1.0156477467
1.0172196494
1.0178835697
1.0181628202
1.0182790359
1.0183269313
1.0183465193
2.0306513410
2.0329822577
2.0347985764
2.0358120756
2.0363127971
2.0365434722
2.0366451496
2.0366886865
2.0367069673
3.0651340996
3.0597409738
3.0572609142
3.0560641677
3.0555096219
3.0552628640
3.0551563602
3.0551113740
3.0550926580
MATLAB
314
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1.0183544845
1.0183577096
1.0183590115
1.0183595357
1.0183597465
1.0183598311
1.0183598650
1.0183598787
1.0183598841
1.0183598863
1.0183598872
2.0367145403
2.0367176478
2.0367189143
2.0367194280
2.0367196356
2.0367197193
2.0367197529
2.0367197664
2.0367197719
2.0367197740
2.0367197749
3.0550849544
3.0550818077
3.0550805294
3.0550800122
3.0550798036
3.0550797196
3.0550796858
3.0550796723
3.0550796669
3.0550796647
3.0550796638
7.6Rayleigh
7.3
7.3 Rayleigh
7.3 Rayleigh
7.4 Rayleigh
MATLAB
315
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh ( x, x ) = x
x
(k )
2
2
= 1 R ( x ) = ( Ax, x )
Rayleigh
1 TOL>0 x
(0)
R x( 0 )
0
= 1 x( ) =
1
T
(1,L ,1)
n
2 k = 1, 2, L 36
3
y ( k ) = Ax( k 1)
mk = Ax( k 1) , x( k 1) = y ( k )
x( k ) = y ( k ) / y ( k )
) ( )
x( k 1)
6 mk mk 1 < TOL
7
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
MATLAB
316
1 2 3
A = 2 3 4
3 4 5
\\mifa_ray2,mifa_ray2_main
Rayleigh
Editor
function [namda,q,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_ray2(A,tol,x0)
% Rayleigh
%namda
%q
%time
%A
%x0
%tol 10 -7
%data_na
%data_q
if nargin==1
tol=1e-7;
temp=length(A); %x0
% 2 1
%-P439
x0=x0/sqrt(temp);
end
if nargin==2
temp=length(A); %x0
end
%
m1=0;
MATLAB
317
u=x0;
time=0;
%
while time<500
v=A*u;
%rayleigh
m=v'*u;
q=v/norm(v);
u=q;
if abs(m-m1)<tol
break;
end
m1=m;
%
time=time+1;
%data_na
%data_na
%data_q
data_na(time,1)=m;
data_q(time,:)=u;
end
namda=m;
mifa_ray2.m
Editor
% Rayleigh
%08 7 22
a=[1 2 3
234
3 4 5];
MATLAB
318
[namda,v,time,data_na,data_q]=mifa_ray2(a,1e-8);
disp('')
namda
disp('')
v
disp('')
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
temp2=[n2,data_q];
%
save data_ray2_na.txt temp1 -ascii
save data_ray2_q.txt temp2 -ascii
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(data_na)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(data_q(:,1))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_q(:,2))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_q(:,3))
title('')
grid
MATLAB
319
mifa_ray2_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>>> mifa_ray2_main
namda =
9.62347538297893
v=
0.385089805894758
0.559510214927759
0.73393062396076
time =
5
9.62347538297893
0.385089805894758
v = 0.559510214927759
0.73393062396076
5 7.7
MATLAB
320
1
2
3
4
5
27.0000000000
9.6206896552
9.6234636872
9.6234753339
9.6234753828
7.7
7.7 9.62
8.8
1
2
3
4
5
0.371390676
0.385973822
0.385032501
0.385093502
0.385089550
0.557086015
0.559662042
0.559500354
0.559510851
0.559510171
0.742781353
0.733350262
0.733968206
0.733928200
0.733930792
7.8
7.8 7.4
7.4
7.4
Rayleigh
MATLAB
321
7.5
A A A A
A
1 x0 R n TOL
2 A LU A=LU
3 k = 1, 2, L 47
4 LUy
5
(k)
= x(
k 1)
L U
( )
mk = max y ( k )
6 mk mk 1 < TOL
7
x( k ) =
y (k )
mk
( )
k
(k )
max y ( ) y
n 1
MATLAB
322
2 1 0
A = 1 3 1
0 1 4
A
\\chapter7\fanmi.m,fanmi_main.m
Editor
function [namda,q,time,data_na,data_q]=fanmi(A,tol,x0)
%
% A
%tol
%x0
% 10 -7
%
if nargin==1
tol=1e-7;
temp=length(A); %x0
end
%
if nargin==2
temp=length(A); %x0
end
q = x0;
MATLAB
323
m = 0;
namda = 0;
%
for time=1:1000
y = A\q;
m = max(y);
%m
q = y/m;
if(abs(m - namda)<eps)
namda = 1/m;
%l
return;
else
if(time==1000)
disp(' 1000 ');
namda = 1/m;
% 1000
%
break;
else
namda = m;
end
end
%
data_na(time,1)=m;
data_q(time,:)=q;
end
fanmi.m
Editor
%
%08 7 19
a=[2 1 0
131
0 1 4];
[namda,v,time,data_na,data_q]=fanmi(a,1e-8,[1 1 1]');
disp('')
namda
disp('')
v
disp('')
MATLAB
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
temp2=[n2,data_q];
%
save data_fanmi_na.txt temp1 -ascii
save data_fanmi_q.txt temp2 -ascii
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(data_na)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(data_q(:,1))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_q(:,2))
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_q(:,3))
title('')
grid
fanmi_main.m
>>clear
324
MATLAB
325
>> fanmi_main
namda =
1.26794919243112
v=
1
-0.732050807568877
0.267949192431123
time =
43
43 42
7.9
0.444444444444444
0.583333333333333
0.69047619047619
0.747126436781609
0.771794871794872
0.781838316722038
0.785882908404155
0.78752378091519
0.788196651833015
10
0.788475153470448
33
0.788675134594323
34
0.788675134594606
MATLAB
326
35
0.788675134594725
36
0.788675134594776
37
0.788675134594797
38
0.788675134594806
39
0.78867513459481
40
0.788675134594812
41
0.788675134594812
42
0.788675134594813
7.9
7.10
0.25
0.5
-0.285714286
0.285714286
-0.551724138
0.24137931
-0.661538462
0.246153846
-0.704318937
0.255813953
-0.720963173
0.26203966
-0.72754581
0.265244818
-0.730197076
0.26675143
-0.731281086
0.267428418
10
-0.731729217
0.267725217
31
-0.732050808
0.267949192
32
-0.732050808
0.267949192
33
-0.732050808
0.267949192
34
-0.732050808
0.267949192
35
-0.732050808
0.267949192
36
-0.732050808
0.267949192
37
-0.732050808
0.267949192
38
-0.732050808
0.267949192
39
-0.732050808
0.267949192
40
-0.732050808
0.267949192
41
-0.732050808
0.267949192
42
-0.732050808
0.267949192
7.10
7.5
MATLAB
327
7.5
8 ASCII
7.6
QR
QR
QR Q R
R
QR A = A1 A1 Q1
R1
A1 = Q1 R1
Q1 R1
A2 = R1Q1
A2 A1 A3 QR
MATLAB
328
Ak = Qk Rk
Ak +1 = Rk Qk
QR
QR
QR
2 1 0
A = 1 3 1
0 1 4
QR A
\\chapter7\qr_tz.m,qr_tz_main.m
QR
Editor
function [namda,time,data_na]=qr_tz(A,tol)
%qr
%A
%tol
% 10 -7
MATLAB
329
%time
%data_na
if nargin==1;
tol=1e-7;
end
%
wucha=1;
%
time=0;
% 500
%
while (wucha>tol)&(time<500)
[q,r]=qr(A);
A1=r*q;
%
tz0=diag(A1);
tz1=diag(A);
wucha=norm(tz0-tz1);
%
A=A1;
time=time+1;
%
data_na(time,:)=tz1;
end
namda=tz1;
qr_tz.m
Editor
% QR
%08 7 20
a=[2 1 0
131
0 1 4];
%
[namda,time,data_na]=qr_tz(a);
disp('')
namda
MATLAB
330
disp('')
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%temp1
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
subplot(2,2,1:2)
plot(data_na(:,1))
title('')
grid
%
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_na(:,2))
title('')
grid
%
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_na(:,3))
title('')
grid
qr_tz_main.m
>>clear
>> qr_tz_main
namda =
4.73205074468257
3.00000006288631
1.26794919243113
time =
MATLAB
331
22
MATLAB
3.00000000000000 1.09544511501033 -0.00000000000000

A1 = 1.09544511501033 3.00000000000000 -1.34164078649987
0
-1.34164078649987 3.00000000000000
3.70588235294118 0.95576922407482 0.00000000000000
A 2 = 0.95576922407482 3.52139037433155 0.97383114934675
0
0.97383114934675 1.77272727272727
4.15662650602410 0.82843920181547 -0.00000000000000
A3 = 0.82843920181547 3.48804354473732 -0.41621270158527
0
-0.41621270158527 1.35532994923858
4.44869215291751 0.64215064001026 0.00000000000000
A 4 = 0.64215064001026 3.26902697997599 0.16377060432306
0
0.16377060432306 1.28228086710650
M
4.73205074468257 0.00033003375007 -0.00000000000000
A 21 = 0.00033003375007 3.00000006288631 -0.00000006616708
0
-0.00000006616708 1.26794919243113
4.73205078229337 0.00020923301798 0.00000000000000
A 22 = 0.00020923301798 3.00000002527550 0.00000002796550
0
0.00000002796550 1.26794919243112
4 A
7.11
MATLAB
332
2.0000000000
3.0000000000
4.0000000000
3.0000000000
3.0000000000
3.0000000000
3.7058823529
3.5213903743
1.7727272727
4.1566265060
3.4880435447
1.3553299492
4.4486921529
3.2690269800
1.2822808671
4.6062145205
3.1233961222
1.2703893573
4.6792065950
3.0524176540
1.2683757511
4.7104188676
3.0215564333
1.2680246991
4.7232911410
3.0087462288
1.2679626302
10
4.7285194190
3.0035289918
1.2679515892
11
4.7306297264
3.0014206532
1.2679496203
12
4.7314793609
3.0005713702
1.2679492688
13
4.7318210842
3.0002297097
1.2679492061
14
4.7319584690
3.0000923362
1.2679491949
15
4.7320136933
3.0000371138
1.2679491929
16
4.7320358903
3.0000149172
1.2679491925
17
4.7320448119
3.0000059956
1.2679491924
18
4.7320483978
3.0000024098
1.2679491924
19
4.7320498390
3.0000009686
1.2679491924
20
4.7320504183
3.0000003893
1.2679491924
21
4.7320506511
3.0000001565
1.2679491924
22
4.7320507447
3.0000000629
1.2679491924
7.11 QR
7.6
7.6 QR
7.6
QR
MATLAB
333
7.7 QR
QR QR
A
Hessenberg Hessenberg QR
A
1 A Hessenberg A1 Householder
MATLAB hess
2 k = 1, 2, L
Ak = Qk Rk A QR Givens MATLAB
QR
Ak +1 = Rk Qk
3
k
QR
QR
MATLAB
334
1 2 1
A = 2 -4 1
1 1 -6
QR A
\\chapter7\qr_hess.m, qr_hess_main.m
QR
Editor
function [namda,time,data_na]=qr_hess(A,tol)
% qr
%A
%tol
% 10 -8
%time
%data_na
if nargin==1;
tol=1e-8;
end
%
wucha=1;
%
time=0;
% 500
%
A=hess(A);
while (wucha>tol)&(time<500)
[q,r]=qr(A);
A1=r*q;
%
tz0=diag(A1);
tz1=diag(A);
MATLAB
335
wucha=norm(tz0-tz1);
%
A=A1;
time=time+1;
%
data_na(time,:)=tz1;
end
namda=tz1;
qr_hess.m
Editor
% QR
%08 7 20
a=[-1 2 1
2 -4 1
1 1 -6];
%
[namda,time,data_na]=qr_hess(a,1e-6);
disp('')
namda
disp('')
time
%
n1=length(data_na);
%n2
n2=(1:n1)';
%temp1
temp1=[n2,data_na];
%
subplot(2,2,1:2)
plot(data_na(:,1))
title('')
grid
%
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(data_na(:,2))
title('')
MATLAB
336
grid
%
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(data_na(:,3))
title('')
grid
qr_hess_main.m
>> clear
>> qr_hess_main
namda =
-6.42106563041398
-4.86692650854643
0.28799213896042
time =
32
32 106
7.12
1
2
3
4
5
-4.5000000000
-5.0000000000
-5.0873015873
-5.2140691328
-5.3854003054
-0.5000000000
-6.0000000000
-6.2000350315
-6.0739215145
-5.9025918300
-6.0000000000
0.0000000000
0.2873366188
0.2879906473
0.2879921354
MATLAB
337
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
-5.5905925748
-5.8035507131
-5.9941181175
-6.1433155066
-6.2483639650
-6.3169236458
-6.3594798059
-6.3850777668
-6.4001850355
-6.4090010302
-6.4141118824
-6.4170634524
-6.4187642479
-6.4197430552
-6.4203059452
-6.4206295138
-6.4208154671
-6.4209223187
-6.4209837122
-6.4210189854
-6.4210392508
-6.4210508937
-6.4210575827
-6.4210614256
-6.4210636333
-6.4210649017
-6.4210656304
-5.6973995641
-5.4844414259
-5.2938740214
-5.1446766324
-5.0396281739
-4.9710684932
-4.9285123330
-4.9029143721
-4.8878071034
-4.8789911088
-4.8738802565
-4.8709286866
-4.8692278911
-4.8682490838
-4.8676861938
-4.8673626251
-4.8671766718
-4.8670698203
-4.8670084267
-4.8669731535
-4.8669528881
-4.8669412453
-4.8669345563
-4.8669307134
-4.8669285056
-4.8669272372
-4.8669265085
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
0.2879921390
7.12 QR
MATLAB
338
7.7 QR
-5.00000000000000 -0.44721359549996 -0.00000000000000

A1 = -0.44721359549996 -6.00000000000000 -1.34164078649987
0
-1.34164078649987 0.00000000000000
-5.08730158730159 -0.54218606994456 0.00000000000000
A2 = -0.54218606994456 -6.20003503151135 -0.06493984322449
0
-0.06493984322449 0.28733661881294
-5.21406913280776 -0.64730330939949 -0.00000000000000
A3 = -0.64730330939949 -6.07392151448703 -0.00306206666675
0
-0.00306206666675 0.28799064729479
-5.38540030535022 -0.73278022814194 0.00000000000000
A4 = -0.73278022814194 -5.90259183000423 -0.00014826254740
0
-0.00014826254740 0.28799213535445
M
-6.42106563041398 -0.00123657212388 0.00000000000000
A31 = -0.00123657212388 -4.86692650854643 0.00000000000000
0
-0.00000000000000 0.28799213896042
-6.42106604905460 -0.00093727513129 -0.00000000000000

A32 = -0.00093727513129 -4.86692608990581 -0.00000000000000
0
-0.00000000000000 0.28799213896042
7.8
MATLAB eig
MATLAB eig MALTAB eig

eig
eig
d = eig(A)
[V,D] = eig(A)
[V,D] = eig(A,'nobalance')
d=eig(A) A [V,D] = eig(A) A
MATLAB
339
D V
AV = VD
LAPACK eig
eig
nobalance
3 1 0
A = 1 2 1
0 1 1
A
2
3
11
B = -4
-1
3
-2
2 3 4
1 2 3
8 9 1
2 9 11
-2 -3 -1
2 3 4
-2 -3 -4
5 6
4 5
2 3
13 15
-1 -1
13 15
-5 -3
7
6
4
8
-1
8
-3
B
3
3
-2
C = eps
- 4
-0.5
-2
4
eps
2
-0.5
-0.9
1
-1
0.1
2eps
-eps
MATLAB
340
\\chapter7\egi_1.m,egi_2.m
12
Editor
%08 7 21
%A
A=[3 1 0
121
0 1 1];
% A
na=eig(A)
%B
B=[
3
234567
11 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
891234
-4 2 9 11 13 15 8
-1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1
3 2 3 4 13 15 8
-2 -2 -3 -4 -5 -3 -3
];
% B
[nb,vb]=eig(B)
egi_1.m
egi_1
>>clear
>> eig_1
na =
0.267949192431123
2
MATLAB
341
3.73205080756888
nb =
Column 1
-0.276028481562631
-0.322388257931397
-0.387139417911047
-0.658924317373996
0.148125422234517
-0.387198225544195
0.252887913926642
Column 2
0.197589184794527
0.252907413978454
0.642528726030861
0.589299309570444
-0.241292986695022
-0.000757631686508277
-0.280457901543078
Column 3
0.108184811518408
0.216038318088682
-0.262535913335478
0.831206497129884
-0.0398971903272591
0.0562645304556878
-0.420757248100261
Column 4
0.197370278186667 0.0877692386215495 -0.333792899976737 +
0.561886070729929
0.0379168178992885 -0.0835637019248653 -0.105168289381923 +
0.147770614822285i
0.524358281985392i
0.322215632665902i
0.035878868347139i
0.130478345913106i
0.296318009345686i
MATLAB
342
Column 5
0.197370278186667 +
0.0877692386215495 +
-0.333792899976737 0.561886070729929
0.0379168178992885 +
-0.0835637019248653 +
-0.105168289381923 Column 6
-0.217676266715753
0.768177329665022
-0.555367075783136
0.190511053262997
-0.045040573473926
-0.0221902811354791
0.123582041504375
Column 7
-0.0126762093075904
-0.570802079043313
0.468911893861173
-0.411282846153999
0.350581211356674
-0.327844148378695
0.233673672350888
vb =
Column 1
18.4123185390661
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.147770614822285i
0.524358281985392i
0.322215632665902i
0.035878868347139i
0.130478345913106i
0.296318009345686i
MATLAB
343
Column 2
0
11.1805196555492
0
0
0
0
0
Column 3
0
0
4.49831918927813
0
0
0
0
Column 4
0
0
0
1.70992818926671 +
0
0
0
4.25219686219268i
Column 5
0
0
0
0
1.70992818926671 0
0
Column 6
0
0
4.25219686219268i
MATLAB
344
0
0
0
-2.23266683394613
0
Column 7
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.278346928480688
C
Editor
%eig
% nobalance
C=[ 3
-2
-2
-eps/4
-.5
-.9
4
eps/2
2*eps
1
-1
-.5
.1
-eps
0
1
];
% eig nobalance
[VC,DC] = eig(C)
%
xg_1=C*VC - VC*DC
% nobalance
[VN,DN] = eig(C,'nobalance')
%
xg_2=C*VN - VN*DN
eig_2.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> eig_2
MATLAB
345
>> format short

>> eig_2
VC =
-0.6153
0.7881
0.0000
-0.0189
0.4176
0.3261
0.0000
-0.8481
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
-1.0000
-0.1475
0.1298
-0.9443
0.2639
DC =
5.5616
0
0
0
0
1.4384
0
0
0
0
1.0000
0
0
0
0
-1.0000
xg_1 =
-0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
0.4423
-0.4924
-0.3845
-0.0000
1.0000
0
-0.0000
-0.0000
-1.0000
-0.1563
0.1375
-1.0000
0.0453
VN =
0.7808
-1.0000
-0.0000
0.0240
DN =
5.5616
0
0
0
0
1.4384
0
0
0
0
1.0000
0
0
0
0
-1.0000
MATLAB
346
xg_2 =
1.0e-014 *
-0.2665
0 -0.0323 -0.0028
0.4441
0.1110
0.0042 -0.0250
0.0022
0.0002
0.0007
0
0.0056 -0.0444
0.0444
0.0083
0.267949192431123
= 2
3.73205080756888
18.4123185390661
11.1805196555492
4.49831918927813
1.70992818926671 + 4.25219686219268i
1.70992818926671 - 4.25219686219268i
-2.23266683394613
nb
eig
-2
S = -9
-3
-1 9
4 0
1 1
1 = 1, 1 = k (3,9, 2)T
2 = 1 + 3i, 2 = k (1 i,3,1)T
3 = 1 3i, 2 = k (1 + i,3,1)T
MATLAB
>> S=[-2 -1 9
-9 4 0
MATLAB
347
-3 1 1];
>> [x,y]=eig(S)
1+3i
y= 0
0
0.28868-0.28868i
x = 0.86603
0.28868
0
0
1
0
1-3i
0
0.28868 +0.28868i
0.86603
0.28868
-0.30943
-0.92828
-0.20628
y x
C nobalance
eig
5.5615528128
0.0000000000
DC=
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
1.4384471872
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
1.0000000000
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
4.176224697E-01
4.440892099E-16
3.260697711E-01
2.220446049E-16
5.338771637E-18
-5.500937404E-33
-8.480978582E-01
-1.000000000E+00
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
0.0000000000
-1.0000000000
-6.153018556E-01
7.880640995E-01
VC =
1.853963667E-17
-1.893677997E-02
-1.475478010E-01
1.298420649E-01
-9.443059266E-01
2.639261291E-01
VC DC
S1 = ( C )( VC ) - ( VC )( DC )
-8.8818e-016
8.8818e-016
S1 =
4.9304e-032
9.7145e-017
1.1102e-016
2.7756e-016
1.2326e-032
4.4409e-016
9.8608e-032
3.4513e-031
1.1002e-032
0
6.3838e-016
-2.2204e-016
2.2204e-016
0.44227
S1 0
MATLAB
348
5.56155281
0.00000000
DN =
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
1.43844719
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
1.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
0.00000000
-1.00000000
0.78078
-1
VN =
-2.6847e-017
0.024029
-0.49242
-0.38447
-7.0378e-018
1
0
-5.8821e-017
-3.3148e-018
-1
-0.15625
0.1375
-1
0.045313
S2 = ( C )( VN ) - ( VN )( DN )
0
0
-2.6645e-015
4.4409e-015 1.1102e-015
S2 =
2.1795e-017 1.8112e-018
5.5511e-017 -4.4409e-016
-3.2346e-016 -2.7756e-017
4.2267e-017 -2.498e-016
6.6297e-018
0
4.4409e-016 8.3267e-017
S2 DNVN C
7.9
n n A n n B u
Au = Bu
A B
( A, B) = { | det( A B) = 0}
Lanczos QR Cholesky
MATLAB eig
eig
d = eig(A,B)
MATLAB
349
[V,D] = eig(A,B)
[V,D] = eig(A,B,flag)
d = eig(A,B)[V,D] = eig(A,B)
AV = BVD [V,D] = eig(A,B,flag)flag
chol
B Cholesky qz
A B Hermitian
eig
29
A = 44
36
63
-11
-7
12
81
-15 B = 59
24
53
59
43
-37
( A, B)
:\\chapter7\gy_tz.m
Editor
%
%08 7 21
% A
A=[
-56
-61
42
MATLAB
350
29 63 12
44 -11 -15
36 -7 53];
% B
B=[
81 59 -56
59 43 -61
24 -37 42];
[V,D]=eig(A,B,'qz');
%
disp('')
V
disp('')
D
%
S=A*V -B*V*D
gy_tz.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>>> gy_tz
D=
3.19732626749086
0
0
0
1.94973368753189
0
0
0
0.359895326837385
-0.713255194302593
-0.56167224369415
-1
-1
-0.642082657272154
0.829312089261579
V=
-0.35978298963673
-0.86202010863856
-1
S=
MATLAB
351
2.8421709430404e-014
6.03961325396085e-014
0
2.8421709430404e-014
1.95399252334028e-014
1.4210854715202e-014
-7.105427357601e-015
-2.8421709430404e-014
3.5527136788005e-015
-0.35978298963673
1 = 3.19732626749086, u1 = -0.86202010863856
-1
-0.713255194302593
2 = 1.94973368753189, u2 = -0.56167224369415
-1
-1
3 = 0.359895326837385, u3 = -0.642082657272154
0.829312089261579
S = AV - BVD
Golub MATRIX COMPUTATION

1996 The Johns Hopkins
University Press
Jacobi
MATLAB
352
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
1 A
2.3 4.2 5.7

A = 3.4 1.7 2.1
4.3 5.6 3.2
= 10.7379 , v = ( 0.6411, 0.3942, 0.6585 )

2 A
-3 1 0
A = 1 -3 -3
0 -3 4
= -2.4771, v = ( 0.8664, 0.4531, 0.2098 )

3 QR A
-3 1 -1
A = -7 5 -1
-6 6 -2
= ( 2, 2, 4 )
MATLAB
353
y = f ( x ) [a,b] x0 , x1 , L , xn
y0 , y1 ,L , yn g ( x)
g ( xi ) = yi
g ( x) x0 , x1 , L , xn
r ( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
r ( x)
8.1
li ( x) =
j =0
j i
x xi
, i = 0,1, 2,L , n
xi x j
MATLAB
354
pn = f ( xi )li ( x )
i =0
c/c++pascaljava
cos 30 =
3
2
1
o
o
o
cos 45 =
cos 60 = cos 90 = 0
2
2
2
o
cos( 40o ), cos 47o , cos 53o , cos 79o , cos174 ,
\\chapter8\lag.m, lag_main.m
Editor
%
MATLAB
355
%
%t
function s=lag(x,y,t)
%
syms p;
% x
n=length(x);
s=0;
for(k=1:n)
la=y(k);
%
for(j=1:k-1)
la=la*(p-x(j))/(x(k)-x(j));
end;
for(j=k+1:n)
end;
s=s+la;
simplify(s);
end
%
%
%
%
if(nargin==2)
s=subs(s,'p','x');
%
s=collect(s);
% 6
s=vpa(s,4);
else
% t
m=length(t);
% t
for i=1:m
temp(i)=subs(s,'p',t(i));
end
%
% s
s=temp;
end
MATLAB
356
lag.m
Editor
%lagrange
%
% x y
x=[pi/4,pi/6,pi/3,pi/2];
y=[cos(pi/4),cos(pi/6),cos(pi/3),cos(pi/2)];
%
t=[-40*pi/180,40*pi/180,50*pi/180,70*pi/180,170*pi/180];
disp('')
du=[-40 40 50 70 170]
%
disp('')
yt=lag(x,y,t)
%cos
disp('cos ')
yreal=[cos(-40*pi/180)
cos(40*pi/180)
cos(50*pi/180)
cos(70*pi/180)
cos(170*pi/180)]'
disp('')
dy=yt-yreal
%
yt=lag(x,y)
%
ezplot(yt,[-pi/4,pi])
hold on
% cos
ezplot('cos(t)',[-pi/4,pi]);
hold off
lag_main.m
>> clear
>> lag_main
MATLAB
357
du =
-40
47
53
79
174
yt =
0.53873
0.68196
0.60171
0.19146
-1.1121
0.682
0.60182
0.19081
-0.99452
cos
yreal =
0.76604
dy =
-0.22732 -4.2351e-005
-0.00010309
0.00064885
-0.11759
yt =
.136*x^3-.66*x^2+.9e-1*x+.984
yt =
0.136*x^3-0.66*x^2+0.9e-1*x+0.984
o
40o , 47o , 53o ,79o ,174

-0.22732 -4.2351e-005 -0.00010309 0.00064885 -0.11759
[30o ,90o ]
4
o
40 174
cos 8.1
MATLAB
358
8.1 cos
8.1
8.2
pn ( x) pn +1 ( x)
f ( x )
f [ xk ] = f ( xk )
f [ xk 1 , xk ] =
f [ xk ] f [ xk 1 ]
xk 1 xk
f [ xk 2 , xk 1 , xk ] =
f [ xk 1 , xk ] f [ xk 2 , xk 1 ]
xk 2 xk
M
f [ xk j , xk j +1 ,L , xk ] =
f [ xk j +1 ,L , xk ] f [ xk j ,L , xk 1 ]
xk xk j
MATLAB
359
N n ( x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ]( x x0 ) + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ]
( x x0 )( x x1 ) + L + f [ x0 , x1 ,L , xn ]
( x x0 )( x x1 )L ( x xn 1 )
wk = ( x x0 )( x x1 ) L ( x xk 1 ), k = 1, 2,L , n
N n ( x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ]w1 + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ]w2
+ L + f [ x0 , x1 ,L , xn ]wn
1 Bessel f ( x )
x
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
f(x)
0.7651977
0.6200860
0.4554022
0.2818186
0.1103623
x 1.5
25
1
P5 = (63x 5 70 x 3 + 15 x )
8
x [ 1,1] 9 x=[-1 -0.3 0.4 -0.7 0 -0.4 0.8 0.7 1]
a.
5 9
b. 9
c.
x=[0.24 -0.46 0.83]
MATLAB
360
\\chapter8\niudun.m, niudun_main.m
Editor
%
%
%
%
function s=niudun(x,y,t)
%
syms p;
s=y(1);
xishu=0;
dxs=1;
% x
n=length(x);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
for(i=1:n-1)
for(j=i+1:n)
xishu(j) = (y(j)-y(i))/(x(j)-x(i));
end
temp1(i)=xishu(i+1);
dxs=dxs*(p-x(i));
s=s+temp1(i)*dxs;
y=xishu;
end
simplify(s);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
if(nargin == 2)
s=subs(s,'p','x');
s=collect(s);
s=vpa(s,4);
else
MATLAB
361
%
%
m=length(t);
for i=1:m
end
%
% s
s=temp;
end
niudun.m
Editor
%Bessel
x=[1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2];
y=[0.7651977 0.6200860 0.4554022 0.2818186 0.1103623];
yt=niudun(x,y,1.5)
%%%%
%%
clear
syms x
%
fx=(63*x^5-70*x^3+15*x)/8;
v=[-1,1,-1,1];
subplot(1,2,1);
ezplot(fx),grid on
title('5 ')
axis(v)
%
%%%%%%%%5
%%%%%%%
x0=[-1 -0.3 0.4 -0.7
%
y0=subs(fx,x0);
%
yt=niudun(x0,y0);
subplot(1,2,2);
0 -0.4 0.8 0.7 1];
MATLAB
362
ezplot(yt),axis(v),grid
title('')
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
t=[0.24 -0.46 0.83];
%
legen5=subs(fx,t)
%
%
chazhi=niudun(x0,y0,t)
wucha=legen5-chazhi %
niudun_main.m
>> clear
>> niudun_main
yt =
0.511819994238683
t=
0.24
-0.46
0.83
legen5 =
0.3353105664
-0.1730058436
-0.344891743637501
0.3353105664
-0.1730058436
-0.344891743637487
4.44089209850063e-016
-2.4980018054066e-016
-1.37667655053519e-014
chazhi =
wucha =
Bessel 1.5 0.512857
10 -15 -16
8.2
MATLAB
363
8.2
8.3
20 N En = f ( x) PN ( x ) 0
x
sinx e
y=
1
1 + x2
[-55] 1
10
y=
c
1
1 + cx 2
MATLAB
364
y=
1
1 + x2
[-55] 1
\\chapter8\runge.m
Editor
% Runge
%
syms x
f=1/(1+x^2);
%
x=-5:5;
y=subs(f,x);
% y
%%%
chazhi=niudun(x,y);
MATLAB
365
%
%
v=[-5,5,-0.5,2];
%
ezplot(chazhi),axis(v),grid
hold on
%
t=-5:0.05:5;
yt=subs(f,t);
plot(t,yt,':')
runge.m
>> clear
>> runge
8.3
8.3 Runge
8.3
MATLAB
366
Chebyshev
8.4
Hermite
Hermit
f ( x ) [a,b]x0 , x1 , L xn [ a, b]
H 2 n +1 ( x) f ( x )
H 2 n +1 ( x) = f ( xi )[1 2( x xi )li '( xi )]li 2 ( x )

i =0
+ f '( xi )( x xi )li 2 ( x)
i =0
( x xi ) , i = 0,1,L , n
li ( x) =
j =0
j i
(x x )
i
li ' ( xi ) =
j =0
j i
1
,i = 0,1,L , n
xi x j
Hermite
MATLAB
FortranDelphi
C/C++Java
MATLAB
367
Hermite
Hermite
Hermite
f = x 2 13 -8 6-4
Hermite
a.
9 10

25 75
b. X = ( -5.3 2.4 -4.2 -1.8 3.4 )

2
g = x 2 sin x
X = ( 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2,3)
p = ( -5.1,-3.2, -1.4,1.6,5.3)
\ \chapter8\herm.m, herm2.m,
herm_main.m
Herimite
MATLAB
368
Editor
%Hermite
%
%
%
%
function f = Hermite(x,y,dy,x0)
%
syms s;
f=0.0;
n=length(x);
for i=1:n
la=1;
lp=0.0;
for j=1:n
if (j~=i)
la=la*(s-x(j))/(x(i)-x(j));
lp=lp+1/(x(i)-x(j));
end
end
%
P171
%
%
temp1=1-2*(s-x(i))*lp;
temp2=y(i)*temp1*la^2;
temp3=dy(i)*(s-x(i))*la^2;
f=f+temp2+temp3;
end
%
f=simplify(f);
if(nargin==3)
% x
f=subs(f,s,'x');
% 4
f=vpa(f,4);
end
if(nargin==4)
f=subs(f,s,x0);
end
MATLAB
369
herm.m
Hermite
Editor
% Hermite
%
%
% t
function f = Hermite(x,y,dy,t)
%
n=length(x);
m=length(t);
for k=1:m
%
g(k)=0.0;
for i=1:n
la=1;
lp=0.0;
for j=1:n
if (j~=i)
%
P171
%
la=la*(t(k)-x(j))/(x(i)-x(j));
lp=lp+1/(x(i)-x(j));
end
end
temp1=1-2*(t(k)-x(i))*lp;
temp2=y(i)*temp1*la^2;
temp3=dy(i)*(t(k)-x(i))*la^2;
%
g(k)=g(k)+temp2+temp3;
end
end
f=g;
herm2.m
%Hermit
MATLAB
370
syms x
y=x^2;
%
t=[1 3 -8 6 -4];
%
yt=subs(y,t);
%
dy=subs('x*2',t);
%
z1=herm(t,yt,dy)
%
x=[9
25
10
75];
z2=herm(t,yt,dy,x)
ezplot(z1),grid on
hold on
%
%
xc=[-5.3 2.4
-4.2 -1.8 3.4];
z3=herm2(t,yt,dy,xc)
plot(xc,z3,'o')
%
clear
%
syms x
%
p=sin(x)*x^2;
%
q=diff(p);
%
figure(2)
ezplot(p)
hold on
%
t=-3:3;
%
MATLAB
371
y=subs(p,t);
dy=subs(q,t);
%
x0=[-5.1 -3.2 -1.4 1.6 5.3];
%
chazhi=herm2(t,y,dy,x0)
%
zhen=subs(p,x0)
%
wucha=chazhi-zhen
plot(x0,chazhi,'*')
grid
herm_main.m
>> format short

>> herm_main
z1 =
x^2
z2 =
81
100
625
5625
z3 =
28.0900
5.7600
17.6400
3.2400
11.5600
0.5978
-1.9315
2.5589 -26.2206
chazhi =
25.5247
MATLAB
372
zhen =
24.0804
0.5978
-1.9315
0.0000
0.0000
2.5589 -23.3784
wucha =
1.4443
-0.0000
-2.8422
Hermite
7.4
8.4 Hermit
[-33]
8.5
MATLAB
373
8.5 Herimite
8.5 *
8.5
8.3
MATLAB splinespline
yy = spline(x,y,xx)
pp = spline(x,y)
x y yy y y
y
xx
MATLAB
374
spline
8.3
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.038462
0.058824
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.058824
0.038462
\\chapter8\yangtiao_main.m
Editor
% Runge
%
syms x
f1=1/(1+x^2);
f2=1/(1+5*x^2);
%
x=-5:5;
y1=subs(f1,x);
% y
%%%
y2=subs(f2,x);
%%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
xx=-5:0.25:5;
MATLAB
yy=spline(x,y1,xx);
yy2=spline(x,y2,xx);
%
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(x,y1,'o',xx,yy),grid
%
t=-5:0.05:5;
yt=subs(f1,t);
yt2=subs(f2,t);
%
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,yt),grid
%
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(x,y2,'o',xx,yy2),grid
%
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,yt2),grid
yangtiao_main.m
>>yangtiao_main
8.6
375
MATLAB
376
8.6
f ( x) =
1
1 + x2
g ( x) =
1
1 + 5 x2
x
f(x) f(x)
8.6
MATLAB
377
MATLAB pchippchip
Hermite pchip
yi = pchip(x,y,xi)
pp = pchip(x,y)
x,y xi
y
Hermit
spline pchip spline
pchip spline
pchip
pchip
pchip
pchip spline
8.1 spline pchip

x
-8
-6
-4
-2
-1
-3
-1
8.1
\\chapter8\baoxing.m
MATLAB
378
Editor
% Hermite
x = -8:2:8
y = [1 2 -1 -3 0 1 -1 2 3]
%
t = -8:.01:8;
%pchip
p = pchip(x,y,t);
%spline
s = spline(x,y,t);
plot(x,y,'o',t,p,'-',t,s,'-.')
legend('data','pchip','spline',4),grid
baoxing.m
>>clear
>>baoxing
8.7
8.7 pchip spline
8.7 pchip spline spline

pchip
MATLAB
379
pchip
pchip
8.7
MATLAB interp1
MATLAB interp1
interp1
interp1
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi)
yi = interp1(Y,xi)
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method)
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi)x,Y Y
x x x nn Y
method
nearest
linear
spline
pchip cubic Hermite
v5cubicMATLAB5
MATLAB nearest
linearv5cubic NaN
interp1 interp1
MATLAB
380
interp1
1991 1996
8.2
1991
6878.4
5343.7
4847.9
6421.9
1992
6815.4
5532.6
4745.6
6406.2
1993
6634.4
5658.5
4674.8
6645.5
1995
7413.5
5863.1
4997.4
6776.1
1994
7130.2
5532.6
4989.6
6642.3
1996
7476.5
5965.3
5202.1
6894.1
8.2
\\chapter8\yongmei.m
Editor
%interp1
%
origin_data=[
1991 6878.4 5343.7 4847.9 6421.9
1992 6815.4 5532.6 4745.6 6406.2
MATLAB
381
1993 6634.4 5658.5 4674.8 6645.5

1995 7413.5 5863.1 4997.4 6776.1
1994 7130.2 5532.6 4989.6 6642.3
1996 7476.5 5965.3 5202.1 6894.1
];
%x y
%
x=origin_data(:,1);
y=origin_data(:,2:5);
% nearest
t=1991:0.2:1996;
y1=interp1(x,y,t,'nearest');
plot(x,y,'o',t,y1),title('nearest '),grid
% linear
figure
y2=interp1(x,y,t);
plot(x,y,'o',t,y2),title('linear '),grid
% pchip
figure
y3=interp1(x,y,t,'pchip');
plot(x,y,'o',t,y3),title('pchip '),grid
% spline
figure
y4=interp1(x,y,t,'spline');
plot(x,y,'o',t,y4),title('spline '),grid
yongmei.m
>> clear
>> yongmei
8.8-8.11
nearest
MATLAB
382
8.8
8.8 nearest
7.8 nearest
nearest
8.9
8.9 linear
pchip spline pchip 8.10
pchip pchip
MATLAB
383
8.10
interp1 pchip
8.11 spline ,
spline
8.11
interp1 spline
interp1
MATLAB
384
8.8
MATLAB interp2 interp2

ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI)
ZI = interp2(Z,XI,YI)
ZI = interp2(Z,ntimes)
ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI,method)
interp1 interp2 nearestlinearspline
cubic
meshgrid
[a,b]=meshgrid(x,y)
x,y a x b y
interp2
meshgrid
interp2
[ 3,3] [ 3, 3] peaks
MATLAB
385
\\chapter8\interp_2.m
Editor
%
[X,Y] = meshgrid(-3:0.6:3);
Z = peaks(X,Y);
[XI,YI] = meshgrid(-3:.125:3);
ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI);
subplot(2,2,1)
surf(X,Y,Z)
axis([-3 3 -3 3 -5 5])
title('')
% nearest
subplot(2,2,2)
ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI,'nearest');
surf(XI,YI,ZI)
title('nearest')
axis([-3 3 -3 3 -5 5])
% linear
subplot(2,2,3)
ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI,'linear');
surf(XI,YI,ZI)
axis([-3 3 -3 3 -5 5])
title('linear')
% spline
subplot(2,2,4)
ZI = interp2(X,Y,Z,XI,YI,'spline');
surf(XI,YI,ZI) ,title('spilne')
axis([-3 3 -3 3 -5 5])
interp_2.m
>>clear
MATLAB
386
>> interp_2
8.12 8.13
8.12
[-33] 0.6
8.12 nearest
nearest 8.8
8.12 nearest
8.13 linear interp2
7.12 8.13
spline
8.13
MATLAB
387
8.13 linear spline

MATLAB interp3
interpn n
8.9
Chebyshev
f ( x ) [a,b] ( x )
f ( x )
MATLAB
388
j ( x )
n
( x ) = c j j ( x)
j =0
lim max f ( x) ( x) = 0
n a x b
lim f ( x ) ( x ) W ( x)dx = 0
n a
W ( x) L p=2
f ( x ) [a,b] > 0 p ( x)
f ( x) p ( x) <
x [ a, b] Weierstrass
H n = span{1, x,L , x n } pn ( x) H n
max f ( x) pn ( x )
a xb
En = min max f ( x) pn ( x )
pn ( x )H n a x b
n Weierstrass n 0
H n p( x)
max f ( x) pn ( x ) = En
a xb
px fx n
Chebyshev Chebyshev
( 2 j + 1) + b + a], j = 0,1, 2,L , n

1
x j = [(b a) cos
2
2 ( n + 1)
Weierstrass
Chebyshev
MATLAB
389
Chebyshe [-11]
f ( x) = xe x [ 6, 6] 35 12 Chebyshev
\\chapter8\
cheby.m,lag.m, cheby_main.m
Editor
%08 07 03
%Chebyshev
function g=cheby(f,n,a,b)
%n
%
for j=0:n
temp1=(j*2+1)*pi/2/(n+1);
temp2=(b-a)*cos(temp1)+b+a;
temp3(j+1)=temp2/2;
end
x=temp3;
%
y=f(x);
%
g=lag(x,y);
cheby.m
Editor
%
%
MATLAB
390
%t
function s=lag(x,y,t)
%
syms p;
% x
n=length(x);
s=0;
for(k=1:n)
la=y(k);
%
for(j=1:k-1)
end;
for(j=k+1:n)
end;
s=s+la;
simplify(s);
end
%
%
%
%
if(nargin==2)
s=subs(s,'p','x');
%
s=collect(s);
% 6
s=vpa(s,4);
else
% t
m=length(t);
% t
for i=1:m
end
%
% s
s=temp;
end
MATLAB
391
lag.m
Editor
%08 07 03
%
%
f=inline('x.*exp(x)','x');
%
z1=cheby(f,3,-6,6)
z2=cheby(f,5,-6,6)
z3=cheby(f,12,-6,6)
%
subplot(2,2,1),ezplot('x*exp(x)'),grid
subplot(2,2,2),ezplot(z1),grid
%
set(gcf,'color','white')
cheby_main.m
>> clear
>> cheby_main
z1 =
-133.0+4.822*x^3+27.38*x^2-20.40*x
z2 =
.2001*x^5+1.359*x^4-2.020*x^3-18.56*x^2+6.126*x+40.25
z3 =
-.2405e-16+.5187e-7*x^12+.6439e-6*x^11+.1420e-5*x^10+.6201e-5*x^9+.2287e-3*x^8+.1
813e-2*x^7+.8007e-2*x^6+.3709e-1*x^5+.1682*x^4+.5209*x^3+.9981*x^2+.9729*x
MATLAB
392
MATLAB
8.14
Chebyshev
8.14
3 5 12
12
8.10
Chebyshev Chebyshev
Chebyshev Chebyshev
MATLAB
393
Tn ( x ) =
) (
n
n
1
2
2
x
+
x
1
+
x
, x (, +)
2
x 2 1 Chebyshev Chebyshev
Un =
sin [(n + 1) arccos x ]

1 x2
, x [1,1]
x [ 1,1] Chebyshev Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Chebyshev
MATLAB Chebyshev Chebyshev
Chebyshev
Tn+1 = 2 xT0 ( x) Tn1 ( x)
T0 = 1
T = x
1
Chebyshev
U n +1 = 2 xU 0 ( x ) U n1 ( x)
U 0 = 1
U = 2 x
1
MATLAB
394
\ \chapter8\cheby_p.m, cheby2_p.m,
chep_main.m
Chebushev
Editor
% CHebyshev
function t=cheby_p(x,n)
t(1:n+1)=x;
t(1)=1;
t(2)=x;
%
for i=3:n+1
t(i)=2*x*t(i-1)-t(i-2);
end;
t= simplify(t);
% 1
n+1
cheby_p.m
Chebyshev
Editor
% Chebyshev
function t=cheby2_p(x,n)
t(1:n+1)=x;
t(1)=1;
t(2)=2*x;
%
for i=3:n+1
t(i)=2*x*t(i-1)-t(i-2);
end;
t= simplify(t);
% 1
n+1
cheby2_p.m
Editor
%chebyshev
MATLAB
395
% chebyshev
syms x
T1=cheby_p(x,5);
disp(' Chebyshev ')
for i=1:6
disp(T1(i))
end
v=[-1,1,-1,1];
subplot(3,2,1),ezplot(T1(1)),axis([-1,1,-0.5,1.5]),grid
subplot(3,2,2),ezplot(T1(2)),axis(v),grid
% chebyshev
disp(' Chebyshev ')
T2=cheby2_p(x,5);
for i=1:6
disp(T2(i))
end
figure
v=[-1,1,-3,3];
chep_main.m
>> clear
>> chep_main
Chebyshev
1
x
2*x^2-1
4*x^3-3*x
MATLAB
396
8*x^4-8*x^2+1
16*x^5-20*x^3+5*x
Chebyshev
1
2*x
4*x^2-1
8*x^3-4*x
16*x^4-12*x^2+1
32*x^5-32*x^3+6*x
8.15
8.15 Chebyshev
Chebyshev 2
n1
MATLAB
397
Chebyshev n n
Tn [-11] 1 x
1
2 2
Tm ( x ) Tk ( x ) (1 x
1
2 2
0,
dx = ,
2
,
mk
m=k 0
m=k =0
Chebyshev
8.16 Chebyshev
8.16 Chebyshev
[-11] 1 x 2
0,
1U m ( x )U k ( x ) 1 x dx = ,
2
1
mk
m=k
Chebyshev
MATLAB
398
8.11 LegendreLaguerre Hermite
8.10
LegendreLaguerre Heimite
Legendre Pn ( x)
Pn ( x) =
1 d n ( x 2 1) n
, n = 1, 2,L ,
2n n !
dx n
Legendre
Pn +1 ( x) =
P0 ( x) = 1
2n + 1
n
xPn ( x)
Pn 1 ( x )
n +1
n +1
P1 ( x) = x
Laguerre Ln ( x)
Ln ( x) = e x
d n ( xn e x )
dx n
, 0 x < +
Laguerre
Ln +1 ( x ) = (1 + 2n x ) Ln ( x ) n 2 Ln 1 ( x)
L0 ( x) = 1
L1 ( x) = 1 x
Hermite
H n ( x) = ( 1) e x
n
( ) , < x < +
d n e x
dx n
Hermite
H n+1 ( x ) = 2 xH n ( x ) 2nH n 1 ( x )
H 0 ( x) = 1
H1 ( x) = 2 x
MATLAB
399
LegendreLaguerre Hermite
LegendreLaguerre Hermite
\\chapter8\leg_p.m,
lague_p.m, herm_p.m, dxs_main.m
Legendre
Editor
%Legendre
function p=leg(x,n)
p(1:n+1)=x;
p(1)=1;
p(2)=x;
%
for i=3:n+1
p(i)=(2*i-3)*p(i-1)*x/(i-1)-(i-2)*p(i-2)/(i-1);
end;
p= simplify(p);
leg_p.m
Laguerre
Editor
%
function t=lague_p(x,n)
t(1:n+1)=x;
t(1)=1;
t(2)=1-x;
%
for i=2:n
MATLAB
400
t(i+1)=(1+(i-1)*2-x)*t(i)-(i-1)^2*t(i-1);
end;
t= simplify(t);
lague_p.m
Hermit
Editor
%Hermit
function t=lague_p(x,n)
t(1:n+1)=x;
t(1)=1;
t(2)=2*x;
%
for i=2:n
t(i+1)=2*x*t(i)-(i-1)*2*t(i-1);
end;
t= simplify(t);
herm_p.m
Editor
%Legendre LaguerreHermite
%Legendre
syms x
T1=leg_p(x,5);
disp('Legendre ')
for i=1:6
disp(T1(i))
end
v=[-1,1,-1,1];
%Laguerre
disp('Laguerre ')
T2=lague_p(x,5);
for i=1:6
MATLAB
401
disp(T2(i))
end
figure(2)
subplot(3,2,2),ezplot(T2(2)),grid
%Hermite
disp('Hermite ')
T3=Herm_p(x,5);
for i=1:6
disp(T3(i))
end
figure(3)
subplot(3,2,4),ezplot(T3(4)),axis([-2,2,-20,20]),grid
dxs_main.m
>>clear
>> dxs_main
Legendre
1
x
3/2*x^2-1/2
5/2*x^3-3/2*x
35/8*x^4-15/4*x^2+3/8
63/8*x^5-35/4*x^3+15/8*x
Laguerre
1
1-x
MATLAB
402
2-4*x+x^2
6-18*x+9*x^2-x^3
24-96*x+72*x^2-16*x^3+x^4
120-600*x+600*x^2-200*x^3+25*x^4-x^5
Hermite
1
2*x
4*x^2-2
8*x^3-12*x
16*x^4-48*x^2+12
32*x^5-160*x^3+120*x
0 5
P0 = 1
P1 = x
1 2
( x 1)
2
1
P3 = ( 5 x 3 3x )
2
1
P4 = ( 35 x 4 30 x 2 + 3)
8
1
P5 = ( 63x 5 70 x3 + 15 x )
8
P2 =
8.17
MATLAB
403
8.17 Legendre
Legendre x x
Legendre [-11] W ( x) = 1
1 Pm ( x) Pk ( x)dx = 2
2m + 1
1
Legendre
mk
m=k
MATLAB
404
8.18 Lagueere
Laguerre
L0 ( x) = 1
L1 ( x) = 1 x
L2 ( x ) = x 2 4 x + 2
L3 ( x ) = x 3 + 9 x 2 18 x + 6
L4 ( x ) = x 4 16 x 3 + 72 x 2 96 x + 24
L5 ( x) = x 5 + 25 x 4 200 x3 + 600 x 2 600 x + 120
x
Laguerre [0, + ] e
0
x
L
(
x
)
L
(
x
)
e
dx
=
2
1 m k
( m !)
1
mk
m=k
8.18
0 5 Laguerre
8.19 0 5 Hermite
MATLAB
405
8.19 Hermite
Hermite
H 0 ( x) = 1
H1 ( x) = 2 x
H 2 ( x) = 4 x 2 2
H 3 ( x ) = 8 x 3 12 x
H 4 ( x ) = 16 x 4 48 x 2 + 12
H 5 ( x) = 32 x 5 160 x3 + 120 x
Hermite [ , + ] e
x2
0
x2
H
(
x
)
H
(
x
)
e
dx
=
m
1 m k
2 m !
1
mk
m=k
Hermite x x
MATLAB
406
8.12 Legendre
j ( x ) [a,b] j ( x ) W ( x)
( x ) = a j j ( x)
j =0
a [ f ( x) ( x) ] W ( x)dx = min ( x) f ( x)
b
W(x)
Legendre
n
P( x) = a j Pj ( x) = a0 P0 ( x ) + a1P1 ( x ) + L + an Pn ( x )
j =0
a j =
( Pj , f )
( Pj , Pj )
( Pj , Pj ) =
1
2
( Pj , f ) = Pj g f dx
1
j +1
Fourier Fourier
Legendre
Legendre
f ( x) = e x [-11]
MATLAB
407
P( x) = a0 P0 ( x) + a1P1 ( x) + a2 P2 ( x ) + a3 P3 ( x )
Pi i Legendre i = 0,1, 2,3
\\chapter8\
pingfang.m, pingfang_main.m,
Editor
%legendre
%
function
pf=pingfang(f,n)
syms x
% Legendre
f1=leg_p(x,n);
%
for i=1:n+1
g(i)=f1(i)*f;
temp(i)=int(g(i),-1,1);
a(i)=(2*i-1)*temp(i)/2;
end
% legendre
pf=0;
for i=1:n+1
pf=pf+a(i)*f1(i);
end
%
pf=simplify(pf);
% 8
pf=vpa(pf,8);
pingfang.m
MATLAB
408
Editor
%Lengder
f=inline('exp(x)','x');
px=pingfang(f,3)
ezplot(px),grid
hold on
%
x=-1:0.01:1;
y=f(x);
plot(x,y,'^')
pingfang_main.m
>> clear
>> pingfang_main
px =
.99629405+.99795482*x+.53672140*x^2+.17614068*x^3
Legendre
P( x) = 7.152 P0 ( x) + 1.1036 P1 ( x) + 0.3578P2 ( x ) + 0.07046 P3 ( x)

7.20 [-11]
[-11]
^
MATLAB
409
8.20 Legendre
8.13
Chebyshev
Hilbert Hilbert
1
1/ 2
H =
M
1/(n+1)
1/2
L 1/(n+1)
1/3
L 1/(n+2)
1/(n + 2) L 1/(2n + 1)
Hilert n
Legendre
Fourier
1
1 x2
MATLAB
410
Chebyshev
f ( x ) = arccos x( 1 x 1)
1
1 x2
\\chapter8\
ping_che.m, ping_che_main.m
aj =
2 1
dx
T j ( x) f ( x)
1
1 x2
x = cos( )
a j = f ( cos ) cos j d
0
a j = cos j d =
0
2
(1) j 1
2
j
MATLAB
411
Editor
%chebyshev
function f=ping_che(n)
%
%pip pi pi MATLAB
syms x pip
%
for i=2:n+1
a(i)=((-1)î-1)*2/pip/i^2;
end
%
a=[pip,-4/pip,a(2:n)]
% chebyshev
che=cheby_p(x,n);
f=a(1)/2;
for i=2:n+1
f=f+a(i)*che(i);
end
%
f=simplify(f);
ping_che.m
Chebyshev
Editor
% CHebyshev
function t=cheby_p(x,n)
t(1:n+1)=x;
t(1)=1;
t(2)=x;
%
for i=3:n+1
t(i)=2*x*t(i-1)-t(i-2);
end;
t= simplify(t);
% 1
n+1
cheby_p.m
Editor
MATLAB
412
f=@(x) acos(x);
t=-1:0.01:1;
f1=f(t);
%
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(t,f1,'*')
hold on
%5
%
f5=ping_che(5);
% pip pi
f5=subs(f5,'pip',pi)
ezplot(f5),title('5 '),grid
%7
subplot(1,2,2),
f7=ping_che(7);
% pip pi
f7=subs(f7,'pip',pi)
ezplot(f7),grid,title('7 ')
ping_che_main.m
>> ping_che_main
f5 =
-1/450*(-225*pi^2+1560*x-640*x^3+1152*x^5)/pi
f7 =
-1/22050*(-11025*pi^2+63840*x+69440*x^3-145152*x^5+115200*x^7)/pi
5 7
8.21 8.21 5 7
MATLAB
413
8.21 Chebyshev
p5 ( x) =
4
4
4
T1 ( x)
T3 ( x)
T5 ( x )
2
9
25
8.14
MATLAB
MATLAB
414
MATLAB
MATLAB
East Anglia
HadCRUT3 13
1850 2006
UltraEditor
8.22
8.22
MATLAB
415
\\chapter8\temperature\fenxi.m
Import Wizard
Import Wizad
1 8.23
8.23
2 8.24
8.24
3Import Data 8.25
MATLAB
416
8.25 Import Wizard

4 Next 8.26
8.26
Finish
5 8.27
MATLAB
417
8.27
origin_data
>>clear
>> origin_data=importdata('HadCRUT3 Northern Hemisphere.txt');
8.28
8.28
whos
>>whos
8.29
MATLAB
418
8.29
>> doc fileformats

8.30
8.30 MATLAB
y.h
1 origin_data origin_data
MATLAB
419
8.31
8.31
2 1
8.32
832
create Variable from Selction
unnamed
8.33
MATLAB
420
8.33
unnamed 8.34
7.34
Rename year 8.m
8.35
2 14
2 shift 14 8.36
MATLAB
421
8.36
8.37
8.37 annual
create Variable from Selection
annual
8.38
MATLAB
422
8.38
8.39
7.39
8.40
8.40
8.41
MATLAB
423
8.41 mat

, 8.42
8.42 IE mat
>> save shuju.mat annual origin_data year

8.41
>>clear all
8.41 shuju.mat
>> clear all
>> load shuju
8.38
Editor
%
% 13
%
MATLAB
424
load shuju.mat
%%
%
figure
plot(year,annual),grid
title('HadCRUT3 Temperature Anomaly Measurements from 13 Weather Stations')
xlabel('Year')
ylabel('Temperature Anomaly ')
%%
annual_avg = mean(annual);
%
figure
area(year,annual_avg),grid
title('Average Annual Temperature Anomaly')
xlabel('Year')
% :
above_zero = annual_avg .* (annual_avg >= 0); % Values Above Zero
below_zero = annual_avg .* (annual_avg < 0); % Values below Zero
%
figure
hold on
%
plot(year,annual_avg,'--k','LineWidth',0.5);
grid
bar(year,above_zero,'FaceColor','r','EdgeColor','none')
bar(year,below_zero,'FaceColor','b','EdgeColor','none')
hold off
%
title('Positive vs Negative Temperature Annomaly')

xlabel('Year')
MATLAB
425
legend('Annual Average','Above Average','Below Average','Location','SE')

text(1850,0.5,'\bfNorthern Hemisphere')
% 5
span = 5;
window = ones(1,span)/span;
five_year_avg = convn(annual_avg,window,'valid');
yr = year(ceil(span/2):length(five_year_avg)+ceil(span/2)-1);
%
figure %
hold on
plot(year,annual_avg,'--ko',...
'LineWidth',1,...
'MarkerEdgeColor','k',...
'MarkerFaceColor','b',...
'MarkerSize',3)
plot(yr,five_year_avg,'r-','LineWidth',3)
grid
hold off
% Annotate figure
title('Comparing the Annual Temperature Anomaly and the Five Year Moving Average')
xlabel('Year')
ylabel('Temperature Anomaly')
legend('Annual Average','Five Year Average','Location','SE')
fenxi.m
>>clear
>>fenxi
MATLAB
426
8.43
8.43
8.44
8.43
7.44 earea 8.44

1950
MATLAB
427
8.45
bar 7.45 1880
1840 1940
1980
8.46 5
5
8.46
MATLAB
428
Lagrange Netown Hermite
MATLAB
MATLAB
f ( x ) = x2 2 x
x = ( 3, 7, 2,5, 9, 4 ) f(x)
MATLAB
429
t = ( 2,1, 6 )
y ( t ) = ( 8, 1, 24 )
2
x
-4
-2
20
-4
-4
, t=[3.2 5.5 4.3]

y ( t ) = ( -4.4800 -1.3750 -3.6550 )
3
-4
0.97279
-3
3.4234
-2
3.8186
-1
1.8415
-0.15853
-0.18141
-2.5766
-7.0272
Hermite
8.47 8.48
8.47
MATLAB
430
8.48
4 [-11] f ( x ) = e x P3 ( x )
f ( x ) = 1.2661T0 ( x ) + 1.1303 T1 ( x ) + 0.2715T2 ( x ) + 0.0438T3 ( x )
MATLAB
431
18 Gauss
1980 Gloub 60 Kalman Kalman
9.1
Ax = b
mn
rank ( A ) = rank ([A,b])
x s
f (x) = Ax - b
x = x s x s Ax = b x s
x s
AT Ax = AT b
MATLAB \
MATLAB
432
1
0
-2
1
-4
-7
1
-1
3
4
x1 4
x 3
g 2 =
x3 1

x4 6
\\chapter9\zx2c.m
Editor
%
a=[1 -2 1
0 1 -1
2 -4 3
4 -7 4];
b=[-4 3 1 -6]';
%
A=a'*a;
B=a'*b;
MATLAB
433
%
x1=A\B
% MATLAB \
x2=a\b
zx2c.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> zx2c
x1 =
10.7142857142858
12.5714285714286
9.85714285714285
x2 =
10.7142857142856
12.5714285714285
9.85714285714279
MATLAB \
MATLAB
\
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
434
9.2 SVD
Gauss n
X n X X
Y = HX + V
X V V R
E [V] = 0
Cov[V ] = E[VV ] = R
gf = Y - HX
E[V] = 0
- X] = ( H T H )-1 H T E[V] = 0
[X
P
)(
-X X
- X ] = ( H T H )-1 H T RH ( H T H )-1
P = E[ X
T
V R = 2 I
R = 2I
SVD
QR SVD
A A = UV T
r
X LS =
i =1
ui , vi U V
uiT b
vi
i
MATLAB
435
y x y
x
y(%)
1.00
0.9
0.9
0.81
0.60
0.56
0.35
x(%)
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
y x
\\chapter9\qyfj_f.m, qyfj_main.m
y,x
y=[1.00 0.9 0.9 0.81 0.60 0.56 0.35];

x=[3.6
3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2];
plot(x,y,'^')
9.1
MATLAB
436
9.1 y x
y x y=ax+b ab
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
1
1.0000
0.9000
1
0.9000
1
a
1 g = 0.8100
b
1 0.6000
1
0.5600
0.3500
1
SVD
Editor
%
%07 7
function
x=qyfj_f(A,B)
%
[u,s,v]=svd(A);
[m,n]=size(A);
x=0;
%
for i=1:n
x=x+u(:,i)'*B*v(:,i)/s(i,i);
end
qyfj_f.m
MATLAB
437
Editor
%SVD
%A
A=[3.6 1
3.7 1
3.8 1
3.9 1
4.0 1
4.1 1
4.2 1];
%B
B=[1.0 0.9 0.9 0.81 0.60 0.56 0.35]';
%
x=qyfj_f(A,B)
qyfj_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> qyfj_main
x=
-1.0464
4.8125
y x y=-1.0464x+4.8125SVD
A A SVD [u,s,v]=SVDA
u=
-0.3503
-0.3594
-0.3684
-0.3775
-0.3866
-0.3957
-0.4048
-0.5845
-0.3957
-0.2069
-0.0182
0.1706
0.3594
0.5481
-0.3767
-0.1484
0.8954
-0.0998
-0.0950
-0.0902
-0.0854
-0.3510
0.0513
-0.0901
0.8849
-0.1401
-0.1651
-0.1900
-0.3253
0.2511
-0.0756
-0.1304
0.8148
-0.2400
-0.2947
-0.2996
0.4509
-0.0611
-0.1456
-0.2302
0.6852
-0.3994
-0.2740
0.6506
-0.0465
-0.1609
-0.2753
-0.3897
0.4959
MATLAB
438
s=
10.6646
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1313
0
0
0
0
0
v=
-0.9688
-0.2478
0.2478
-0.9688
SVD
-1.0464
x=
4.8125
9.3
Gauss-Markov
( Y - HX )T W ( Y - HX ) =
Y - HX
2
W
MATLAB
439
= ( HT WH )1 HT WY
X
P = ( HT WH ) HT WH ( HT WH )
1
-1
W = R Gauss-Markov
= ( HT R 1H )1 HT R 1Y
X
P = ( HT R 1H )
Gauss-Markov
Gauss-Markov
Gauss-Markov
Gauss-Markov
4 Y
Y X
y1 = x1 + x2
y = x 2x
2
1
2
y3 = 2 x1 + x2
y4 = 3 x1 x2
y1 , y2 , y3 , y4
1
8
2
7.8
3
-7
4
-7.1
5
10
6
4.2
MATLAB
440
R=
0.0100
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0200
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0400
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.0030
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.1000
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.3000
\\chapter9\ gs_mark..m
8 = x1 + x2
= +
7.8 x1 x2
7 = x1 2 x2
7.1 = x1 2 x2
10 = 2 x1 + x2
4.2 = 3 x1 x2
MATLAB x=H\Y
Editor
%GaussMarkov
%
H=[1 1
11
1 -2
MATLAB
441
1 -2
21
3 -1];
%
Y=[8.0 7.8 -7 -7.1 10 4.2]';
%
R=diag([0.01 0.02 0.04 0.003 0.1 0.3])
disp('')
x_g=H\Y
disp('')
P_g=inv(H'*H)*H'*R*H*inv(H'*H)
disp('')
trace_g=trace(P_g)
R1=1./([0.01 0.02 0.04 0.003 0.1 0.3]);

disp('')
W=diag(R1)
disp('')
x_g_m=inv(H'*W*H)*H'*W*Y
disp('')
P_g_m=inv(H'*W*H)
disp('')
trace_g_m=trace(P_g_m)
gs_mark..m
>>clc
>>clear
>> gs_mark
R=
0.0100
MATLAB
442
0
0
0
0
0
0.0200
0
0
0
0
0
0.0400
0
0
0
0
0
0.0030
0
0
0
0
0
0.1000
0
0
0
0
0
0.3000
0
0
25.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
333.3333
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3333
x_g =
2.8769
4.8692
P_g =
0.0107
-0.0004
-0.0004
0.0033
trace_g =
0.0140
W=
100.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
50.0000
0
0
0
0
x_g_m =
2.8821
4.9877
MATLAB
443
P_g_m =
0.0026
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
trace_g_m =
0.0035
2.8769
x=
4.8692
0.0107 -0.0004
P=
-0.0004 0.0033
0.0140
2.8821
x=
4.9877
0.0026
P=
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0035
Gauss-Markov
Gauss-Markov
MATLAB
444
Gauss-Markov
9.4
Kalman
Kamlan Kalman
Kalman
Kalman
Kamlan MATLAB
x& = Ax + Bu + Gw
y = Cx + Du + Hw + v
[kest,L,P] = kalman(sys,Qn,Rn,Nn)
[kest,L,P] = kalman(sys,Qn,Rn,Nn,sensors,known)
[kest,L,P,M,Z] = kalman(sys,Qn,Rn,Nn)
Kalman
Kalman
MATLAB
445
Kalman
MATLAB
0.298 0.412
0.49
x k +1 = 0.401 -0.391 0.391 x k + e k

-0.992 0.401 0.296
yk = x ( 2) k + vk
2
x ( ) x e v
10.9
x1 x1 = 8.481 k = 1, 2,L 30 xk
4.3
Kalman
\\chapter9\lvbo.m
Editor
%%%%%%%%
MATLAB
446
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
x[n+1]=Ax[n]+Bu[n]+Gw[n]
y[n]=Cx[n]+Du[n]+Hw[n]+v[n]
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
A=[0.49 0.298 0.412
0.401 -0.391 0.391
-0.992 0.401 0.296];
%B
B=zeros(3,3);
% G
G=eye(3,3);
%C
C=[0 1 0];
D=[0 0 0];
H=zeros(1,3);
%---
%
x(:,1)=[10.9 8.481 -4.3]';
%
guji=[20.1
21.3
20.7]';
%
for i=2:30
%
w=randn(3,1);
%
v=randn(1,1);
%
x(:,i)=A*x(:,i-1);
%
x1(:,i)=x(:,i)+w;
Qn=eye(2,2);
Rn=1;
Nn=0;
%
z0(:,i)=C*x1(:,i)+v;
MATLAB
447
% Kalman
sys=ss(A,[B G],C,[D H],-1);
[kest,L,P,M,Z]=kalman(sys,Qn,Rn,Nn);
%
guji(:,i)=A*guji(:,i-1)+L*(z0(:,i)-C*A*guji(:,i-1));
end
subplot(2,2,1)
% x1
plot(x(1,:))
hold on
% x1
plot(guji(1,:),':m')
hold off
legend('real of x1','estimate of x1')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
% x2
plot(x(2,:))
hold on
% x2
hold off
grid
subplot(2,2,3:4)
% x2
plot(x(3,:))
hold on
% x3
hold off
grid
lvbo.m
MATLAB
448
>>clear
>>clc
>>lvbo
9.2
9.2
Kalman
9.2
9.1
10.9
8.481
-4.3
6.096738
-0.626471
-8.684719
-0.777390966
-0.70598303
-8.869855791
-4.245685102
-3.503808027
-2.137404671
MATLAB
449
-4.005131216
-1.168256014
2.17402082
-1.41495801
-0.299227376
4.148129668
0.92653024
1.171518442
2.51149455
1.837848068
0.895469285
0.294063284
1.288549473
0.501827329
-1.377019368
10
0.213601806
-0.21792072
-1.484606051
11
-0.571933183
-0.40961964
-0.738722592
12
-0.70666762
-0.35802446
0.184438354
13
-0.376969821
-0.071270755
0.612040224
14
0.046206675
0.116009694
0.526538396
15
0.274145979
0.179045599
0.156538231
16
0.252180869
0.101132157
-0.153820209
17
0.090332082
0.001438153
-0.255140209
18
-0.060426476
-0.064098975
-0.164554228
19
-0.11650681
-0.063509021
-0.014468676
20
-0.08197512
-0.027544456
0.08582491
21
-0.013016194
0.011455399
0.095678165
22
0.036455178
0.027711608
0.045826416
23
0.04500158
0.021701416
-0.011486563
24
0.023785332
0.005069134
-0.039339322
25
-0.003042386
-0.007825788
-0.033206766
26
-0.017504042
-0.011143959
-0.009949297
27
-0.015996991
-0.006552008
0.00995029
28
-0.005691504
3.76E-05
0.016186945
29
0.003891391
0.004032099
0.010452388
30
0.007414731
0.004070781
0.000850519
9.1
9.2 9.1 9.2

8.2
20.1
21.3
20.7
22.7252488
9.494219162
-6.316169216
10.40651623
3.728682279
-21.10563016
-1.788182459
-6.118879723
-14.71090286
-8.614322881
-4.198556849
-4.957777626
-6.763631785
-4.378077639
5.787030676
-2.357407994
1.364838315
6.60265909
1.422692466
1.56099626
4.553088326
2.392673342
2.2791037
0.224864281
MATLAB
450
10
1.861692101
0.225133574
-1.436205036
11
0.517263742
-0.01125328
-2.113843039
12
-0.58022756
-0.648547414
-1.122123626
13
-0.593150559
-0.707212838
0.164664887
14
-0.553204215
0.202906809
0.290993037
15
-0.391235191
0.063405251
0.559150432
16
-0.618625591
0.601259193
0.22549466
17
0.434915463
-0.783860719
1.165157579
18
-0.045343222
1.357835159
-0.664868843
19
-0.11295527
-0.624252831
0.276887725
20
-0.398859291
0.53368178
-0.198301503
21
-0.179721431
-0.394725491
0.518760826
22
-0.279207237
0.524824267
0.023365338
23
0.448919666
-0.658297751
0.7137889
24
0.479427729
0.581682628
-0.413558092
25
0.032585161
-0.025564549
-0.472086999
26
0.014970698
-0.329369401
-0.077156563
27
-0.852877938
0.7140655
-0.551591054
28
0.072338102
-1.258081817
1.233014025
29
-0.453268751
1.521953811
-0.536391476
30
-0.003343612
-0.975064648
0.893963618
9.2 Kalman
Kalman
Kalman
Kalman Kalman
9.5
MATLAB
MATLAB polyfit()
MATLAB polyfit
p = polyfit(x,y,n)
MATLAB
451
xy n polyval
poly2sym
polyval
MATLAB
polyval
f ( x ) = sin x + x
[-33] 0.5
\\chapter9\dxs_main.m
Editor
%
x=-3:0.5:3;
y=sin(x)+x;
%
p3=polyfit(x,y,3);
%
vpa(poly2sym(p3),10)
MATLAB
452
x1=-3:0.1:3; %
y1=polyval(p3,x1);%
plot(x,y,x,y,'*',x1,y1)
grid
dxs_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>dxs_main
ans =
-.9180150775e-1*x^3-.1038199528e-15*x^2+1.851366521*x+.1856830267e-15
( x ) = 0.9180150775e 1x 3 .1038199528e 15 x 2 + 1.851366521x + 0.1856830267e 15

9.3
9.3
MATLAB
9.6
453
MATLAB lsqcurvefit
( x _ d , y _ d )
min
x
1
F ( x, x _ d ) y _ d
2
2
2
MATLAB lsqcurvefit
x = lsqcurvefit(fun,x0,xdata,ydata)
x = lsqcurvefit(fun,x0,xdata,ydata,lb,ub)
x = lsqcurvefit(fun,x0,xdata,ydata,lb,ub,options)
[x,resnorm] = lsqcurvefit(...)
[x,resnorm,residual] = lsqcurvefit(...)
[x,resnorm,residual,exitflag] = lsqcurvefit(...)
[x,resnorm,residual,exitflag,output] = lsqcurvefit(...)
[x,resnorm,residual,exitflag,output,lambda] = lsqcurvefit(...)
[x,resnorm,residual,exitflag,output,lambda,jacobian] =lsqcurvefit(...)
x0
xdataydata
x
lsqcurvefit
MATLAB
454
x
-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
y
38.84982659
34.74885434
30.71474987
27.17440033
24.21494064
19.79552224
8.319659194
0.912559575
-1.898102117
-6.749766907
-2.080384316
-1.49300822
-2.655131444
x
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
y
2.415889835
9.869970417
10.10978871
10.58268605
5.186611205
6.567569969
4.191909502
-2.247630195
-7.57887831
-12.72526736
-26.44077449
-47.06416166
0 = sin ( x )
2
1 = x
x
1 = e
\\chapter9\fun_nihe.m, nihe.m
Editor
%
function f=fun_nihe(c,x)
f=c(1)*sin(x)+c(2)*x.^2+c(3)*exp(x);
fun_nihe.m
Editor
MATLAB
455
%%
%
f=@(x)8*sin(x)+x.^2-0.2*exp(x);
f(2)
x=-6:0.5:6;
% y
y=f(x)+2*randn(size(x));
%
plot(x,y,'*')
grid
hold
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
%
c0=[1 1 1];
%
[c,r]=lsqcurvefit(@fan_nihe,c0,x,y)
%
g=@(x)c(1)*sin(x)+c(2)*x.^2+c(3)*exp(x);
x_g=-6:0.1:6;
y_g=g(x_g);
%
plot(x_g,y_g)
hold off
nihe.m
>> clear
>> nihe
ans =
9.79656819481932
Current plot held
MATLAB
456
Optimization terminated: relative function value

changing by less than OPTIONS.TolFun.
c=
7.95542904102721
0.997246158847839
-0.203088890284279
r=
93.04797547706
9.4
9.4
MATLAB
457
9.7
MATLAB
{( x , y )}
i =1
( x ) = a0 0 ( x ) + a11 ( x ) + L + ann ( x )
E = a j j ( x ) yi
i =1 j = 0
E ( a0 , a1 ,L , an )
=0
ai
a0
a
a = 1 ,
M

an
A = aij
m ( n +1)
y1
y
y= 2
M

ym
, aij = j ( xi )
E = Aa - y
2
2
Aa = y
8.1
MATLAB
458
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-5
f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x
\\chapter9\zx_nh.m,zx_nh_f.m
Editor
%
x=[-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3]';
y=[4
%
3 0 -1 -2 -5]';
%
a=[
zx_nh_f(x(1))
zx_nh_f(x(2))
MATLAB
459
zx_nh_f(x(3))
zx_nh_f(x(4))
zx_nh_f(x(5))
zx_nh_f(x(6))
zx_nh_f(x(7))];
b=y;
%
A=a'*a;
B=a'*b;
c=A\B
%%
% MATLAB c=a\b
%
%c
%
x_n=-3:0.02:3;
y_n=c(1)*1+c(2)*x_n+c(3)*x_n.^2;
plot(x,y,'*',x_n,y_n)
grid
zx_nh.m
Editor
%
function f=zx_nh_f(x)
f(1)=1;
f(2)=x;
f(3)=x^2;
>>clear
>>clc
>> zx_nh
c=
0.666666666666666
-1.39285714285714
-0.130952380952381
MATLAB
460
f ( x) = 0.666666666666666 -1.39285714285714x 0.130952380952381x 2

9.5
9.5
MATLAB
461
Kalman
x = (1.8725
4
-7
11 x1 2

-7 x2 8
=
-5 x3 4

5 x4 10
-2
3
T
0.0935 -7.4699 -1.5274 )
3
3
-1
-10
1
8
5
-8
0
-3
-5
-6
1
-2
0
-2
-2
2
2
x
11
28
40
-3
-3.99
-2.5
-3.3011
-2
-2.4161
-1.5
-1.4293
y 6.55 x 12.5
3
MATLAB
462
-1
-0.4597
-0.5
0.37758
0.5
1.3776
1.5403
10
1.5
1.5707
11
1.5839
12
2.5
1.6989
13
2.01
( x ) = 0.9692912747e 16 x3 .2221378251x 2 + x + 0.7438422527

9.6
9.6
MATLAB
463
S = f ( x )dx
b
sin x
cos x
dx,
dx, sin x 2 dx
x
x
ex
x
1
x2
dx
,
e
x dx, ln xdx, ln x dx
10.1
xi +1
xi
f ( x)dx [a, b] n
f ( x)dx =
h
h3
[ f ( xi ) + f ( xi+1 )] f '' (i ) , i [ xi , xi+1 ]
2
12
f ( x)dx =
i =1
xi +1
xi
f ( x)dx =
i =1
n
h
h3
[ f ( xi ) + f ( xi+1 )] f '' (i )
2
i =1 12
MATLAB
464
1 n
f '' (i ) = f '' ( )
n i =1
n 1
h
nh3
f ( x)dx = f (a) + f (b) + 2 f ( a + ih )
f '' ( )
2
i =1
12
n 1
h
ba
f
a
f
b
f ( a + ih ) , h =
(
)
+
(
)
+
2
2
n
i =1
f ( x)dx
(x
2
+ sin( x ) )dx
204080 200
\ \chapter10\tixing.m, fun_tixing.m,
tixing_main.m
Editor
%
%by song
MATLAB
465
%08 8 7
function s=tixing(a,b,n)
% ab
% n
h=(b-a)/n;
s=0;
%
for k=1:(n-1)
x=a+h*k;
s=s+fun_tixing(x);
end
s=h*(fun_tixing(a)+fun_tixing(b))/2+h*s;
tixing.m
Editor
%
function f=fun_tixing(x)
f=x^2+sin(x);
fun_tixing.m
Editor
%%
disp('20 ')
s_20=tixing(-2,2,20)
disp('40 ')
s_40=tixing(-2,2,40)
disp('80 ')
s_80=tixing(-2,2,80)
disp('200 ')
s_200=tixing(-2,2,200)
%%%
disp('')
MATLAB
466
fenxi_s=int('x^2+sin(x)',-2,2)
% 12
s=vpa(fenxi_s,12)
%
TOL=[s_20-s;
s_40-s;
s_80-s;
s_200-s]
%%%%
x=-2:0.05:2;
y=x.^2+sin(x);
area(x,y)
grid
tixing_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> tixing_main
20
s_20 =
5.36
40
s_40 =
5.34
80
s_80 =
5.335
200
MATLAB
467
s_200 =
5.3336
fenxi_s =
16/3
s=
5.33333333333
TOL =
.266666666700000000000000000000e-1
.66666666700000000000000000000e-2
.16666666700000000000000000000e-2
.2666666700000000000000000000e-3
10.1
20
5.36
0.2666666667e-1
40
5.34
0.666666667e-2
80
5.335
0.166666667e-2
200
5.3336
0.26666667e-3
10.1
10.1
10.1 x x
MATLAB
468
10.1
10.2 Simpson
Simpson
n+1 [a,b] m [ x2i 2 , x2 i ], i = 1,L , m
x2i 1
x2i x2i 2 = 2h =
ba
m
[a,b]
n 1
I = f ( x ) dx =
b
k =0
xk +1
xk
f ( x ) dx
h n 1
x + xk +1
f ( xk ) + 4 f k
+ f ( xk +1 ) + Rn ( f )
6 k =0
2
MATLAB
469
x2 i
i =1
x2 i 2
f ( x)dx =
f ( x )dx
m
h
= [ f (a) + f (b) + 4 f (a + 2(i 1)h)
3
i =1
m 1
+ 2 f (a + 2ih)]
i 1
mh5 ( 4)
f ( )
90
a < <b
Simpson
f ( x)dx Sm ( f )
m
h
= [ f (a) + f (b) + 4 f (a + 2(i 1)h)
3
i =1
m 1
+ 2 f (a + 2ih)]
i 1
h=
ba
2m
Em ( f ) =
mh5 ( 4)
h 4 (b a ) ( 4 )
f ( ) =
f ( )
90
180
a< <b
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
2
I ( f ) = 3ln xdx
1
MATLAB
470
105
\\chapter10\xps.m,
f_xps.m, xps_main.m
f ( x ) = 3ln( x ) f ( x ) 4
f ( 4) ( x ) =
18
x4
max f ( 4) ( x ) = 18
x[1,2]
Simpson
h4 ( b a ) ( 4 )
( b a ) f ( 4) ,1 < < 2
Em ( f ) =
f ( ) =
( )
180
2880m 4
5
Em ( f
(b a )
=
2880m
max f ( 4) ( x )
4 x 1,2
[ ]
Em ( f
) 105
(b a )
2880m
max f ( 4) ( x ) 105
4 x 1,2
[ ]
18
105
4
2880m
m 5 m=5 h =
ba
= 0.1
2m
Editor
%Simpson
%08 8
function s=xps(a,b,n)
%a,b
MATLAB
471
%n
% n
100
if nargin<3
n=100;
end
%
h=(b-a)/(2*n);
%
s1=0;
s2=0;
for k=1:n
x=a+h*(2*k-1);
s1=s1+f_xps(x);
end
for k=1:(n-1)
x=a+h*2*k;
s2=s2+f_xps(x);
end
%
s=h*(f_xps(a)+f_xps(b)+4*s1+2*s2)/3;
xps.m
Editor
% Simpson
function f=f_xps(x)
f=3*log(x);
f_xps.m
Editor
%Simpson
disp('')
s_1=xps(1,2,5)
syms x
%
int_f=int(3*log(x));
MATLAB
472
s=subs(int_f,2)-subs(int_f,1);
% Simpson
ds=s-s_1
%
x=1:0.02:2;
y=3*log(x);
area(x,y)
grid
xps_main.m
>> xps_main
s_1 =
1.15888021141442
ds =
2.87194525427914e-006
1.15888021141442
10.2
MATLAB
473
10.2
10.3
Romberg
TOL
f ( x)dx
n 1
h
f ( x)dx [ f (a) + f (b) + 2 f ( xk )]
2
k =1
TOL
MATLAB
474
T = e x dx
2
104
\\chapter10\
kong_tixing.m, kong_t_main.m,kong_t_f.m
Editor
%
%8 7
function [jifen,num] = kong_tixing(a,b,tol)
% a,b
%tol 10 -3
if(nargin==3)
eps=1.0e-3;
end
n=1;
h=(b-a)/2;
int_1=0;
%
int_2=(kong_t_f(a)+kong_t_f(b))/h;
MATLAB
475
%
while abs(int_2-int_1)>tol
n=n+1;
h=(b-a)/n;
int_1=int_2;
int_2=0;
for i=0:n-1
x=a+h*i;
x1=x+h;
int_2=int_2+(h/2)*(kong_t_f(x)+kong_t_f(x1));
end
end
%%%%
%
jifen=int_2;
%
num=n;
kong_tixing.m
Editor
function f=kong_t_f(x)
f=exp(-x^2);
kong_t_f.m
Editor
%
% 0.1
[s_1,num_1]=kong_tixing(0,1,1e-1)
% 0.01
% 0.001
%
x=0:0.02:1;
y=exp(-x.^2);
area(x,y)
grid
MATLAB
476
kong_t_main.m
>>clear
>> kong_t_main
s_1 =
0.739986475276682
num_1 =
3
s_2 =
0.746398247893441
num_2 =
12
s_1 =
0.746818876175303
num_3 =
108
104 12 107
108
MATLAB
477
108
10.3
0.746818876175303
10.3
10.4 Simpson
Simpson
[ a, b ] n Simpson
n 1
I = f ( x ) dx =
b
k =0
xk +1
xk
h n 1
f ( xk ) + 4 f
6 k =0
f ( x ) dx
xk + xk +1
+ f ( xk +1 ) + Rn ( f )
n
n
n
MATLAB
478
Simpson
Simpson
( x x ) dx
2
\\chapter10\kong_xps.m, kong_xps_f.m,
kong_xps_main.m
Editor
% simpson
%9
function [jifen,num] = kong_xps(a,b,tol)
% a,b
%tol 10 -3
if(nargin==3)
eps=1.0e-3;
end
n=1;
h=(b-a)/2;
int_1=0;
%
int_2=(kong_t_f(a)+kong_t_f(b))/h;
MATLAB
479
%
while abs(int_2-int_1)>tol
n=n+1;
h=(b-a)/n;
int_1=int_2;
int_2=0;
for i=0:n-1
x=a+h*i;
x1=x+h;
int_2=int_2+(h/6)*(kong_xps_f(x)+4*kong_xps_f((x+x1)/2)+kong_xps_f(x1));
end
end
%%%%
%
jifen=int_2;
%
num=n;
kong_xps.m
Editor
% Simpson
function f=kong_xps_f(x)
f=-x-x^2;
kong_xps_f.m
Edior
%
% 0.1
[s_1,num_3]=kong_xps(-1,2,1e-5)
%
real_ans=int('-x-x^2',-1,2)
%
x=-1:0.05:2;
y=-x-x.^2;
area(x,y)
grid
kong_xps_main.m
MATLAB
480
>> kong_xps_main
s_1 =
-4.5
num_3 =
3
real_ans =
-9/2
-4.5-4.5
10.4
10.4 x x
10.4
MATLAB
481
10.5
Romberg
Romberg
Romberg
1 R ( 0, 0 ) =
1
( b a ) f ( a ) + f ( b )
2
i 2
h 2
1
2 R ( i, 0 ) = R ( i 1, 0 ) + i 1
2
2 k =1
3
R ( m, j ) =
f a + k hi 1
2
4 j 1 R ( m, j 1) R ( m 1, j 1)
4 j 1 1
Romberg 5.1
R11
R21 R22
R31 R32 R33
R41 R42 R43 R44
R51 R52 R53 R54 R55
R61 R62 R63 R64 R65 R66
10.2 Romberg
Romberg Romberg
Romberg
Romberg
MATLAB
482
Romberg
S=
1.5
x
dx
4 + x2
106
\ \chapter10\rombg.m, rombg_f.m,
rombg_main.m
Editor
%Romberg
%08
%a,b
%TOL
%s
function s=rombg(a,b,TOL)
n=1;
h=b-a;
%
delt=1;
x=a;
k=0;
R=zeros(4,4);
R(1,1)=h*(rombg_f(a)+rombg_f(b))/2;
while delt>TOL
%
k=k+1;
h=h/2; s=0;
for j=1:n
x=a+h*(2*j-1); s=s+rombg_f(x);
end
R(k+1,1)= R(k,1)/2+h*s; n=2*n;
for i=1:k
R(k+1,i+1)=((4î)*R(k+1,i)-R(k,i))/(4î-1);
end
%
MATLAB
483
delt=abs(R(k+1,k)-R(k+1,k+1));
end
s=R(k+1,k+1);
rombg.m
Editor
%Romberg
function f=rombg_f(x)
f=x/(4+x^2);
rombg_f.m
Editor
%Romberg
% 08 9 11
s=rombg(0,1.5,1.e-6)
%
x=0:0.02:1.5;
y=x./(4+x.^2);
area(x,y)
grid
rombg_main.m
>> rombg_main
s=
0.223143586093269
5.5
0.111571784504289
MATLAB
484
10.5
1.5 0
( f ( 0 ) + f (1) )
2
1
2 R ( 2,1) = R (1,1) + 1.5 f ( 0.75)
2
R (1,1) =
R ( 2, 2 ) =
R ( 2,1) R (1,1)
3
R ( 3,1) =
1
R ( 2,1) + 0.75 ( f ( 0.375 ) + f (1.125 ) )
2
R ( 3, 2 ) =
4 R ( 3,1) R ( 2,1)
3
R ( 3,3) =
16 R ( 3, 2 ) R ( 2, 2 )
15
10.6 Gauss-Legendre
Gauss
MATLAB
485
Gauss-Legendre
Gauss-Legendre
f ( x ) dx Ak f ( xk )
k =1
xk Legendre [ 1,1]
n Legendre
n
1 dn 2
t 1)
n
n (
2 n ! dt
Pn ( t ) =
Ak
Ak =
(1 xk )
Pn ' ( xk )
2 (1 xk )
n 2 Pn ( xk )
[ a, b ]
x=
f ( x ) dx =
a +b ba
+
t
2
2
ba n
Ak f
2 k =1
a+b ba
+
xk
2
2
-0.9061798459
-0.5384693101
x=
0
0.5384693101
0.9061798459
0.2369268851
0.4786286705
A = 0.5688888889
0.4786286705
0.2369268851
5 Legendre
MATLAB
486
Gauss
Legendre
n Legendre
Gauss-Legendre
S = 2 x 2 cos xdx
0
\\chapter10\gau_leg.m, gau_leg_f.m,
gau_leg_main.m
Editor
%Gauss-Legendre
%08 9
%ab
function s=gau_leg(a,b)
%5 Legendre
node=[-0.9061798459,-0.5384693101,0,0.5384693101,0.9061798459];
%
quan=[0.2369268851,0.4786286705,0.5688888889,0.4786286705,0.2369268851];
%t 15
t=(b+a)/2+(b-a)*node/2;
s=((b-a)/2)*sum(quan.*gau_leg_f(t));
gau_leg.m
Editor
MATLAB
487
%Gauss-Legendre
%
function f=gau_leg_f(x)
f=(x.^2).*cos(x);
gau_leg_f.m
Editor
%Gauss-Legendre
disp(':')
s=gau_leg(0,pi/2)
%
x=0:0.01:pi/2;
y=(x.^2).*cos(x);
bar(x,y)
grid
gau_leg_main.m
>> gau_leg_main
:
s=
0.46740109740108
10.6 10.6
MATLAB
488
10.6 Gauss-Legendre
Gauss-Legendre Legendre
Legendre
Gauss-Legendre
22 n+1 ( n !)
R( f ) =
f ( 2n ) ( ) , [ 1,1]
3
2n + 1 ( 2n !)
Legendre
10.7 Gauss-Laguerre
[ 0, ]
S = f ( x )dx
0
n Gauss-Laguerre
n
S Ak f ( xk )
k =1
xk Ak
Ak =
Laguerre
xk
( n + 1)
Ln +1 ( xk )
MATLAB
489
Ln ( x ) = e x
d n n x
( x e ), 0 x <
dx n
5 Laguerre
0.2635599
1.4134029
x = 3.596246
7.0858099
12.6408
0.6790941054
1.638487956
A = 2.769426772
4.315944
7.10489623
Laguerre
Laguerre
Laguerre
S = xe x dx
0
\\chapter10\gau_lag.m, gau_lag_f.m,
MATLAB
490
Editor
%Gauss-Laguerre
%
function s=gau_lag()
%
node=[0.26355990,1.41340290,3.59624600,7.08580990,12.640800];
%
quan=[0.6790941054,1.638487956,2.769426772,4.31594400,7.10489623];
%
s=sum(quan.*gau_lag_f(node))
%%%%%%%%%%%
%
clear
x=0:0.1:20;
y=x.*exp(-x);
area(x,y)
grid
gau_lag.m
Editor
%Gauss-Laguerre
function f=gau_lag_f(x)
f=x.*exp(-x);
gau_lag_f.m
>> s=gau_lag
s=
1.00003075881944
0
10.7 10.7
MATLAB
491
10.7
Gauss-Laguerre
( n !) f ( 2 n) , 0 <
R( f ) =
( )
( 2n ) !
2
Gauss-Laguerre
e x g ( x ) dx
10.8
Gauss-Hermite
Gauss-Hermite ( , )
S=
f ( x ) dx
n Guass-Hermite
n
S Ak f ( xk )
k =1
xk , Ak 5 Hermite
MATLAB
492
-2.020182
-0.9585719
x=
0
0.9585719
2.020182
1.181469599
0.9865791417
A = 0.9453089237
0.9865791417
1.181469599
Hermite
Gauss-Hermite
Gauss-Hermite
Gauss-Hermite
S = e x dx
2
\\chapter10\gau_herm.m, gau_herm_f.m
Editor
%Gauss-Laguerre
%
MATLAB
493
function s=gau_lag()
%
node=[
-2.02018200
-0.95857190
0.00000000
0.95857190
2.02018200];
%
quan=[
1.181469599
0.9865791417
0.9453089237
0.9865791417
1.181469599
];
%
s=sum(quan.*gau_herm_f(node));
%%
%
clear
x=-6:0.1:6;
y=exp(-x.^2);
area(x,y)
grid
gau_herm.m
Editor
%Gauss-Laguerre
function f=gau_herm_f(x)
f=exp(-x.^2);
gau_herm_f.m
>> gau_herm
ans =
1.77245292373229
MATLAB
494
10.8 10.8 x
10.8
Gauss-Hermite
S = e x g ( x ) dx
2
Hermite
d2y
dy
2 x + 2ny = 0
2
dx
dx
( )
d n x2
H n ( x ) = ( 1) e
e
dx n
n
x2
H n ( x )
H0 ( x) = 1
H1 ( x ) = 2 x
H n ( x ) = 2 xH n1 ( x ) 2 ( n 1) H n 2 ( x ) , n 2
10.9 Gauss-Chebyshev
MATLAB
495
[ 1,1]
( x) =
1
1 x2
Gauss-Chebyshev
1
f ( x)
1 x2
dx Ak f ( xk )
k =1
2k 1
, k = 1, 2,L n
xk = cos
2n
Ak =
Gauss-Chebyshev
R( f ) =
2
f ( 2 n ) ( ) , 1 < < 1
2 ( 2n ) !
2n
[ 1,1] [ a, b ]
1
f ( x)
1 x
dx
(b a )
2n
a+b ba
+
xk
2
2
f
k =1
Gauss-Chebyshev
[ 1,1]
Gauss-Chebyshev
MATLAB
496
S=
ex
1 x2
dx
\\chapter10\gau_cheb.m, gau_cheb_f.m,
gau_cheb_main.m
Editor
%Gauss-chebyshev
%08 9
function s=gau_cheb(a,b,n)
%a,b
%n 5
if nargin==2
n=5;
end;
k=1:n;
x=cos(pi*(2*k-1)/(2*n));
t=(b+a)/2+(b-a)/2*x;
s=(b-a)*pi/2/n*sum(gau_cheb_f(t));
gau_cheb.m
Editor
%Gauss-chebyshev
function f=gau_cheb_f(x)
f=exp(x);
gau_cheb_f.m
Editor
%Gauss-chebyshev
for i=1:9
s(i)=gau_cheb(-1,1,i);
MATLAB
497
end
disp('')
s=s'
%
clear
x=-0.99:0.02:0.99;
y=exp(x)./sqrt(1-x.^2);
area(x,y);
grid
gau_cheb_main.m
>> gau_cheb_main
s=
3.97746326050642
10.9
10.9
MATLAB
498
( x) =
1 x2
Gauss-Chebyshev 10.3
3.14159265358979
3.96026605279076
3.97732196008232
3.97746263466196
3.97746325877669
3.97746326050316
3.97746326050642
3.97746326050642
3.97746326050642
10.3
9
R( f )
2
e
2 18!
18
10.10
S = f ( x ) dx
b
0 1 t (1 n )
xk = a + ( b a ) tk , k = 1, 2L , n
MATLAB
499
S = f ( x ) dx
b
ba n
f ( xk )
n k =1
S=
8.4
2.5
(x
+ sin x ) dx
\\chapter10\
monte_carlo.m, monte_carlo_f.m,monte_carlo_main.m
Editor
function s=monte_carlo(a,b,n)
%Monte_carlo
%08 9 16
if nargin==2
MATLAB
n=10000;
end
%
t=rand(1,n);
%
x=a+(b-a)*t;
s=sum(monte_carlo_f(x));
s=s*(b-a)/n;
monte_carlo.m
Editor
function f=monte_carlo_f(x)
%montecarlo
f=x.^2+sin(x);
monte_carlo_f.m
%monte_carlo
%08 9
%by song yezhi
format short
s=monte_carlo(0,0.4)
%
s_format=int('exp(3*x)*cos(2*x)',0,0.4)
s_ex=vpa(s_ex,6)
x=-0.5:0.01:0.5;
y=exp(3*x).*cos(2*x);
plot(x,y)
hold on
%
x1=0:0.01:0.4;
y1=exp(3*x1).*cos(2*x1);
area(x1,y1)
grid on
monte_carlo_main.m
500
MATLAB
501
>> monte_carlo_main
s=
0.6693
s_format =
3/13*exp(6/5)*cos(4/5)+2/13*exp(6/5)*sin(4/5)-3/13
s_ex =
.669451
10.10
10.10
n
MATLAB
502
10.11 MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB trapz quad quadl

Trapz
Z = trapz(Y)
Z = trapz(X,Y)
Z = trapz(Y) Y
Y Z = trapz(X,Y) Y X
quad
q = quad(fun,a,b)
q = quad(fun,a,b,tol)
q = quad(fun,a,b,tol,trace)
[q,fcnt] = quadl(fun,a,b,...)
fun a,b tol
MATLAB
Quadl
q = quadl(fun,a,b)
q = quadl(fun,a,b,tol)
q = quadl(fun,a,b,tol,trace)
[q,fcnt] = quadl(fun,a,b,...)
quadl MATLAB
quad8 quad8 8 Newton-Cotes Mahtworks
quadl quad8
trapz
quad
quadl
MATLAB
503
1 trapz
S1 =
2 x x 2 dx
2 quad
S 2 = 2 ( x 3 + sin 2 x ) cos 2 xdx
3 quadl
S = x (1 x
1
3
4 2
dx
\\chapter10\tr_quad.m
Editor
%MATLAB
%
%08 9 16
x=0:0.01:1;
y=sqrt(2*x-x.^2);
s1=trapz(x,y)
%s1
s1_ex=pi/4
%quad
%
f=@(x)(x.^3+(sin(x)).^2).*cos(x).*cos(x);
s=quad(f,-pi/2,pi/2)
%s2
s2_ex=pi/8
MATLAB
%quadl
%
g=@(x)x.*(1-x.^4).^(3/2);
s=quadl(g,0,1)
%s3
s3_ex=pi*3/32
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%
subplot(3,1,1)
area(x,y)
grid
title('trapz method')
%
x=-pi/2:0.05:pi/2;
y=(x.^3+(sin(x)).^2).*cos(x).*cos(x);
subplot(3,1,2)
area(x,y)
grid
title('quad method')
%
x=0:0.01:1;
y=x.*(1-x.^4).^(3/2);
subplot(3,1,3)
area(x,y)
grid
title('quadl method')
tr_quad.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> tr_quad
504
MATLAB
505
s1 =
0.78510425794476
s1_ex =
0.78539816339745
s=
0.39269910233665
s2_ex =
0.39269908169872
s=
0.29452507494360
s3_ex =
0.29452431127404
3
2 3
10.11
4
8
32
MATLAB
506
10.11
MATLAB quadl
10.12
MATLAB
q = dblquad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax)
q = dblquad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,tol)
q = dblquad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,tol,method)
fun [ x min, x max ] [ y min, y max ] method
MATLAB
triplequad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax)
triplequad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax,tol)
triplequad(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax,tol,method)
[ x min, x max ] [ y min, y max ] [ z min, z max ]
MATLAB
507
tol method
MATLAB
MATLAB
V =
( y sin x + x cos y ) dxdy
M =
(x
2
+ y 2 + z 2 ) dxdydz
\\chapter10\d_int.m
Editor
%
%
%08 9
%%%%%%%%%%
f=@(x,y)y*sin(x)+x*cos(y);
v=dblquad(f,pi,2*pi,0,pi)
MATLAB
508
%
x=pi:0.1:2*pi;
y=0:0.1:pi;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=y.*sin(x)+x.*cos(y);
waterfall(x,y,z)
%
view(-37.5,60)
grid
%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
g=@(x,y,z)x.^2+y.^2+z.^2;
%
m=triplequad(g,1,2,1,2,1,2)
d_int.m
>> d_int
v=
-9.86960437725457
m=
7.00000000000000
z = f ( x, y ) 10.12
MATLAB
509
10.12
MATLAB Howard Wilson Bryce Gardner
NIT
The Math Works
MATLAB NIT
simpson Newton-Cotes
n 1 2
Romberg
MATLAB
quadl
MATLAB
510
a)
I =
x + 1 x2
) dx
2
I=2
b) Romberg
I =
1 sin xdx
I= 4 2 4
c) Gauss-Legendre
1.5
I = e x dx
2
I=0.1093642
d)
I=
x[ 1,1]
y[0,2]
-7.5989e-018
sin x cos ydxdy
MATLAB
511
11.1 Euler
Euler
dy
= f ( x, y )
dx
xn = x0 + nh, n = 0,1, 2,L
y ( xn +1 ) y ( xn )
h
f ( xn , y ( xn ) )
yn+1 = yn + hf ( xn , yn )
Euler
x0
MATLAB
512
Euler
Eluer
Euler
dx 2
2 t
= x+t e
dt t
t [1, 2], x (1) = 0
\ \chapter11\Euler.m, Euler_fun.m,
Euler_main.m
Euler
Editor
function [t,x]= Euler(fun,t0,tt,x0,N)
%MyEuler
%fun ft,x
%t0,tt
%x0 x0 ,
%N [t0,tt]
h=(tt-t0)/N;
% h
t=t0+[0:N]'*h;
% t
x(1,:) = x0';
for k = 1:N
f=feval(fun,t(k),x(k,:));
f=f';
x(k+1,:) =x(k,:)+h*f;
end
MATLAB
513
Euler.m
Editor
function f=Euler_fun(t,x)
f=2/t*x+t^2*exp(t);
Euler_fun.m
Editor
%Euler
function main_Euler
[t,x]=Euler('Euler_fun',1,2,0,20);%
fh=dsolve('Dx=2/t*x+t^2*exp(t)','x(1)=0'); %
for k=1:21
ft(k)=t(k);
fx(k)=subs(fh,ft(k));
end
subplot(1,2,1),plot(t,x,'*',ft,fx),grid on
%
subplot(1,2,2),plot(t,x-fx'),grid on
%
[t,x,fx',x-fx']
%t
%x
%fx
% x-fx
main_Euler.m
>>main_Euler
1.00000000000000
1.05000000000000
0.13591409142295
1.10000000000000
0.30638630848932
MATLAB
514
1.90000000000000
12.96207146777123
1.95000000000000
14.85108970238007
2.00000000000000
16.94901327235141
, 11.1
tn
xn
x (tn )
xn x (tn )
1.05
0.13591409142295
0.15365464178854
-0.01774055036559
1.1
0.30638630848932
0.34591987653974
-0.03953356805042
1.15
0.51599165370984
0.58178240492763
-0.06579075121779
1.2
0.76969599931610
0.86664253575960
-0.09694653644350
1.25
1.07288575102948
1.20634551406687
-0.13345976303739
1.3
1.43139965466354
1.60721507818074
-0.17581542351719
1.35
1.85156288882072
2.07608939732863
-0.22452650850791
1.4
2.34022359688479
2.62035955123583
-0.28013595435104
10
1.45
2.90479202198448
3.24801072380729
-0.34321870182281
11
1.5
3.55328241966640
3.96766629422779
-0.41438387456140
12
1.55
4.29435793472386
4.78863502080140
-0.49427708607754
13
1.6
5.13737864103491
5.72096152559634
-0.58358288456142
14
1.65
6.09245295642217
6.77548030151739
-0.68302734509521
15
1.7
7.17049265851352
7.96387347784497
-0.79338081933145
16
1.75
8.38327174241302
9.29873259561172
-0.91546085319870
17
1.8
9.74348937674285
10.79362466049060
-1.05013528374779
18
1.85
11.26483723135230
12.46316275820360
-1.19832552685133
19
1.9
12.96207146777120
14.32308153589100
-1.36101006811977
20
1.95
14.85108970238000
16.39031787247520
-1.53922817009520
21
16.94901327235140
18.68309708188640
-1.73408380953501
11.1 Euler
10.1
MATLAB
515
11.1 Euler
11.2 Euler
Euler
yn +1 = yn + [ f ( tn , yn ) + f (tn +1 , yn +1 )]
2
y0 =
h=b-a/N Euler
yn+1
yn+1 Euler
y ( 0) n+1 = yn + hf ( xn , yn )
h
( k +1)
(k )
y n +1 = yn + f ( xn , yn ) + f xn +1 , y n +1
2
( k = 0,1, 2,L)
- Euler Henu
MATLAB
516
Euler
Euler
Eluer
dx 1 2
= ( x + x)
dt t
t [1,3], x (1) = 2
Euler
\\chapter11\GjEule, GjEuler_fun.m,
GjEuler_main.m
Euler
Editor
function [t,x]=GjEuler(fun,t0,tt,x0,N)
%
h=(tt-t0)/N;%
t=t0+[0:N]'*h;% x
x(1,:)=x0';
for i=1:N
f1=h*feval(fun,t(i),x(i,:));
f1=f1';
f2=h*feval(fun,t(i+1),x(i,:)+f1);
f2=f2';
x(i+1,:)=x(i,:)+1/2*(f1+f2);
MATLAB
517
end
GjEuler.m
Editor
function f=GjEuler(t,x)
f=1/t*(x^2+x);
GjEuler_fun.m
Editor
function GjEuler_main()
%
[t,x]=Euler('GjEuler_fun',1,3,-2,15);%Euler
[tgj,xgj]=GjEuler('GjEuler_fun',1,3,-2,15);% Eule
sh=dsolve('Dx=1/t*(x^2+x)','x(1)=-2','t'); %
for k=1:16
st(k)=t(k);
sx(k)=subs(sh,st(k));
end
plot(t,x,'*',tgj,xgj,'+',st,sx)
[t,x,xgj,sx']
%te
%x Euler
%xgj Euler
% sx sx
[t,sx'-x,sx'-xgj]
%
%plot(t,sx'-x,'+',t,sx'-xgj,'*')
GjEuler_main.m
>>GjEuler_main
11.2
t
Euler
Euler
MATLAB
518
-2
-2
-2
1.1333
-1.7333
-1.7919
-1.7895
1.2667
-1.5838
-1.655
-1.6522
1.4
-1.4865
-1.5582
-1.5556
1.5333
-1.4176
-1.4863
-1.4839
1.6667
-1.3661
-1.4308
-1.4286
1.8
-1.3261
-1.3866
-1.3846
1.9333
-1.2941
-1.3506
-1.3488
2.0667
-1.2678
-1.3208
-1.3191
2.2
-1.2459
-1.2956
-1.2941
2.3333
-1.2274
-1.2741
-1.2727
2.4667
-1.2114
-1.2555
-1.2542
2.6
-1.1976
-1.2393
-1.2381
2.7333
-1.1854
-1.225
-1.2239
2.8667
-1.1747
-1.2123
-1.2113
-1.1652
-1.201
-1.2
11.2 Euler
Euler
Euler
11.2 Euler
11.2 Euler
Euler
11.2
Euler
MATLAB
519
Euler
Euler
11.3
Euler x (tn ) xn
tn
Euler
x (tn ) xn
1.00000000000000
1.13333333333333
-0.05614035087719
0.00242174062607
1.26666666666667
-0.06838306337028
0.00280267287422
1.40000000000000
-0.06909129597029
0.00268328752017
1.53333333333333
-0.06627449248420
0.00245014166524
1.66666666666667
-0.06245176126199
0.00221071205650
1.80000000000000
-0.05850877955396
0.00199417361542
1.93333333333333
-0.05476409482802
0.00180594179520
2.06666666666667
-0.05132079487735
0.00164424191367
2.20000000000000
-0.04819660606024
0.00150547093432
2.33333333333333
-0.04537581957138
0.00138594578253
2.46666666666667
-0.04283098563158
0.00128242314890
2.60000000000000
-0.04053212084758
0.00119219615258
2.73333333333333
-0.03845052092338
0.00111305261287
2.86666666666667
-0.03656018267450
0.00104319722111
3.00000000000000
-0.03483816339401
0.00098117330798
13.3 Euler
11.3
MATLAB
520
11.3 Euler Euler

Euler 11.4
11.4 Euler Euler

40 Euler
Euler
11.3 Runge-Kutta
Runge-Kutta RK
19 C.Runge M.W.Kutta
4
RK
MATLAB
521
h
yn+1 = yn + [ K1 + 2 K 2 + 2 K 3 + K 4 ]
6
K1 =
K2 =
K =
3
K =
4
f (tn , yn )
h
h
f (tn + , yn + K1 )
2
2
h
h
f (t n + , y n + K 2 )
2
2
f (tn , yn + hK 3 )
4 RK4 Gill Gill
h
yn +1 = yn + [ K1 + 2 2 K 2 + 2 + 2 K 3 + K 4 ]
6
K1 =
K2 =
K =
3
K4 =
f (tn , yn )
h
h
f (tn + , yn + K1 )
2
2
h
2 1
2
f (t n + , y n +
hK1 + 1
hK 2 )
2
2
2
2
2
f (tn , yn
hK 2 + 1 +
hK 2 )
2
2
4 RK
RK
dy
= y + t2 + 3
dt
y (0) = 1, t [0,3]
MATLAB
522
RK4 MATLAB
\\chapter11\
RK4.m, RK_fun.m,RK_main.m
RK4
Editor
% Runge-Kutta Methold to solve the ODE
% by Song yz
%2008/04/18
function [t,y] = RK4(func,t0,tt,y0,N,varagin)
%Rk
%
% t0 tt y0
%N
if nargin<4
N=200
end
% N tt-t0/200
y(1,:) = y0(:)';
h = (tt-t0)/(
N-1); %
t = t0+[0:N]'*h;
for k = 1:N
f1 = h*feval(func,t(k),y(k,:));
f1 = f1(:)';
%
RK k1
f2 = h*feval(func,t(k) + h/2,y(k,:) + f1/2);

f2 = f2(:)';
%
RK k2
f3 = h*feval(func,t(k) + h/2,y(k,:) + f2/2);

f3 = f3(:)';
%
RK k3
f4 = h*feval(func,t(k) + h,y(k,:) + f3);
MATLAB
523
f4 = f4(:)';
%
RK k4
y(k + 1,:) = y(k,:) + (f1 + 2*(f2 + f3) + f4)/6;

%
end
RK4.m
Editor
%RK
function f=RK_fun(t,y)
f=-y+t*t+3;
RK_fun.m
Eidtor
%rk
x0=0;
xt=3;
y0=1;
%
y=dsolve('Dy=-y+t*t+3','y(0)=1','t')
%RK4
[x,yrk] = RK4('RK_fun',x0,xt,y0,20);
%
yreal=subs(y,x);
tol=yreal-yrk;
%RK4
plot(x,yreal,x,yrk,'+',x,tol,'*')
legend('','RK4 ','')
yrk
[x,yrk,tol]
%yrk
RK_main.m
>> RK_main
y=
t^2-2*t+5-4*exp(-t)
yrk =
MATLAB
524
1
1.29338146919812
1.55129058151601
1.78619116002461
M
7.16014988985172
7.80086149708977
8.4864593145814
y yrk RK4
RK4
RK4 11.4
k
t(k)
RK4
0.157894736842105
1.29338146919812
1.14254596494945e-006
0.315789473684211
1.55129058151601
1.65270437579856e-006
0.473684210526316
1.78619116002461
1.69083369550016e-006
0.631578947368421
2.00872656756034
1.38393953408311e-006
0.789473684210526
2.2279856023052
8.31996673777979e-007
0.947368421052632
2.45172955678135
1.13135838475387e-007
1.10526315789474
2.68658611271397
-7.12108039202519e-007
1.26315789473684
2.93821491570005
-1.59732253690592e-006
10
1.42105263157895
3.21144896611772
-2.50738370066728e-006
11
1.57894736842105
3.51041535854462
-3.41614859822315e-006
12
1.73684210526316
3.83863838603276
-4.30458110134424e-006
13
1.89473684210526
4.19912758502056
-5.1592335630346e-006
14
2.05263157894737
4.59445292044586
-5.97102042920739e-006
15
2.21052631578947
5.02680898935604
-6.73423085739699e-006
16
2.36842105263158
5.49806984696849
-7.4457367302827e-006
17
2.52631578947368
6.00983582486212
-8.10436002574022e-006
MATLAB
525
18
2.68421052631579
6.5634735109254
-8.7103698787061e-006
19
2.84210526315789
7.16014988985172
-9.26508497833822e-006
20
7.80086149708977
-9.77056122852815e-006
21
3.15789473684211
8.4864593145814
-1.02293482573401e-005
11.4 RK
RK4 11.5
11.5
11.5
RK4
11.4 RK
RK
RK Fehlberg
RKF
p p+1
MATLAB
ODE45
[t,y] = ODE45(odefun,tspan,y0,options)
t,y odefun tspan
y0 options MATLAB
MATLAB
526
RKF7-8
Lorenz
dy1
dt = ay1 + y2 y3
dy2
= b( y2 2 y3 )
dt
dy3
dt = cy2 y3 3 y1 y2
a=4b=18c=30 y1 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = 0, y3 (0) = 10 10 t [0,100]
\\chapter11\
ODE45_fun.m, ODE45_main.m
Lorenz
Editor
%ODE45
% Loreny E.N.Loreny
%,
%,
function dy=ODE45_fun(t,y)
a=4; b=18; c=30;
dy(1)=-a*y(1)+y(2)*y(3);
dy(2)=-b*(y(2)-2*y(3));
MATLAB
527
dy(3)=c*y(2)-y(3)-3*y(2)*y(1);
dy=[dy(1);dy(2);dy(3)];
ODE45_fun.m
Lorenz
Editor
%ODE45 Lorenz
%tspan
tspan=[0,100];
%y0
y0=[0; 0;10^(-10)];
%
[t,y]=ode45('ODE45_fun',tspan,y0);
%
data=[t,y];
save ODE45_data.txt data -ascii
% ASCII
plot3(y(:,1), y(:,2), y(:,3))
grid on
%
title('Lorenz ')
ODE45_main.m
>>ODE45_main
10.6
11.6
MATLAB
528
ODEdata.txt
UltraEdit
11.5
t(k)
y1(t)
y2(t)
y3(t)
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
1.0000000e-010
6.2500000e-002
1.2373248e-016
9.2468160e-008
-6.3850985e-008
1.2500000e-001
1.8215161e-016
9.6100484e-008
-6.6330562e-008
1.8750000e-001
-4.4156868e-017
-7.7038040e-008
5.9035670e-008
2.5000000e-001
-4.4160292e-016
-8.5484793e-008
8.8399565e-008
2.6860043e-001
1.4530190e-015
4.8631948e-008
9.7618248e-009
9.9956443e+001
9.8474181e+000
-1.0995575e+001
-6.5572591e+000
9.9968747e+001
1.0252154e+001
-1.1401347e+001
-6.4556463e+000
9.9976560e+001
1.0501501e+001
-1.1580830e+001
-6.3038626e+000
9.9984374e+001
1.0733543e+001
-1.1687908e+001
-6.0865370e+000
9.9992187e+001
1.0939255e+001
-1.1715391e+001
-5.8099429e+000
1.0000000e+002
1.1110895e+001
-1.1659827e+001
-5.4839719e+000
11.5 Lorenz
RKF
MATLAB
529
11.5
Adams
Adams
yn+1 = yn +
h
(55 f n 59 f n1 + 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 )
24
yn+1 = yn +
h
(9 f n +1 + 19 f n 5 f n1 + f n 2 )
24
RK yn +1
MATLAB ODE113 Adams
ODE45
[t,y] = ODE113(odefun,tspan,y0,options)
t,y odefun tspan
y0 options
dy1
dt = 3 y1 + 1.5 y2
dy2 = 1.2 y + 0.8 y

1
2
dt
t [0,1]
MATLAB
530
y1 (0) = 0
y2 (0) = 1
\\chapter11\
ODE113_fun.m, ODE113_main.m
Editot
% AdamsODE113
function dy = ODE113_fun(t,y)
dy = zeros(2,1);
%
dy(1) = 3*y(1)+1.5*y(2);
dy(2) = 1.2*y(1)+0.8*y(2);
ODE113_fun.m
Editor
%ODE113
%tspan
tspan=[0,1];
%y0
y0=[0; 1];
%
% RK
tic
[trk,yrk]=ode45('ODE113_fun',tspan,y0);
%
rk_time=toc
%
tic
[tad,yad]=ode113('ODE113_fun',tspan,y0);
ad_time=toc
data=[tad,yad];
save ODE113_data.txt data -ascii
MATLAB
531
% ASCII
plot(tad,yad(:,1), tad,yad(:,2))
legend('y(1)','y(2)')
grid on
%
ODE113_main.m
>>ODE113_main
rk_time =
0.0310000000000059
ad_time =
0.0159999999999982

ODE113_data.txt 11.6
tk
y(1)
y(2)
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
1.0000000e+000
1.6745910e-005
5.0238991e-005
1.0000134e+000
3.3491819e-005
1.0048051e-004
1.0000268e+000
5.0237729e-005
1.5072454e-004
1.0000402e+000
6.6983638e-005
2.0097111e-004
1.0000536e+000
1.5071319e-004
4.5224179e-004
1.0001206e+000
8.7731422e-001
1.2900770e+001
6.9730501e+000
9.0231422e-001
1.3983422e+001
7.5209790e+000
9.2731422e-001
1.5150385e+001
8.1140353e+000
9.5231422e-001
1.6408241e+001
8.7557911e+000
9.6423567e-001
1.7042103e+001
9.0800721e+000
9.7615711e-001
1.7699044e+001
9.4167364e+000
9.8807856e-001
1.8379905e+001
9.7662403e+000
1.0000000e+000
1.9085558e+001
1.0129057e+001
11.6 ODE113
MATLAB
532
CPU
10.7 y1 , y2
11.7
11.6
MATLAB ODE15s
ODE15s
ODE45 ODE15s
ODE15s
[t,y] = ODE15s(odefun,tspan,y0,options)
t,y odefun tspan
y0 options
MATLAB
533
ODE15s
ODE15s
dy1
dt = y2
dy2 = 400(1 y 2 ) y y
1
2
1
dt
[ 0,1000]
y1 ( 0 ) = 0
y2 ( 0 ) = 1
\\chapter11\
ODE15s_fun.m, ODE15s_main.m
Editor
%
NDFs ODE15s
function dy = ODE15s_fun(t,y)
dy = zeros(2,1);
%
dy(1) = y(2);
dy(2) = 400*(1 - y(1)^2)*y(2) - y(1);
ODE15s_fun.m
Editor
MATLAB
534
%ODE15s
tic
[t,y] = ode15s(@ODE15s_fun,[0 1000],[0 1]);
ODE15_time=toc
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% RK %
%
% tic
% [t,yrk]=ode45(@ODE15s_fun,[0 1000],[0 1]);
% RK_time=toc
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
data=[t,y];
save ODE15s_data.txt data -ascii
%
plot(t,y(:,1),'^')
ODE15s_main.m
>>ODE15s_main
ODE15s_data.txt 11.7
t(k)
y(1)
y(1)
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
2.3093959e-005
2.0000000e+000
-4.5132437e-005
4.6187917e-005
2.0000000e+000
-8.9072500e-005
6.9281876e-005
2.0000000e+000
-1.3182655e-004
2.3102711e-004
2.0000000e+000
-4.0292962e-004
3.6325809e-004
1.9999999e+000
-5.8903099e-004
4.9548907e-004
1.9999998e+000
-7.4779776e-004
6.2772005e-004
1.9999997e+000
-8.8316528e-004
7.5995103e-004
1.9999996e+000
-9.9857859e-004
9.6111135e-004
1.9999993e+000
-1.1419575e-003
2.9150377e+003
-1.9830232e+000
1.6906234e-003
MATLAB
535
2.9219597e+003
-1.9712613e+000
1.7076801e-003
2.9288817e+003
-1.9593794e+000
1.7253074e-003
2.9358037e+003
-1.9473733e+000
1.7435389e-003
2.9812798e+003
-1.8650452e+000
1.8812815e-003
3.0000000e+003
-1.8292002e+000
1.9492540e-003
11.7 ODE15s
11.8 y1
RK
ODE15s ODE45
ODE15s
11.8
ODE15s 1
ODE45 429.188
ODE45
11.7
MATLAB
536
dny
dy
d n1 y
=
L
f
(
t
,
y
,
,
,
)
dt n
dt
dt n1
t [ a , b ]
y (a) = 1
y '(a ) =
L
y ( n 1) (a ) =
y1 = y
y = y '
2
L
yn = y ( n1)
y1 ' = y2
y2 ' = y3
L
y ' = y
n
n1
yn ' = f (t , y1 , y2 ,L , yn )
y1 (a ) = 1
y (a ) =
2
2
L
yn (a ) = n
MATLAB
MATLAB
537
d 2 y
dy
2t
2 2 + 2 y = e sin t , t [0,1]
dt
dt
y (0) = 0.4, y '(0) = 0.6
\\chapter11\
Gaojie_fun.m, Gaojie_main.m
y1 ' = y2
2t
y2 ' = e sin t 2 y1 + 2 y2
t [0,1]
y1 (0) = 0.4
y (0) = 0.6
2
ODE45
Editor
%
function dy = Gaojie_fun(t,y)
dy = zeros(2,1);
%
dy(1) = y(2);
dy(2) = exp(2*t)*sin(t)-2*y(1)+2*y(2);
Gaojie_fun.m
Editor
%
%tspan
MATLAB
538
tspan=[0,1];
%y0
y0=[-0.4;-0.6];
%
[t,y]=ode45('Gaojie_fun',tspan,y0);
%
data=[t,y];
save Gaojie_data.txt data -ascii
% ASCII
plot(t,y(:,1),'*',t,y(:,2),'^')
grid on
Gaojie_main.m
>>Gaojie_main
0.0000000e+000
-4.0000000e-001
-6.0000000e-001
2.5000000e-002
-4.1512120e-001
-6.0954227e-001
5.0000000e-002
-4.3046877e-001
-6.1808541e-001
7.5000000e-002
-4.4601607e-001
-6.2549619e-001
1.0000000e-001
-4.6173297e-001
-6.3163105e-001
9.2500000e-001
-5.1520684e-001
1.7667315e+000
9.5000000e-001
-4.6794658e-001
2.0172849e+000
9.7500000e-001
-4.1417846e-001
2.2875611e+000
1.0000000e+000
-3.5339441e-001
2.5787465e+000
y y
11.9 y
MATLAB
539
11.9
11.8
d 2 x dx g
+
+ x=0
dt 2 m dt l
g
= 2n, = 2
l
m
d 2x
dx
+ 2n + 2 x = 0
2
dt
dt
2 + 2n + 2 = 0
1,2 = n n2 2
Euler
MATLAB
540
eix = cos x + i sin x
x ( t ) = x0 e n t
sin d t + cos d t
1 2
MATLAB
HTML wordLatexXML
MATLAB HTML
\chapter11\sp_mass.m, spring_mass.m
Editor
%
% 0 5
%
z = 0.1;
wn = 10;
wd = wn * sqrt(1-z^2);
x0 = 10;
MATLAB
541
t = 0:0.01:5;
%
x = x0 * exp(-z*wn*t) .* (z/sqrt(1-z^2)*sin(wd*t) + cos(wd*t));
ampDecay = x0 * exp(-z*wn*t);
hold on
plot(t,x)
plot(t,ampDecay,'r:')
grid
hold off
box on
%
title('Underdamped Second Order System')
xlabel('Time [s]')
%x
ylabel('Amplitude [cm]')
%y
legend('System Response','Amplitude Decay','Location','SouthEast')

%
x0 = 10;
z = [0.1;0.99;3];
wn = 10;
wd = wn * sqrt(1-z.^2);
t = 0:0.01:5;
A = z./sqrt(1-z.^2);
%
for k = 1:length(z)
x(k,:) = x0 * exp(-z(k)*wn*t) .* (A(k)*sin(wd(k)*t) + cos(wd(k)*t));
end
%
figure
plot(t,x)
grid
%
title('Comparing Second Order Systems with Various Damping Coefficients')
xlabel('Time [s]')
MATLAB
542
legend('zeta = 0.1','zeta = 0.99','zeta = 3','Location','SouthEast')

sp_mass.m
>>clear
>>clc
11.10 11.11
11.10
11.11
Editor sp_mass.m 11.12
MATLAB
543
11.12
Cell Editor Cell 11.13
11.13 Cell
Editor Cell 11.14
11.14 Cell
4 %%
MATLAB
MATLAB
544
%% Second Order Dynamic Systems and Damping

%
%
This example shows how various second order
% dynamic systems can be visualized. Using the plot

% and annotation commands.
%% Underdamped second order system
% The following equation describes an underdamped second order system:
%
% $$ x(t) = x_0 e^{-\zeta\omega_n t} \left({\zeta \over
% \sqrt{1-\zeta^2}}\sin\omega_dt + \cos\omega_dt \right) $$
%
% Given:
%
% $$ \begin{array}{l}
%
\zeta = 0.1 \\ \omega_n = 10 \\ \omega_d = \omega_n \sqrt{1-\zeta^2}
\\ x_0 = 10 \end{array} $$
%
% Plot the displacement for, t = 0 to 5s
% Initialize Variables
z = 0.1;
wn = 10;
wd = wn * sqrt(1-z^2);
x0 = 10;
t = 0:0.01:5;
% Compute Equation for Displacement and Amplitude Decay Envelope
x = x0 * exp(-z*wn*t) .* (z/sqrt(1-z^2)*sin(wd*t) + cos(wd*t));
ampDecay = x0 * exp(-z*wn*t);
% Create Plots
figure
hold on
plot(t,x)
plot(t,ampDecay,'r:')
grid
hold off
box on
% Label Figure
title('Underdamped Second Order System')
MATLAB
545
xlabel('Time [s]')
legend('System Response','Amplitude Decay','Location','SouthEast')
%% Comparing effects of different damping coefficients

% The damping coefficient of a system determines if the system is under
% damped, critically damped, or over damped. The systems, with damping
% coefficients 0, 0.99, and 3 are plot to compare their displacements.
% Initialize Variables
x0 = 10;
z = [0.1;0.99;3];
wn = 10;
wd = wn * sqrt(1-z.^2);
t = 0:0.01:5;
A = z./sqrt(1-z.^2);
% Compute Displacements for Each Damping Coefficient
for k = 1:length(z)
x(k,:) = x0 * exp(-z(k)*wn*t) .* (A(k)*sin(wd(k)*t) + cos(wd(k)*t));
end
% Create Plot
figure
plot(t,x)
grid
% Label Figure
title('Comparing Second Order Systems with Various Damping Coefficients')
xlabel('Time [s]')
legend('zeta = 0.1','zeta = 0.99','zeta = 3','Location','SouthEast')
spring_mass.m MATLAB
MATLAB HTML Editor File
11.15
MATLAB
546
11.15
HTML HTML 11.16
MATLAB
547
11.16 HTML
11.10
11.11
MATLAB
548
11.9
&&
x ( t ) + p ( t ) x& ( t ) + q ( t ) x ( t ) = f ( t )
x ( a ) = , x ( b ) =
1 x1 ( b )
x1 ( t ) + p ( t ) x&1 ( t ) + q ( t ) x1 ( t ) = 0
&&
x1 ( a ) = 1, x&1 ( a ) = 0
2 x2 ( b )
&&
x2 ( t ) + p ( t ) x&2 ( t ) + q ( t ) x2 ( t ) = 0
x2 ( a ) = 0, x&2 ( a ) = 1
3 x3 ( b )
&&
x3 ( t ) + p ( t ) x&3 ( t ) + q ( t ) x3 ( t ) = f ( t )
x3 ( a ) = 0, x&3 ( a ) = 1
4 m
m=
x1 ( b ) x3 ( b )
x2 ( b )
&&
x ( t ) + p ( t ) x& ( t ) + q ( t ) x ( t ) = f ( t )
x ( a ) = , x& ( a ) = m
MATLAB
549
[ 0, 4]
d 2x
2t dx
2
=
x +1
2
2
dt
1 + t dt 1 + t 2
x ( 0 ) = 1.25, x ( 4 ) = 0.95
\\chapter11\
daba.m,daba_fun1.m,daba_fun2.m,
daba_main.m
dx1
dt = x2
dx2 = 2t x 2 x + 1
dt 1 + t 2 2 1 + t 2 1
x ( 0 ) = 1.25, x ( 4 ) = 0.95
Editor
function [t,x]=daba(fun1,fun2,t0_tt,x0_xt)
%
08 9
%fun1 1
%fun2 2
%t0_tt(1)
MATLAB
550
%t0_tt(2)
%x0_xt(1)
%x0_xt(2)
x0_xt
[t,x1]=ode45(fun1,t0_tt,[1;0]);
[t,x2]=ode45(fun1,t0_tt,[0;1]);
[t,x3]=ode45(fun2,t0_tt,[0;0]);
m=(x0_xt(2)-x0_xt(1)*x1(end,1)-x3(end,1))/x2(end,1);
[t,x]=ode45(fun2,t0_tt,[x0_xt(1);m]);
daba.m
Edior
function dx=daba_fun1(t,x)
%
dx1=x(2);
dx2=2*t/(1+t.^2).*x(2)-2/(1+t.^2)*x(1);
dx=[dx1,dx2]'; %
daba_fun1.m
Editor
function dx=daba_fun2(t,x)
%
dx1=x(2);
dx2=2*t/(1+t.^2).*x(2)-2/(1+t.^2)*x(1)+1;
dx=[dx1,dx2]'; %
daba_fun2.m
Editor
function daba_main
%
[t,x]=daba('daba_fun1','daba_fun2',[0,4],[1.25,-0.95]);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)
grid
title('')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(x(:,1),x(:,2))
grid
MATLAB
551
title('')
z=[t,x(:,1)];
daba_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> daba_main
11.17
11.17
11.8
1.25
0.016280961
1.257715664
0.032561921
1.265033806
0.048842882
1.271954635
0.065123842
1.278478503
0.146528646
1.305169238
0.227933449
1.322067694
MATLAB
552
0.309338252
1.329361087
0.390743055
1.327322968
10
0.490743055
1.312562574
36
3.090743055
-0.888900607
37
3.190743055
-0.937802676
38
3.290743055
-0.977563983
39
3.390743055
-1.007621196
40
3.490743055
-1.027424754
41
3.590743055
-1.036438456
42
3.693057291
-1.033947923
43
3.795371527
-1.019067863
44
3.897685764
-0.991264092
45
-0.950014847
11.8
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB
553
1 Euler
dy y
y
= + tan
dt t
t
y ( 0 ) = 2 , t = [ 0, 20]
sin
y
= cx
t
2 RK
y ' = e 2 t 2 y
y ( 0) =
1
10
y (t ) =
1 2t
e + te 2t
10
3
d 2x
dx
(1 x 2 ) + x = 0
2
dt
dt
x ( 0 ) = 1, x& ( 0 ) = 0
dy1
= y2
y1 ( 0 ) = 1
dt
,
dy2 = (1 y )2 y y y2 ( 0 ) = 0
1
2
1
dt
11.18.
MATLAB
554
11.18
11.9
1
y(1)
y(2)
5.02E-05
0.999999999
-5.02E-05
0.000100475
0.999999995
-0.000100475
0.000150713
0.999999989
-0.000150713
0.000200951
0.99999998
-0.000200951
0.00045214
0.999999898
-0.00045214
0.000703328
0.999999753
-0.000703328
0.000954517
0.999999544
-0.000954517
0.001205705
0.999999273
-0.001205705
0.002461649
0.99999697
-0.002461646
29.30101612
-1.992623572
0.261162415
29.35441068
-1.977037304
0.32134294
29.40780525
-1.958455698
0.373087341
29.46119981
-1.937299751
0.418011868
29.52683897
-1.908263144
0.46591279
29.59247814
-1.876290087
0.507619257
29.6581173
-1.841720064
0.544776312
29.72375646
-1.804823467
0.578725063
29.79281734
-1.763694911
0.612147997
29.86187823
-1.72030925
0.644185013
29.93093911
-1.67473049
0.675662908
30
-1.626977031
0.707290074
11.9 3
MATLAB
555
x 6678.137000 km
y
km
-0.000000
z -0.000000
km
=
vx -0.000000 km/sec
v y 6.789530 km/sec

v 3.686414 km/sec
z
3 2
GE = 3.986005 10 m s
14
&r& =
GE
r
r2
12.4
11.9
time(min)
xkm
ykm
zkm
6678.137
6662.055548
407.044772
221.007279
6613.888644
812.129155
440.950153
6533.868265
1213.302203
658.769347
6422.379802
1608.631807
873.415808
6279.960201
1996.214
1083.855769
6107.295375
2374.182129
1289.075719
5905.216904
2740.715843
1488.087288
5674.698028
3094.04986
1679.932007
5416.84896
3432.482472
1863.685922
10
5132.911539
3754.383737
2038.464049
11
4824.253251
4058.20333
2203.424628
12
4492.36064
4342.47801
2357.773186
13
4138.832151
4605.838669
2500.766357
14
3765.370428
4847.016922
2631.715464
15
3373.774121
5064.851219
2749.989837
16
2965.929214
5258.292437
2855.019849
17
2543.799949
5426.408935
2946.29966
18
2109.419365
5568.391038
3023.389652
19
1664.879503
5683.554939
3085.918548
20
1212.321332
5771.345992
3133.585201
21
753.924442
5831.341383
3166.16004
MATLAB
556
22
291.896538
5863.252164
3183.486181
23
-171.537182
5866.924648
3185.480177
24
-634.144754
5842.341148
3172.132426
25
-1093.69819
5789.620063
3143.507212
26
-1547.984213
5709.015303
3099.742398
27
-1994.814912
5600.915075
3041.048763
28
-2432.038286
5465.840004
2967.708984
29
-2857.548601
5304.440633
2880.076275
30
-3269.296535
5117.494285
2778.57269
31
-3665.29905
4905.901322
2663.687085
32
-4043.648938
4670.680806
2535.972765
33
-4402.52401
4412.965595
2396.044822
34
-4740.19587
4133.996883
2244.57717
35
-5055.03824
3835.118227
2082.2993
36
-5345.534791
3517.769068
1909.992766
37
-5610.286451
3183.47781
1728.487422
38
-5848.018134
2833.854448
1538.657424
39
-6057.584889
2470.58282
1341.417023
40
-6237.977413
2095.412497
1137.716158
41
-6388.326907
1710.150355
928.535882
42
-6507.909266
1316.651873
714.883639
43
-6596.148564
916.8122
497.78841
44
-6652.619827
512.557023
278.295757
45
-6677.051081
105.833295
57.462791
46
-6669.324661
-301.400143
-163.646925
47
-6629.477779
-707.181992
-383.968493
48
-6557.702343
-1109.557947
-602.440811
49
-6454.344035
-1506.590106
-818.011685
50
-6319.900644
-1896.366302
-1029.642892
51
-6155.019669
-2277.009315
-1236.315186
52
-5960.495202
-2646.685912
-1437.033201
53
-5737.264101
-3003.615675
-1630.83025
54
-5486.40148
-3346.079577
-1816.772978
55
-5209.115532
-3672.428261
-1993.965856
56
-4906.741707
-3981.089983
-2161.555497
57
-4580.736282
-4270.578181
-2318.734764
58
-4232.669348
-4539.498639
-2464.746659
59
-3864.217247
-4786.556194
-2598.887967
60
-3477.1545
-5010.56098
-2720.512643
11.9
11.10
time(min)
dx/dt(km/s)
dy/dt(km/s)
dz/dt(km/s)
MATLAB
557
6.78953
3.686414
-0.535833
6.773181
3.677537
-1.069086
6.72421
3.650948
-1.597189
6.642855
3.606776
-2.117601
6.529507
3.545233
-2.627813
6.384712
3.466616
-3.12537
6.209167
3.371303
-3.607874
6.003718
3.259753
-4.073003
5.769354
3.132503
-4.518515
5.507204
2.990168
10
-4.942265
5.21853
2.833431
11
-5.342213
4.904723
2.663047
12
-5.716432
4.567295
2.479839
13
-6.063119
4.207869
2.284687
14
-6.380606
3.828178
2.078531
15
-6.667363
3.43005
1.862365
16
-6.922009
3.015402
1.63723
17
-7.143317
2.586231
1.404209
18
-7.330222
2.144605
1.164426
19
-7.481824
1.69265
0.919034
20
-7.597392
1.232543
0.669216
21
-7.676369
0.7665
0.416176
22
-7.718377
0.296765
0.16113
23
-7.723211
-0.174398
-0.094691
24
-7.690849
-0.644722
-0.350056
25
-7.621447
-1.111941
-0.603735
26
-7.515339
-1.573805
-0.854506
27
-7.373037
-2.028089
-1.101162
28
-7.195224
-2.472605
-1.342515
29
-6.982758
-2.905213
-1.577402
30
-6.736662
-3.323829
-1.804692
31
-6.458121
-3.726437
-2.02329
32
-6.148477
-4.111098
-2.232144
33
-5.809222
-4.475959
-2.430248
34
-5.441988
-4.819264
-2.616647
35
-5.048544
-5.139358
-2.790444
36
-4.630786
-5.4347
-2.950801
37
-4.190726
-5.703868
-3.096947
38
-3.730482
-5.945565
-3.228178
39
-3.252272
-6.158627
-3.343862
40
-2.758398
-6.342029
-3.443441
41
-2.251239
-6.494886
-3.526435
MATLAB
558
42
-1.733239
-6.616463
-3.592446
43
-1.20689
-6.706174
-3.641156
44
-0.674729
-6.763587
-3.672328
45
-0.139319
-6.788426
-3.685815
46
0.396763
-6.780571
-3.68155
47
0.930933
-6.740059
-3.659554
48
1.46062
-6.667087
-3.619933
49
1.983273
-6.562004
-3.562878
50
2.496374
-6.425318
-3.488663
51
2.997452
-6.257687
-3.397647
52
3.484094
-6.059918
-3.290267
53
3.953955
-5.832963
-3.167041
54
4.404774
-5.577916
-3.028561
55
4.834379
-5.296005
-2.875496
56
5.240701
-4.988588
-2.708582
57
5.621783
-4.657144
-2.528623
58
5.975789
-4.303272
-2.336486
59
6.301016
-3.928674
-2.133096
60
6.595895
-3.535154
-1.919432
11.10
11.19
11.19
MATLAB
559
()
MATLAB
12.1
1957
Jacobi 5 5
[ M ] = m1 + m2
[ L ] = a12
1
2
a 212
T
=
[ ]
G ( m1 + m2 )
MATLAB
560
1 =
=
m1
m1 + m2
m2
m1 + m2
r '1 = , r '2 = 1
xx
x x2
x 2 y& x = (1 ) 3 1
&&
r1
r23
y + 2 x& y = 3 + 3 y
&&
r2
r1
1
&&
z = 3 + 3 z
r2
r1
Orbitial Motion A.E.Roy Adam Hilger Ltd,Bristol
U=
1 2
1
x + y2 ) +
+
(
2
r1
r2
y&
U
&&
r + 2 x& =
0 r

5
Jacobi
Jacobi
MATLAB
561

12.1-
-
0.00000017
0.00000245
0.00000304
0.00000032
0.00095388
0.0002855
0.00004373
0.00005177
0.00000278
1/328900.5
0.01230002
12.1
\\
chapter12\pingdong_1.m, pingdong_2.m,
pingdong_3.m, pingdong_main.mmoon_pingdong.m
U
=0
r
(1 )( x ) ( x + 1 )
=0
x
r13
r2 3
y 1 3 3 = 0
r1
r2

z 1 + = 0
r13
r23
MATLAB
562
1
+ 3 0
r13
r2
z = z0 = 0
xy
(1 )
= 0,
x +
( L1 )
2
2
( x ) ( x +1 )
(1 ) +
y = 0, x +
= 0,
( L2 )
2
2
( x ) ( x +1 )
x (1 )
= 0,
( L3 )
2
( x ) ( x + 1 )2
1
1 r 3 r 3 = 0
1
2
y 0,
x (1 )( x ) ( x + 1 ) = 0
r13
r23
r1 = r2 = 1
L1
(1)
1
1
1
3 1 3 1 3
= 1 L
3 3 3 9 3
L2
( 2)
L3
1
1
2
3 1 3 1 3
= 1 + L
3 3 3 9 3
MATLAB
563
( 3)
= 1
= 7
12
23 2 23 3 761 4 3163 5 30703 6

8
1 + 84 + 84 + 2352 + 7056 + 49392 + O ( )
Editor
function f=pingdong_1(x,u)
% 1
f=x+(1-u)/(x-u)^2-u/(x+1-u)^2;
pingdong_1.m
Editor
% 2
%08 9
f=x+(1-u)/(x-u)^2+u/(x+1-u)^2;
pingdong_2.m
Editor
% 3
f=x-(1-u)/(x-u)^2-u/(x+1-u)^2;
pingdong_3.m
Editor
%%%%
%
%08 9 22
%by song yezhi
%
u=[0.00000017
0.00000245
0.00000304
0.00000032
0.00095388
0.00028550
0.00004373
0.00005177
MATLAB
564
0.00000278
1/328900.5
];
au=1.49597870*10^11;
n=length(u);
%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L1
for i=1:n
%temp3 1
%
%
temp1=(u(i)/3)^(1/3);
temp2=1-1/3*(u(i)/3)^(1/3)-1/9*(u(i)/3)^(2/3);
temp3=temp1*temp2;
% L1
x1(i)=fzero(@pingdong_1,temp3,[],u(i));
end
disp(' L1 ')
x1=x1'
disp('L1 /m')
x1_length=x1*au
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L2
for i=1:n
%temp3
temp1=(u(i)/3)^(1/3);
temp2=1+1/3*(u(i)/3)^(1/3)-1/9*(u(i)/3)^(2/3);
temp3=temp1*temp2;
end
disp(' L2 ')
x2=x2'
disp('L2 /m')
P41
MATLAB
565
x2_length=x2*au
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L3
for i=1:n
%
v=7/12*u(i);
temp=1-v-23/84*v^2;
x3(i)=fzero(@pingdong_3,temp,[],u(i));
end
disp(' L3 ')
x3=x3'
disp('L3 /m')
x3_length=x3*au
pingdong_main.m
>> pingdong_main
L1
x1 =
-0.996163769352778
-0.990679557065541
-0.989986445920769
-0.995264664262998
-0.932365477089808
-0.954761095327977
-0.975728645856398
-0.974330849965494
-0.990279675377774
-0.98998597161676
L1 /m
MATLAB
566
x1_length =
-149023978066.347
-148203551589.548
-148099863638.617
-148889473860.01
-139479889434.169
-142830226219.932
-145966927118.101
-145757819830.128
-148143730140.806
-148099792683.748
L2
x2 =
-1.00384572606724
-1.00937378898162
-1.01007473104683
-1.00474969004607
-1.06883063216757
-1.04605714797714
-1.02458167566631
-1.02601075986593
-1.00977812996479
-1.01007521087362
L2 /m
x2_length =
-150173182428.263
-151000168865.48
-151105028305.429
-150308413514.052
-159894785963.022
-156487921235.656
-153275236320.711
-153489024273.025
-151060657415.315
-151105100086.494
MATLAB
567
L3
x3 =
1.00000007083333
1.00000102083333
1.00000126666667
1.00000013333333
1.0003974499528
1.00011895833207
1.00001822083333
1.00002157083333
1.00000115833333
1.00000126684717
L3 /m
x3_length =
149597880596.516
149598022714.492
149598059490.635
149597889946.383
149657327666.371
149615665913.096
149600595797.856
149601096950.72
149598043284.199
149598059517.638
Editor
%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%08/9/22
u_e_m=0.01230002; %
l_e_m=384401;
x1=fzero(@pingdong_1,-0.837,[],u_e_m)
x2=fzero(@pingdong_2,-1.157,[],u_e_m)
x3=fzero(@pingdong_3,1.005,[],u_e_m)
MATLAB
568
disp('/km')
l1_m=x1*l_e_m
% L1
l2_m=x2*l_e_m
% L2
l3_m=x3*l_e_m % L3
moon_pingdong.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> moon_pingdong
x1 =
-0.836182334991025
x2 =
-1.15625411551325
x3 =
1.00512490646298
/km
l1_m =
-321429.325752885
l2_m =
-444465.238257408
l3_m =
386371.019169275
MATLAB
569
12.2
0.00000017
-1.003845726
-0.996163769
1.000000071
0.00000245
-1.009373789
-0.990679557
1.000001021
0.00000304
-1.010074731
-0.989986446
1.000001267
0.00000032
-1.00474969
-0.995264664
1.000000133
0.00095388
-1.068830632
-0.932365477
1.00039745
0.0002855
-1.046057148
-0.954761095
1.000118958
0.00004373
-1.024581676
-0.975728646
1.000018221
0.00005177
-1.02601076
-0.97433085
1.000021571
0.00000278
-1.00977813
-0.990279675
1.000001158
1/328900.5
-1.010075211
-0.989985972
1.000001267
12.2
12.3
0.00000017
-150173182428
-149023978066
149597880597
0.00000245
-151000168865
-148203551590
149598022714
0.00000304
-151105028305
-148099863639
149598059491
0.00000032
-150308413514
-148889473860
149597889946
0.00095388
-159894785963
-139479889434
149657327666
0.0002855
-156487921236
-142830226220
149615665913
0.00004373
-153275236321
-145966927118
149600595798
0.00005177
-153489024273
-145757819830
149601096951
0.00000278
-151060657415
-148143730141
149598043284
1/328900.5
-151105100086
-148099792684
149598059518
12.3 m
12.4
-0.836182335
-321429.3258
-1.156254116
-444465.2383
1.005124906
386371.0192
12.4
MATLAB
570
12.2 Jacobi
y&
U
&&
r + 2 x& =
0 r

U=
1 2
1
+
x + y2 ) +
(
r1
r2
2
Jacobi
x& , y& , z&
&&& + yy
&&& + zz
&&& =
xx
U
U
U
x& +
y& +
z&
x
y
x
1 d 2
dU
x& + y& 2 + z& 2 ) =
(
2 dt
dt
2U ( x& 2 + y& 2 + z& 2 ) = C
v 2 = x& 2 + y& 2 + z& 2
2U v 2 = C
123
Ci ( ) = 2U x ( )i , 0, 0 , i = 1, 2,3
45
MATLAB
571
Ci ( ) = 2U ( xi , yi , 0 ) , i = 4,5
45
C4 = C5 = 3
123
Ci ( ) = xi 2 ( ) + (1 ) + 2
+
xi ( ) xi ( ) + (1 )
Jacobi
l
l
Ci ( )
Ci ( )
12.1
Jacobi
\\chapter12\pingdong_1.m,pingdong_2.m,
pingdong_3.m, pingdong_jaco.m,pingdong_jaco_main.m
1 12.1 pingdong_1.m MATLAB

12.1 Editor
function [u,x1,x2,x3]=pingdong
MATLAB
572
%U
%x1 1
%x2 2
%x3 3
%08 9 22
%by song yezhi
%
u=[0.00000017
0.00000245
0.00000304
0.00000032
0.00095388
0.00028550
0.00004373
0.00005177
0.00000278
1/328900.5
0.01230002
];
n=length(u);
%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L1
for i=1:n
%temp3 1
temp1=(u(i)/3)^(1/3);
temp2=1-1/3*(u(i)/3)^(1/3)-1/9*(u(i)/3)^(2/3);
temp3=temp1*temp2;
% L1
end
% L1
x1=x1';
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L2
for i=1:n
MATLAB
573
%temp3
temp1=(u(i)/3)^(1/3);
temp2=1+1/3*(u(i)/3)^(1/3)-1/9*(u(i)/3)^(2/3);
temp3=temp1*temp2;
end
% L2
x2=x2';
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% L3
for i=1:n
%
v=7/12*u(i);
temp=1-v-23/84*v^2;
x3(i)=fzero(@pingdong_3,temp,[],u(i));
end
% L3
x3=x3';
pingdong_jaco.m
Editor
% Jacobi
%9 22
[u,x1,x2,x3]=pingdong_jaco;
%u
%x1 1
%x2 2
%x3 3
n=length(x1);
jaco=@(x,u)(x^2+u*(1-u))+2*(1-u)/abs(x-u)+2*u/abs(x+(1-u));
% x1 jacobi
for i=1:n
c1(i)=jaco(x1(i),u(i));
MATLAB
574
end
c1=c1'
% x2 jacobi
for i=1:n
end
c2=c2'
% x3 Jacobi
for i=1:n
end
c3=c3'
pingdong_jaco_main.m
>> pingdong_jaco_main
c1 =
3.00013238200409
3.00078062215388
3.00090089857876
3.00020167766499
3.03971392746425
3.01809699503865
3.0052687679284
3.00588966478798
3.00084896576314
3.00090098382621
3.20186401368308
c2 =
3.00013215533707
3.00077735545817
3.0008968452041
3.0002012509973
3.03844183424838
MATLAB
575
3.01771627648673
3.00521045824658
3.00582063419199
3.00084525906077
3.00089692987394
3.18548480183006
c3 =
3.00000033999997
3.00000489999387
3.00000607999057
3.0000006399999
3.00190683098457
3.000570916787
3.00008745804783
3.000103537264
3.00000555999211
3.00000608085697
3.02444522500393
Jacobi 12.5
0.00000017000
3.00013215534
3.00013238200
3.00000034000
0.00000245000
3.00077735546
3.00078062215
3.00000489999
0.00000304000
3.00089684520
3.00090089858
3.00000607999
0.00000032000
3.00020125100
3.00020167766
3.00000064000
0.00095388000
3.03844183425
3.03971392746
3.00190683098
0.00028550000
3.01771627649
3.01809699504
3.00057091679
0.00004373000
3.00521045825
3.00526876793
3.00008745805
0.00005177000
3.00582063419
3.00588966479
3.00010353726
0.00000278000
3.00084525906
3.00084896576
3.00000555999
0.00000304043
3.00089692987
3.00090098383
3.00000608086
0.01230002000
3.18548480183
3.20186401368
3.02444522500
12.5 Jacobi
MATLAB
576
12.3
L1 , L2 , L3 L4 , L5
-Trojan
y&
U
&&
r + 2 x& =
0 r

x0 = a, y0 = b, z0 = 0
, ,
2U
2U
&&
2& = 2 +
x 0
xy 0
2U
2U
&&
&
+ 2 =
+ 2
yx 0
y 0
2
&& = U
2
z 0
4 + ( 4 U xx U yy ) 2 + U xxU yy U xy 2 = 0
U xx ( L45 ) = 4
U ( L ) = 9
yy 45
4
3 3
1
U xy ( L4 ) =

2
2
U ( L ) = 3 3 1
xy 5
2
2
MATLAB
577
4 + 2 +
27
(1 ) = 0
4
1,2 = S1
3,4 = S 2
S1,2 = 1 1 + 1 27 (1 )
2
0 < 1 27 (1 ) < 1
1
69
< 1
0.385
2
9
L4 L5
L4
= 0.01
MATLAB
578
\\chapter12\sanjiao.m

Editor
% L4
%
t1=0:0.5:200;
%
syms t
x=3.45e-5*cos(0.268*t)-2.45e-5*cos(0.963*t)...
+3.07e-4*sin(0.268*t)-8.55e-5*sin(0.963*t);
y=5.20e-5*cos(0.268*t)-4.20e-5*cos(0.963*t)...
-1.76e-4*sin(0.268*t)+4.9e-5*sin(0.963*t);
%
vx=diff(x,t);
vy=diff(y,t);
%
x1=subs(x,t,t1);
y1=subs(y,t,t1);
vx1=subs(vx,t,t1);
vy1=subs(vy,t,t1);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(x1,y1)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(vx1,vy1)
title('')
grid
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(x1,vx1)
MATLAB
579
title('x ')
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(y1,vy1)
title('y ')
grid
%
key=[t,x1,y1]
sanjiao.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> sanjiao
12.1
12.1
-
12.6
MATLAB
580
0.000
0.00001000000000
0.00001000000000
0.500
0.00001389550743
0.00001348805335
1.000
0.00003038442874
0.00001977833508
1.500
0.00006396134252
0.00002231224219
2.000
0.00011480480908
0.00001537207327
2.500
0.00017859667023
-0.00000452659785
3.000
0.00024737411759
-0.00003775180421
3.500
0.00031122309931
-0.00008138376969
4.000
0.00036043009251
-0.00012979574720
4.500
0.00038760477405
-0.00017585652027
194.000
0.00038549679358
-0.00022636825828
194.500
0.00035473120036
-0.00024457744344
195.000
0.00030286277764
-0.00024561208151
195.500
0.00023777266742
-0.00022887975434
196.000
0.00016935085916
-0.00019714538255
196.500
0.00010733528715
-0.00015592113521
197.000
0.00005920181455
-0.00011224353040
197.500
0.00002858304517
-0.00007311526294
198.000
0.00001457339128
-0.00004396533229
198.500
0.00001207607239
-0.00002747669204
199.000
0.00001311060929
-0.00002304689546
199.500
0.00000878082979
-0.00002700311661
200.000
-0.00000854688114
-0.00003352125284
12.6
12.4
MATLAB
581
v
uv
uv
uv
uv
uv
uv
uv
uv
d 2 r uv
=
F
TB + F NB + F NS + F TD + F RL + F SR + F AL + F DG + F TH
dt 2
uv
F
uv TB
F
uv NB
F
uv NS
F
uvTD
F
uv RL
F
uv SR
F
uv DG
F TH
J 2
Kepler
da
2
=
[e( S sin f + T cos f ) + T ]
dt n 1 e 2
de
1 e2
=
( S sin f + T cos f ) + T cos E
dt
na
di
r cos u
=
W
dt na 2 1 e2
d
r sin u
1
=
W
dt na 2 1 e 2 sin i
d
d
1
= cos i
+
1 e2 ( S cos f + T sin f ) + T sin E
dt
dt nae
dM
2 r
1 e2
= n ( )S
1 e 2 ( S cos f + T sin f ) + T sin E
dt
na a
nae
J 2
MATLAB
582
dx
1
dt
dx
2
dt
dx3
dt
dx4
dt
dx5
dt
dx6
dt
r =
= x4
= x5
= x6
z2
Re
1
7.5
1.5
J
2
r
r
x
z
R
= 13 1 J 2 e 7.5 2 1.5
r
r
r
x
z
R
= 13 1 J 2 e 7.5 2 4.5
r
r
r
x1
r3
x12 + x2 2 + x32
67378.140km
ae3 2
T
=
[ ] GE 806.8116341s
MATLAB
1 Jul 2007 12:00:00.000 UTCG
MATLAB
583
6678.41km
a
e 28.5o
= 0
M 0
6678.137000
0.000000
r = 0.000000
km, v = 6.789530
0.00000
3.686414
km / s
J 2 4
\ \chapter12\erti.m,
erti_j2.m,
weixing_waitui.m,weixing_waitui_j2.m,weixing_main.m
Editor
function dx=weixing(t,x)
%
r=sqrt(x(1)^2+x(2)^2+x(3)^2);
dx1=x(4);
dx2=x(5);
dx3=x(6);
dx4=-x(1)/r^3;
dx5=-x(2)/r^3;
dx6=-x(3)/r^3;
%
dx=[dx1 dx2 dx3 dx4 dx5 dx6]';
erti.m
MATLAB
584
Editor
function dx=weixing(t,x)
% J2
J2=0.00108263;
r=sqrt(x(1)^2+x(2)^2+x(3)^2);
dx1=x(4);
dx2=x(5);
dx3=x(6);
dx4=-x(1)/r^3*(1-J2/r*(7.5*x(3)^2/r^2-1.5));
dx5=-x(2)/r^3*(1-J2/r*(7.5*x(3)^2/r^2-1.5));
dx6=-x(3)/r^3*(1-J2/r*(7.5*x(3)^2/r^2-4.5));
dx=[dx1 dx2 dx3 dx4 dx5 dx6]';
erti_j2.m
Editor
%
function [t,r,v]=weixing_waitui(x0,v0,tspan)
%x0,v0
%tspan
a=6378.140;
T=806.811665;
%
x0=x0/a;
v0=v0/a*T;
r0=[x0 v0]';
%
ts=tspan*60/806.811665;
kmkm/s
MATLAB
585
%------------
[tt,yy]=ode45(@erti,ts,r0);
%
% km km/s
r=yy(:,1:3)*a;
v=yy(:,4:6)*a/T;
t=tspan(1)+tt*806/60;
weixing_waitui.m
Editor
function [t,r,v]=weixing_waitui_j2(x0,v0,tspan)
% J2
%x0,v0
%tspan
kmkm/s
a=6378.140; %
T=806.811665; %
%
x0=x0/a;
v0=v0/a*T;
r0=[x0 v0]';
%
ts=tspan*60/806.811665;
%----------- J2
[tt,yy]=ode45(@erti_j2,ts,r0);
%
% km km/s
r=yy(:,1:3)*a;
MATLAB
586
v=yy(:,4:6)*a/T;
t=tspan(1)+tt*806/60;
weixing_waitui_j2.m
Editor
%
%08 9 25
%%
x0=[6678.137000 0.000000
v0=[ 0.000000
%
kmkm/2
0.00000];
6.789530 3.686414];
%[0240] 4
tspan=[0,240];
%
[t,r,v]=weixing_waitui(x0,v0,tspan);
x=[t,r,v]; % t r kmv km/s
%
subplot(2,1,1)
plot3(r(:,1),r(:,2),r(:,3))
title('')
grid
%
[t2,r2,v2]=weixing_waitui_j2(x0,v0,tspan);
x2=[t2,r2,v2];
% J2
subplot(2,1,2)
plot3(r2(:,1),r2(:,2),r2(:,3))
title('')
grid
MATLAB
figure
% x
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,r(:,1)-r2(:,1))
title('x ')
grid
%y
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,r(:,2)-r2(:,2))
title('y ')
grid
%z
subplot(2,2,3:4)
plot(t,r(:,3)-r2(:,3))
title('z ')
grid
weixing_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>weixing_main.m
12.2 12.3
587
MATLAB
588
12.2
12.3
12.2 12.3
240 4 y z
MATLAB
589
x

12.4
12.4
12.4
12.5 24
24 1 Jul 2007 12:00:00.000 UTCG
12.5
12.7
xkm
y(km)
z(km)
vx(km/s)
vy(km/s)
vz(km/s)
6678.137
6.78953
3.686414
0.00074
6678.137
0.301692
0.163806
-0.0004
6.78953
3.686414
0.00148
6678.137
0.603385
0.327611
-0.00079
6.78953
3.686414
0.00222
6678.137
0.905077
0.491417
-0.00119
6.78953
3.686414
0.002959
6678.137
1.20677
0.655223
-0.00159
6.78953
3.686414
0.006659
6678.136
2.715232
1.474251
-0.00357
6.789529
3.686414
MATLAB
590
0.010358
6678.135
4.223694
2.293279
-0.00556
6.789528
3.686413
0.014057
6678.134
5.732155
3.112306
-0.00755
6.789527
3.686412
0.017756
6678.132
7.240617
3.931334
-0.00953
6.789525
3.686411
0.036252
6678.116
14.78291
8.026467
-0.01946
6.789508
3.686402
0.054748
6678.089
22.32519
12.12159
-0.02939
6.789481
3.686387
0.073244
6678.051
29.86742
16.21669
-0.03932
6.789442
3.686366
0.09174
6678.001
37.40961
20.31176
-0.04925
6.789392
3.686339
0.18422
6677.59
75.11937
40.78649
-0.09889
6.788974
3.686112
0.276699
6676.903
112.826
61.25953
-0.14852
6.788275
3.685733
0.369179
6675.94
150.528
81.73005
-0.19815
6.787296
3.685201
0.461659
6674.702
188.2238
102.1972
-0.24778
6.786037
3.684518
0.924057
6664.377
376.5551
204.4527
-0.4957
6.77554
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MATLAB
591
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MATLAB
592
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12.7
12.8
12.8
/
xkm
y(km)
z(km)
vx(km/s)
vy(km/s)
vz(km/s)
6678.137
6.78953
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0.000739
6678.137
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MATLAB
593
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MATLAB
594
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5103.162
3404.209
1896.024
-4.78047
5.530198
2.954163
186.0433
4306.29
4169.417
2303.371
-5.84535
4.669639
2.475495
188.5347
3364.397
4793.989
2632.778
-6.71287
3.653308
1.914006
191.3535
2162.896
5304.559
2897.458
-7.42268
2.362559
1.204837
194.1723
868.7722
5586.735
3036.99
-7.81008
0.965755
0.441296
196.9912
-461.533
5628.41
3045.377
-7.85462
-0.48048
-0.34552
199.81
-1771.15
5426.384
2921.485
-7.56175
-1.90618
-1.1175
202.3248
-2876.39
5046.296
2702.986
-7.02985
-3.10735
-1.7647
204.8396
-3882.15
4492.264
2391.02
-6.25124
-4.20504
-2.35281
207.3544
-4753.18
3783.286
1996.328
-5.24949
-5.16066
-2.86103
209.8692
-5458.74
2942.88
1532.065
-4.06306
-5.93981
-3.27104
MATLAB
595
212.6716
-6019.05
1885.954
951.8496
-2.57698
-6.56802
-3.59533
215.474
-6317.89
747.5925
330.4202
-0.96844
-6.90998
-3.76229
218.2764
-6341.49
-422.245
-304.854
0.696089
-6.94503
-3.76144
221.0788
-6086.44
-1572.83
-926.306
2.334405
-6.67715
-3.59594
223.556
-5635.96
-2533.63
-1442.31
3.698379
-6.20036
-3.31999
226.0332
-4991.3
-3406.83
-1908.29
4.93984
-5.50564
-2.92689
228.5104
-4174.49
-4161.82
-2307.86
6.014111
-4.61432
-2.4288
230.9875
-3212.71
-4771.97
-2626.84
6.882224
-3.56114
-1.84518
233.1803
-2266.34
-5173.59
-2832.7
7.453321
-2.52517
-1.27462
235.373
-1258.17
-5433.69
-2960.83
7.821107
-1.4173
-0.66753
237.5658
-215.888
-5545.01
-3007.63
7.974109
-0.26788
-0.04062
239.7586
832.2774
-5504.12
-2971.59
7.908705
0.889686
0.587851
12.8
Sattistical Orbit DeterminationByron D.Tapley ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS
12.5
B.Mandelbrot 20 60
x n A nnb A
x Ax + b Ab
2
MATLAB
596
a)
2 Sierpinski
\\chapter12\fengxing1.m,fengxing2.m
Editor
%
x = [.5; .5]; %
h = plot(x(1),x(2),'.'); %
%
p = [ .85
.92
.99
1.00];
b1 = [0; 1.6];
b2 = [0; 1.6];
b3 = [0; .44];
%------
A1 = [ .85
.04; -.04
.85];
A2 = [ .20 -.26; .23
.22];
A3 = [-.15 .28; .26 .24];

A4 = [
0;
.16];
for i=1:20000
r = rand;
if r < p(1)
MATLAB
597
x = A1*x + b1;
elseif r < p(2)
x = A2*x + b2;
elseif r < p(3)
x = A3*x + b3;
else
x = A4*x;
end
plot(x(1),x(2),'g'),hold on
end
axis off
fenxing1.m
fengxing1.m
>>clear
>>clc
>>clf
>>fenxing1
12.6
12.6
Sierpinski
Editor
%Sierpinski
%
MATLAB
598
x = [0; 0];
h = plot(x(1),x(2),'.'); %
A=[1/2 0;0 1/2];
b1=[0 0]';
b2=[1/2 0]';
b3=[1/4 sqrt(3)/4]';
for i=1:10000
r = rand;
if r >0.66666666667
x = A*x + b1;
elseif r >0.333333333333
x=A*x+b2;
else
x = A*x+b3;
end
plot(x(1),x(2),'-'),hold on
end
axis off
fengxing2.m
fenxing2.m
>>clear
>>clf
>>clc
>>fengxing2
12.7
MATLAB
599
12.7 Sierpinski
MATLAB
600
GPS
13.1
20
GPS
GLONASS GALILEO
MATLAB
601
13.1
13.1
=
1
2 =
3 =
( x1 xu ) + ( y1 xu ) + ( z1 xu )
2
( x2 xu ) + ( y2 xu ) + ( z2 xu )
2
( x3 xu ) + ( y3 xu ) + ( z3 xu )
2
MATLAB
MATLAB
13 22 23
MATLAB
602
-7134.529244
-22383.700040
-5384.901317
r13 = 16113.648836 , r22 = 18533.233168 , r23 = 28971.622323

23709.205570
5307.245613
2079.796362
23403.844022188124695.7950572489
24870.8328162636
\ \chapter13\dingwei_fun.m,
dingwei_main.m
Editor
%
%by song ye zhi
function f=dingwei_f(u)
%
sat13=[-7134.529244
sat22=[-22383.700040
sat23=[-5384.901317
16113.648836
18533.233168
28971.622323
23709.205570];
5307.245613];
2079.796362];
f1=norm(sat13-u)-23403.8440221881;
f2=norm(sat22-u)-24695.7950572489;
f3=norm(sat23-u)-24870.8328162636;
f=[f1;f2;f3];
%%%------------------%
% sat13=[-7134.529244
% sat22=[-22383.700040
% sat23=[-5384.901317
16113.648836
18533.233168
28971.622323
23709.205570];
5307.245613];
2079.796362];
%
% beijing=[-2177.527701
%
4388.901474
4070.001156];
MATLAB
603
% ro13=norm(sat13-beijing)
dingwei_fun.m
Editor
%
%
x0=[-2000
4000
4000];
options=optimset('Display','iter');
%
x=fsolve(@dingwei_fun,x0,options)
dingwei_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> dingwei_main
Norm of
step
First-order
Iteration Func-count
f(x)
optimality
0
4
386572
763
1
8
384770
1
762
2
12
380285
2.5
757
3
16
369186
6.25
746
4
20
342165
15.625
718
5
24
279146
39.0625
649
6
28
149856
97.6563
477
7
32
2166.29
244.141
48.6
8
36
0.00715892
53.9605
0.0818
9
40
1.27615e-014
0.0736983
1.4e-007
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than options.TolFun.
Trust-region
radius
1
1
2.5
6.25
15.6
39.1
97.7
244
610
610
x=
-2177.5277010092
4388.90147390314
4070.00115601053
MATLAB
604
GALILEO
13.2
13.2
MATLAB
13.2
MATLAB
605
=
1
=
2
n =
( x1 xu ) + ( y1 yu ) + ( z1 zu )
2
( x2 xu ) + ( y2 yu ) + ( z1 zu )
2
+ ctu
+ ctu
, n>3
( xn xu ) + ( yn yu ) + ( zn zu )
2
+ ctu
23744.3701483261
24192.1679765305
24423.3020893263
24249.1269736412
=
26517.1495649421
26973.4887347568
26366.3296362982
27190.2240745564
12.8
x(km)
y(km)
z(km)
13
-7134.529244
16113.648836
23709.205570
22
-22383.700040
18533.233168
5307.245613
23
-5384.901317
28971.622323
2079.796362
14
637.466571
28016.053841
9347.297933
12
-11568.199533
-3328.511543
26977.312423
MATLAB
606
21
-28908.916747
-577.061760
6051.375658
-1205.651181
28296.890128
-8397.025036
16456.527324
12347.282494
21199.173063
13.1
\ \chapter13\daohang_moni.m,
daohang_fun.m,daohang_dfun.m, daohang_main.m
Editor
%
c=299792.458; %
%
sat13=[-7134.529244
sat22=[-22383.700040
sat23=[-5384.901317
16113.648836
18533.233168
28971.622323
23709.205570];
5307.245613];
2079.796362];
sat14=[637.466571
28016.053841
9347.297933];
sat12=[-11568.199533
-3328.511543
26977.312423];
sat21=[-28908.916747
-577.061760
6051.375658];
sat5=[-1205.651181
28296.890128
-8397.025036];
sat4=[16456.527324
12347.282494
21199.173063];
nanjing=[-2604.298533
4743.297217
3364.978513];
%
sat=[sat13;sat22;sat23; sat14; sat12; sat21; sat5; sat4];
MATLAB
607
%
for i=1:8
length(i)=norm(sat(i,:)-nanjing);
end
length=length'; %
%
ro=length+c*7e-6 % 10 -6
daohang_moni.m
>> daohang_moni
ro =
1.0e+004 *
2.37443701483261
2.41921679765305
2.44233020893263
2.42491269736412
2.65171495649421
2.69734887347568
2.63663296362982
2.71902240745564
f ( x ) = 0
x = [ x1 , x2 ,L , xn ] TOL
T
Step1 k = 1,L , m Step2-5

Step2 f ( x ) f ' ( x )
MATLAB
608
Step3 f' ( x ) y = -f ( x )
Step4 x x + y
Step5 y < TOL
Step6
xu

yu
x=
zu

tu
f ( x) =
+ ctu 1
2
2
2
( x2 xu ) + ( y2 yu ) + ( z1 zu ) + ctu 2
2
2
2
( xn xu ) + ( yn yu ) + ( zn zu ) + ctu n
( x1 xu ) + ( y1 yu ) + ( z1 zu )
2
f' ( x ) =
xu x1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
xu x2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
2
yu y1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
yu y2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
2
zu z1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
xu xn
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
2
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
2
zu zn
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
2
Editor
%
function f=daohang_fun(x,t,sat,ro)
%x
%t
%ro
% sat
m m
c=299792.458; %
,c
yu yn
2
,c
zu z2
2
xyz
,c
MATLAB
609
[m,n]=size(sat);
for i=1:m
f(i)=norm(sat(i,:)-x)+c*t-ro(i);
end
f=f';
daohang_fun.m
Editor
%
function df=daohang_dfun(x,t,sat)
%x
%t
% sat
m m
xyz
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(sat);
for i=1:m
for j=1:3
df(i,j)=(x(j)-sat(i,j))/norm(sat(i,:)-x(j));
end
end
df(:,4)=c;
daohang_dfun.m
Editor
%
%08 9 24
c=299792.458; %
sat13=[-7134.529244
sat22=[-22383.700040
sat23=[-5384.901317
sat14=[637.466571
16113.648836
18533.233168
28971.622323
28016.053841
23709.205570];
5307.245613];
2079.796362];
9347.297933];
MATLAB
610
sat12=[-11568.199533
-3328.511543
sat21=[-28908.916747
-577.061760
26977.312423];
6051.375658];
sat5=[-1205.651181
28296.890128
-8397.025036];
sat4=[16456.527324
12347.282494
21199.173063];
nanjing=[-2604.298533
4743.297217
3364.978513];
sat=[sat13;sat22;sat23; sat14; sat12; sat21; sat5; sat4];

%
ro=[
23744.3701483261
24192.1679765305
24423.3020893263
24249.1269736412
26517.1495649421
26973.4887347568
26366.3296362982
27190.2240745564];
%-------------------------------%
% ro
%
80
ro=ro+sqrt(80)*randn(size(ro))*1e-3;
%----------------------------------%
nj=[-3000 5000 3000];
%
t0=4e-7;
x=nj;
t=t0;
%%%% 50
for i=1:50
f=daohang_fun(x,t,sat,ro);
df=daohang_dfun(x,t,sat);
MATLAB
611
gaiz=-df\f; % MATLAB
x(1)=x(1)+gaiz(1);
x(2)=x(2)+gaiz(2);
x(3)=x(3)+gaiz(3);
t=t+gaiz(4);
%%
% temp(i,1)=x(1);
% temp(i,2)=x(2);
% temp(i,3)=x(3);
% temp(i,4)=t;
%%
%%----------% 10 -10
tol=norm(gaiz);
if tol<1e-10
break
end
%-------------end
disp('')
i
disp('')
x
disp('')
t
daohang_main.m
>>clear
>>clc
>> daohang_main
i=
MATLAB
612
28
x=
1.0e+003 *
-2.60429207496172
4.74328541696088
3.36497599139875
t=
6.962457400059610e-006
28
-2604.295199
ru = 4743.291059
3364.959154
1000km
13.2
-2534.060334
4695.92068
3372.172544
-5.69E-05
-2623.348295
4756.45928
3370.633356
3.78E-05
-2598.079637
4739.08172
3362.618076
-3.29E-06
-2606.367341
4744.68709
3365.770957
1.04E-05
-2603.600447
4742.82387
3364.685323
5.80E-06
-2604.528155
4743.44767
3365.051103
7.35E-06
-2604.217064
4743.23854
3364.928308
6.83E-06
-2604.321405
4743.30868
3364.9695
7.01E-06
-2604.28641
4743.28515
3364.955684
6.95E-06
MATLAB
613
10
-2604.298147
4743.29304
3364.960317
6.97E-06
11
-2604.294211
4743.29039
3364.958763
6.96E-06
12
-2604.295531
4743.29128
3364.959285
6.96E-06
13
-2604.295088
4743.29098
3364.95911
6.96E-06
14
-2604.295237
4743.29108
3364.959168
6.96E-06
15
-2604.295187
4743.29105
3364.959149
6.96E-06
16
-2604.295203
4743.29106
3364.959155
6.96E-06
17
-2604.295198
4743.29106
3364.959153
6.96E-06
18
-2604.2952
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
19
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
20
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
21
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
22
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
23
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
24
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
25
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
26
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
27
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
28
-2604.295199
4743.29106
3364.959154
6.96E-06
13.2
13.3
GPS
13.3
MATLAB
614
13.3
GPS
MATLAB
615
\\chapter13\
f_jia.m,df_jia.m,weiju_main.m
c t ( j ) = ru - rs ( j ) + rs ( j ) rm + 1 + 2 + 3
s j j u m MELOUT
F ( X ) = ru - rs ( ) + c ct ( ) + rs ( ) rm
j
X = ( xu , yu , zu , )
Editor
function f=f_jia(ru,t,tt,sat,rm)
%ru
%t
% tt MELOUT
%sat
%sat
% km/s
%rm MELOUT
if nargin==4
rm=[-2177.527701
4388.901474
4070.001156];
end
c=299792.458;
[m,n]=size(sat);
%t tt MELOUT
for i=1:m
f(i)=norm(ru-sat(i,:))+c*t-c*tt(i)+norm(rm-sat(i,:));
end
f=f'; % f
f_weiju.m
MATLAB
616
f' ( x ) =
xu x1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
xu x2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
2
yu y1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
yu y2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
2
zu z1
( xu x1 ) + ( yu y1 ) + ( zu z1 )
2
( xu x2 ) + ( yu y2 ) + ( zu z2 )
xu xn
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
2
yu yn
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
2
( xu xn ) + ( yu yn ) + ( zu zn )
Editor
%
function df=df_jia(ru,t,sat)
%ru
%t
% sat
m m
M
zu zn
2
xyz
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(sat);
for i=1:m
for j=1:3
df(i,j)=(ru(j)-sat(i,j))/norm(sat(i,:)-ru(j));
end
end
df(:,4)=c;
df_weiju.m
-4147.409214
R = 3480.089542
3360.431434
t=0
,c
zu z2
2
,c
,c
MATLAB
617
Editor
% km/s
c=299792.458;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
r1=[-5384.901317
r2=[637.466571
28971.622323
2079.796362]; % 23
28016.053841
9347.297933 ]; % 14
r3=[-1205.651181
28296.890128
-8397.025036]; % 5
r4=[-7134.529244
16113.648836
23709.205570]; % 13
r5=[-22383.700040
18533.233168
5307.245613]; % 22
r6=[ 16456.527324
12347.282494
21199.173063]; % 4
ru=[-4147.409214
3480.089542
3360.431434]; %
rm=[-2177.527701
4388.901474
4070.001156]; %
%
%
sat=[r1;r2;r3;r4;r5;r6];
[m,n]=size(sat);
% "(i) " MELOUT
for i=1:m
tt(i)=(norm(sat(i,:)-ru)+norm(sat(i,:)-rm))/c;
end
tt=tt';
%---------------------------------
% tt
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%
MATLAB
618
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%
%%%%%
% x0

nj=[-2000
5000
t0= 0.00000001;
4000];
% 0
ru=nj;
t=t0;
for i=1:200
f=f_jia(ru,t,tt,sat,rm);
df=df_jia(ru,t,sat);
dx=-df\f; %
ru(1)=ru(1)+dx(1);
ru(2)=ru(2)+dx(2);
ru(3)=ru(3)+dx(3);
t=t+dx(4);
tol=norm(dx(1:3));
if tol<10-9
break
end
end
disp('')
ru
disp('')
t
disp('')
i
weiju_main.m
MATLAB
MATLAB
619
-4147.409214
R = 3480.089542
3360.431434
>> weiju_main
ru =
1.0e+003 *
-4.1473
3.4801
3.3604
t=
3.0793e-008
i=
6
0
3.0793e-008 3.0793e-008
0
MATLAB
620
32 140
13.4
13.4
13.4
MATLAB
621
\\chapter13\
dop_fun.m,dop.df.m,duopule.m
v s ( rs - rm )
v s ( rs - ru )
1 g
+ F 1 g
= FOA
c rs - ru
c rs - rm
sum MELOUT
y=
FOA
F
v s ( rs - rm )
1 g
c rs - rm
v (r - r )
F ( X ) = f 1 s g s u y
c rs - ru
X = ( ru , f ) = ( xu , yu , zu , f )
Jacobi
MATLAB
622
a11 =
a12 =
a13 =
vsx ru - rs
v s g( ru - rs )
( xu xs )
ru - rs
vsy ru - rs
v s g( ru - rs )
( yu ys )
ru - rs
vsz ru - rs
v s g( ru - rs )
( zu zs )
ru - rs
f
g
c ( xu xs ) 2 + ( yu ys ) 2 + ( zu z s ) 2
f
g
c ( xu xs )2 + ( yu ys ) 2 + ( zu z s ) 2
f
g
c ( xu xs )2 + ( yu ys )2 + ( zu z s )2
a14 = 1 +
vs g( ru - rs )
c ru - rs
i i
Editor
%%%
function F=dop_fun(f,ru,rs,vs,rm,FOA,de_F)
%f
%ru 13
%rs (m,3)m m
%vs (m,3)
%rm MELOUT
13
%FOA MELOUT ,FOA m1

%de_F
%F m1
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(rs);
for i=1:m
temp(i)=1-1/c*(rs(i,:)-rm)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-rm);
y(i)=FOA(i)/temp(i)-de_F;
temp2(i)=1-1/c*(rs(i,:)-ru)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-ru);
MATLAB
623
F(i)=temp2(i)*f-y(i);
end
F=F'; %
dop_fun.m
% Jacobi
function df=dop_df(f,ru,rs,vs,rm)
%
%f
%ru
%rs (m,3)
%vs
(m,3)
%rm MELOUT
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(rs);
for i=1:m
temp1=vs(i,1)*norm(ru-rs(i));
temp2=vs(i,:)*(ru-rs(i,:))'*(ru(1)-rs(i,1))/norm(ru-rs(i,:));
%temp2=vs(i,1)*(ru(1)-rs(i,1))^2/norm(ru-rs(i,:));
temp3=(norm(ru-rs(i,:)))^2;
df(i,1)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3*f/c;
temp1=f*vs(i,2)*norm(ru-rs(i));
%temp2=f*vs(i,2)*(ru(2)-rs(i,2))^2/norm(ru-rs(i,:));
df(i,2)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3/c;
MATLAB
624
df(i,3)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3/c;
df(i,4)=1+(ru-rs(i,:))*vs(i,:)'/c/norm(ru-rs(i,:)); %
end
dop_df.m
4051.423937
R = -2890.386079
3975.643501
406MHZ
MELOUT
Editor
%velocity of light
c=299792.458;
%fixed positon and
sat1=[-5384.901317
5.648243
sat2=[637.466571
3.519054
sat3=[-1205.651181
-0.042952
sat4=[-7134.529244
2.356781
sat5=[-22383.700040
3.629060
sat6=[16456.527324
0.386823
sat7=[-11568.199533
0.091745
sat8=[-28908.916747
-0.088201
velocity of satellite
28971.622323
1.101457
-0.719185]; %satellite23
28016.053841
9347.297933,...
0.989081
-3.204502];
28296.890128
-0.851609
%satellite14
-8397.025036,...
-2.863646]; %satellite5
16113.648836
3.555039
18533.233168
4.493148
12347.282494
2.105412
-3328.511543
4.457554
-577.061760
5.782445
2079.796362,...
23709.205570,...
-1.706937]; %satellite13
5307.245613,...
-0.384526]; %satellite22
21199.173063,...
-1.526563];
%satellite4
26977.312423,...
0.589323];
%satellite12
6051.375658,...
0.130057];
%satellite21
MATLAB
625
sat=[sat1;sat2;sat3;sat4;sat5;sat6;sat7;sat8]; %,
ru=[4051.423937
-2890.386079
3975.643501]; %
rm=[-513.705755
-5288.956687
3515.732137]; %
%
rs=sat(:,1:3);
% 3
vs=sat(:,4:6);
% 3
%%%%
% f 406MHZ, de_F 1140MHZ
% MELOUT FOA
f=406;
de_F=1140;
[m,n]=size(rs);
for i=1:m
temp1=(rs(i,:)-ru)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-ru)/c;
temp1=f*(1-temp1)+de_F;
temp2=(rs(i,:)-rm)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-rm)/c;
temp2=1-temp2;
FOA(i)=temp1*temp2;
end
%%%%% MELOUT
FOA=FOA';
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
MATLAB
626
nj=[4000
-3000
f0=400;
4000]; %
ru=nj;
f=f0;
for i=1:500
fun=dop_fun(f,ru,rs,vs,rm,FOA,de_F);
dfun=dop_df(f,ru,rs,vs,rm);
dx=-dfun\fun;
% MATLAB
ru(1)=ru(1)+dx(1);
ru(2)=ru(2)+dx(2);
ru(3)=ru(3)+dx(3);
f=f+dx(4);
tol=norm(dx(1:3));
if tol<10-8
break
end
end
disp('')
ru
disp('')
f
disp('')
i
duopule.m
4051.423937
R = -2890.386079
3975.643501
406MHZ
>>clear
MATLAB
627
>>clc
>> duopule
ru =
1.0e+003 *
4.0516
-2.8911
3.9760
f=
406.0000
i=
7
Latitude 3.807deg
Longitude = -35.505deg
13.5
MATLAB
628
\chapter13\lianhe_fangzhen.m,
lianhe_fun.m,lianhe_df.m, lianhe_jiesuan.m
MATLAB
629
1140MHZ
13.3-13.10 3 3
km
km/s
16456.527324
12347.282494
21199.173063
0.386823
2.105412
-1.526563
16479.987831
12473.278708
21106.990113
0.395175
2.094437
-1.546187
16503.946142
12598.611936
21013.632307
0.403416
2.083313
-1.565725
16528.395539
12723.273275
20919.104844
0.411545
2.072041
-1.585176
16553.329215
12847.253906
20823.412986
0.419559
2.060623
-1.604538
16578.740264
12970.545093
20726.562060
0.427457
2.049060
-1.623811
16604.621689
13093.138189
20628.557459
0.435238
2.037353
-1.642994
16630.966400
13215.024634
20529.404641
0.442899
2.025505
-1.662085
16657.767217
13336.195954
20429.109127
0.450441
2.013516
-1.681083
16685.016868
13456.643768
20327.676501
0.457860
2.001388
-1.699988
16712.707993
13576.359783
20225.112415
0.465156
1.989123
-1.718799
13.3 4
-1205.651181
28296.890128
-8397.025036
-0.042952
-0.851609
-2.863646
-1208.431295
28245.289062
-8568.608514
-0.049743
-0.868411
-2.855777
-1211.623220
28192.682628
-8739.715047
-0.056679
-0.885121
-2.847748
-1215.235612
28139.076390
-8910.335110
-0.063758
-0.901738
-2.839561
-1219.277064
28084.476022
-9080.459207
-0.070981
-0.918259
-2.831216
-1223.756102
28028.887313
-9250.077868
-0.078344
-0.934682
-2.822713
-1228.681185
27972.316162
-9419.181654
-0.085849
-0.951006
-2.814053
-1234.060704
27914.768576
-9587.761152
-0.093492
-0.967230
-2.805237
-1239.902980
27856.250674
-9755.806980
-0.101274
-0.983350
-2.796265
-1246.216264
27796.768683
-9923.309787
-0.109192
-0.999366
-2.787136
-1253.008734
27736.328936
-10090.260250
-0.117246
-1.015275
-2.777853
13.4 5
-11568.199533
-3328.511543
26977.312423
0.091745
4.457554
0.589323
-11561.313378
-3061.027234
27011.920656
0.137794
4.458495
0.564280
-11551.664194
-2793.503483
27045.025353
0.183845
4.458869
0.539205
-11539.252136
-2525.974240
27076.624673
0.229889
4.458678
0.514101
-11524.077759
-2258.473448
27106.716859
0.275921
4.457921
0.488968
-11506.142015
-1991.035044
27135.300237
0.321934
4.456598
0.463807
-11485.446254
-1723.692952
27162.373219
0.367920
4.454710
0.438621
-11461.992226
-1456.481080
27187.934299
0.413875
4.452258
0.413411
-11435.782074
-1189.433313
27211.982060
0.459790
4.449240
0.388177
-11406.818343
-922.583511
27234.515165
0.505660
4.445659
0.362923
MATLAB
-11375.103972
630
-655.965502
27255.532365
0.551477
4.441514
0.337648
13.5 12
-7134.529244
16113.648836
23709.205570
2.356781
3.555039
-1.706937
-6992.062368
16326.033876
23606.130432
2.392055
3.524389
-1.728885
-6847.489759
16536.566819
23501.741330
2.426972
3.493303
-1.750736
-6700.833016
16745.221645
23396.044076
2.461525
3.461786
-1.772490
-6552.114042
16951.972593
23289.044553
2.495712
3.429841
-1.794145
-6401.355041
17156.794165
23180.748720
2.529526
3.397474
-1.815700
-6248.578513
17359.661130
23071.162605
2.562962
3.364689
-1.837154
-6093.807251
17560.548527
22960.292311
2.596016
3.331489
-1.858506
-5937.064338
17759.431666
22848.144013
2.628683
3.297881
-1.879754
-5778.373143
17956.286138
22734.723954
2.660958
3.263868
-1.900897
-5617.757322
18151.087809
22620.038453
2.692836
3.229455
-1.921935
13.6 13
637.466571
28016.053841
9347.297933
3.519054
0.989081
-3.204502
848.852332
28073.962291
9154.769427
3.527047
0.941183
-3.213085
1060.701236
28128.993723
8961.731346
3.534491
0.893182
-3.221488
1272.980344
28181.142219
8768.194437
3.541387
0.845086
-3.229712
1485.656654
28230.402257
8574.169472
3.547731
0.796901
-3.237757
1698.697099
28276.768707
8379.667251
3.553524
0.748634
-3.245621
1912.068559
28320.236838
8184.698601
3.558765
0.700292
-3.253304
2125.737861
28360.802314
7989.274375
3.563452
0.651880
-3.260806
2339.671785
28398.461195
7793.405453
3.567586
0.603406
-3.268127
2553.837069
28433.209941
7597.102737
3.571164
0.554877
-3.275266
2768.200413
28465.045408
7400.377155
3.574188
0.506298
-3.282223
13.7 14
-22383.700040
18533.233168
5307.245613
3.629060
4.493148
-0.384526
-22164.373326
18801.524693
5284.026548
3.681745
4.449799
-0.389439
-21941.900937
19067.196599
5260.513360
3.733914
4.405828
-0.394330
-21716.314086
19330.211794
5236.707357
3.785559
4.361243
-0.399199
-21487.644419
19590.533559
5212.609865
3.836673
4.316048
-0.404047
-21255.924017
19848.125552
5188.222226
3.887249
4.270251
-0.408871
-21021.185388
20102.951814
5163.545797
3.937280
4.223858
-0.413673
-20783.461464
20354.976775
5138.581952
3.986758
4.176876
-0.418452
-20542.785596
20604.165255
5113.332081
4.035677
4.129310
-0.423207
-20299.191550
20850.482474
5087.797591
4.084029
4.081168
-0.427939
-20052.713499
21093.894055
5061.979904
4.131809
4.032457
-0.432647
13.8 22
MATLAB
631
-5384.901317
28971.622323
2079.796362
5.648243
1.101457
-0.719185
-5045.627175
29035.696462
2036.587748
5.660762
1.034323
-0.721095
-4705.625728
29095.738207
1993.265769
5.672486
0.967045
-0.722964
-4364.944715
29151.739210
1949.832836
5.683414
0.899633
-0.724793
-4023.631970
29203.691691
1906.291367
5.693544
0.832096
-0.726582
-3681.735416
29251.588436
1862.643785
5.702874
0.764444
-0.728330
-3339.303059
29295.422800
1818.892521
5.711404
0.696685
-0.730038
-2996.382979
29335.188706
1775.040009
5.719131
0.628830
-0.731705
-2653.023325
29370.880648
1731.088691
5.726056
0.560888
-0.733332
-2309.272308
29402.493693
1687.041013
5.732177
0.492868
-0.734917
-1965.178192
29430.023475
1642.899428
5.737493
0.424781
-0.736462
13.9 23
14133.552579
25853.867409
-2120.812721
5.024551
-2.805618
-0.717330
14434.024006
25683.743160
-2163.793093
4.991046
-2.865124
-0.715343
14732.464056
25510.060544
-2206.653028
4.956839
-2.924229
-0.713315
15028.830799
25332.843864
-2249.390139
4.921936
-2.982925
-0.711248
15323.082595
25152.117918
-2292.002048
4.886342
-3.041203
-0.709142
15615.178104
24967.907996
-2334.486383
4.850061
-3.099056
-0.706996
15905.076283
24780.239875
-2376.840780
4.813098
-3.156475
-0.704811
16192.736403
24589.139817
-2419.062882
4.775460
-3.213452
-0.702586
16478.118045
24394.634565
-2461.150337
4.737150
-3.269980
-0.700323
16761.181112
24196.751340
-2503.100805
4.698175
-3.326050
-0.698020
17041.885831
23995.517834
-2544.911950
4.658539
-3.381655
-0.695678
13.10 24
txt MATLAB
sat4.txtsat5.txtsat12.txtsat13.txtsat14.txtsat22.txtsat23.txt
sat24.txt
-2604.298533
ru = 4743.297217 km
3364.978513
-2177.527701
rm = 4388.901474 km
4070.001156
406MHZ
MATLAB
632
Editor
%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%
%velocity of light
c=299792.458;
%
%
load sat4.txt sat4 -ascii
sat=[sat4(1,:);sat5(1,:);sat12(1,:);sat13(1,:);sat14(1,:);sat22(1,:);sat23(1,:);sat24(1,:)];
%,
ru=[-2604.298533
4743.297217
3364.978513]; %
rm=[-2177.527701
4388.901474
4070.001156]; %
%
rs=sat(:,1:3);
% 3
vs=sat(:,4:6);
% 3
%%%%
% f 406MHZ, de_F 1140MHZ
% MELOUT FOA
f=406;
de_F=1140;
[m,n]=size(rs);
MATLAB
633
%
% "(i) " MELOUT
for i=1:m
tt(i)=(norm(sat(i,1:3)-ru)+norm(sat(i,1:3)-rm))/c;
end
tt=tt';
%
for i=1:m
temp1=(rs(i,:)-ru)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-ru)/c;
temp1=f*(1-temp1)+de_F;
temp2=(rs(i,:)-rm)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-rm)/c;
temp2=1-temp2;
FOA(i)=temp1*temp2;
end
%%%%% MELOUT
FOA=FOA';
FOA
% MELOUT
% MELOUT
tt
%
% 0
%
lianhe_fangzhen.m
>> format long

>> lianhe_fangzhen
FOA =
1.0e+003 *
1.54600061607307
MATLAB
634
1.54599637910458
1.54600549668749
1.54600106050714
1.54599568544321
1.54600273251882
1.54599718502428
1.54599370129674
tt =
0.17919264361589
0.17793984796296
0.17494578317460
0.15726251399996
0.16217712768240
0.16306569155443
0.16442053508359
0.18397588836315
FOA tt
n 2n
MATLAB
635
r - r (1) + c ct (1) + rs (1) - rm

u s
M
ru - rs ( n) + c ct ( n) + rs ( n) - rm
v s (1) rs (1) - ru
(1)
FOA
f 1
F
(1)
(1)

c
r
r
v
rs - rm
s
u
1 s
F ( X) =
(1)
r
r
c
s
m

( n)
( n)
( n)
v
r
r

s
s
u
FOA
F
1

(n)
(n)
r
r
c
v
r
r
s
u
s
m

1 s
(n)
r
r
c
s
m
j
t ( ) j
j
FOA( ) j F
X = ( ru , , f ) = ( xu , yu , zu , , f )
xu x1
(1)
r
u - rs
xu xn
,
( n)
r
u - rs
v s (1) g ru - rs (1)
1
1
xu xs (1)
vsx ( ) ru - rs ( )
F' ( x ) =
ru - rs (1)
f
,
2
c
ru - rs (1)
n
n
v s ( ) g ru - rs ( )
n
(n )
(n )
xu xs ( )
vsx ru - rs
(n )
ru - rs
f
2
c
ru - rs ( n )
ru - rs (1)
yu yn
ru - rs ( n )
ru - rs (n )
vsy (1) ru - rs (1)
f
c
v s (1) g ru - rs (1)
ru - rs (1)
ru - rs
(1)
f
,
c
( j)
(y
(1)
u ys
ru - rs
ru - rs (n )
( j)
v s ( ) g ru - rs (
n
n
n
vsy ( ) ru - rs ( )
j j vsx
j y vsz
yu y1
ru - rs (1)
(n )
2
n)
(y
zu z1
c,
zu zn
c,
vsz (1) ru - rs (1)

f
,
c
ys( n)
ru - rs (1)
ru - rs
(1)
Editor
%%%
function F=lianhe_fun(t,tt,f,ru,rs,vs,rm,FOA,de_F)
zs (1)
ru - rs
ru - rs ( n )
( j)
)
,0,1 +
j x vsy
j z
(z
v s ( ) g ru - rs (
n
n
n
vsz ( ) ru - rs ( )
f
,
c
v s (1) g ru - rs (1)
( n)
n)
(z
zs (n )
v s (1) g ru - rs (1)
c ru - rs ( )
)
,0,1 +
v s ( n ) g ru - rs (n
c ru - rs ( n )
MATLAB
636
%t
%tt MELOUT
%f
%ru 13
%rs (m,3)m m
%vs (m,3)
%rm MELOUT
13
%FOA MELOUT ,FOA m1

%de_F
%F m1
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(rs);
for i=1:m
f1(i)=norm(ru-rs(i,:))+c*t-c*tt(i)+norm(rm-rs(i,:));
end
f1=f1';
for i=1:m
temp(i)=1-1/c*(rs(i,:)-rm)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-rm);
y(i)=FOA(i)/temp(i)-de_F;
temp2(i)=1-1/c*(rs(i,:)-ru)*vs(i,:)'/norm(rs(i,:)-ru);
f2(i)=temp2(i)*f-y(i);
end
f2=f2'; %
F=[f1;f2];
lianhe_fun.m
Editor
% Jacobi
MATLAB
637
% Jacobi
function df=lianhe_df(t,f,ru,rs,vs,rm)
%w
%t
%f
%ru
%rs (m,3)
%vs
(m,3)
%rm MELOUT
c=299792.458; %
[m,n]=size(rs);
weiju=zeros(m,5);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
for i=1:m
for j=1:3
weiju(i,j)=(ru(j)-rs(i,j))/norm(rs(i,:)-ru(j));
end
end
weiju(:,4)=c;
weiju(:,5)=0;
%%------------------------------------------------------------%
dpl=zeros(m,5);
for i=1:m
temp1=vs(i,1)*norm(ru-rs(i));
%temp2=vs(i,1)*(ru(1)-rs(i,1))^2/norm(ru-rs(i,:));
dpl(i,1)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3*f/c;
MATLAB
638
dpl(i,2)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3/c;
dpl(i,3)=(temp1-temp2)/temp3/c;
dpl(i,5)=1+(ru-rs(i,:))*vs(i,:)'/c/norm(ru-rs(i,:)); %
end
dpl(:,4)=0;
df=[weiju;dpl];
lianhe_df.m
Editor
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%
%velocity of light
c=299792.458;
rm=[-2177.527701
de_F=1140;
4388.901474
4070.001156]; % ,
MATLAB
639
%
tt=[0.179192643615886
0.177939847962956
0.174945783174601
0.157262513999962
0.162177127682404
0.163065691554433
0.164420535083587
0.183975888363151];
tt=tt+(7e-6)*randn(size(tt));
FOA=[1546.00061607307
1545.99637910458
1546.00549668749
1546.00106050714
1545.99568544321
1546.00273251882
1545.99718502428
1545.99370129674]; %
FOA=FOA+(0.1e-3)*randn(size(FOA));
sat=[sat4(1,:);sat5(1,:);sat12(1,:);sat13(1,:);sat14(1,:);sat22(1,:);sat23(1,:);sat24(1,:)];
%,
%
rs=sat(:,1:3);
% 3
vs=sat(:,4:6);
% 3
MATLAB
640
nj=[-3000
5000
f0=400;
t0=1e-5;
3000]; %
ru=nj;
f=f0;
t=t0;
for i=1:500
fun=lianhe_fun(t,tt,f,ru,rs,vs,rm,FOA,de_F);
dfun=lianhe_df(t,f,ru,rs,vs,rm);
dx=-dfun\fun;
% MATLAB
ru(1)=ru(1)+dx(1);
ru(2)=ru(2)+dx(2);
ru(3)=ru(3)+dx(3);
t=t+dx(4);
f=f+dx(5);
tol=norm(dx(1:3));
if tol<10-8
break
end
end
disp('')
ru
disp('')
f
disp('')
i
lianhe_jiesuan.m
MATLAB
641
>> lianhe_jiesuan
ru =
1.0e+003 *
-2.6023
4.7429
3.3641
f=
406.0000
i=
6
MATLAB
642
MATLAB
643
Bananch Hilbert
S P x, y S
S x + y
a)
x + y = y + x, x, y S
b)
( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) x, y, z S
c)
S 0 x + 0 = x x S
d)
x S S x x + ( x ) = 0
a P x S ag x ax
e)
1x = x, x S
f)
( ab ) x = a ( bx ) , x S , a, b P
g)
a ( x + y ) = ax + ay, x, y S , a P
h)
( a + b ) x = ax + bx, x, a, b P
SP+ g S P
S
1 C m n
C
MATLAB
644
2 C n [ a, b] [ a, b ] n
S S
d :SS R
a)
d ( x, y ) = 0 x = y
b)
d ( x, y ) = d ( y , x )
c)
d ( x, z ) d ( x, y ) + d ( y, z )
S x, y, z d S
S S ( S ; d ) S
3 R x, y d ( x, y ) = x y
4 R x = x , x ,L , x
n
) , y = ( y , y ,L, y )
d ( x, y ) =
( x
i =1
yi )
5 R x = x , x ,L , x
n
) , y = ( y , y ,L, y )
1
p p
n
d ( x, y ) = x i y i
i =1
Minkowski
1
p
i
i p p i p p
i p
x + y x + y
i =1
i =1
i =1

3 ( S ; d ) { xn : n N }
> 0 N N m, n N d ( xm , xn ) <
MATLAB
645
4 ( S ; d ) { xn : n N } a S lim d ( a, xn ) = 0
n
5 ( S ; d )
n
6 R
d ( x, y ) =
( x
n
i =1
yi )

6 a S f : S S
f (a) = a
7 ( S ; d ) f : S S q
0<q<1 S x, y
d ( f ( x ) , f ( y ) ) qd ( x, y )
1Picard-Banach ( S ; d )
f : S S
-
x0 S
x0 , x1 = f ( x0 ) , L , xn +1 = f ( xn ) ,L
a
d ( a, xn )
qn
d ( x1 , x0 )
1 q
2 Banach

8 X x X x
MATLAB
646
: X R X
a)
x = 0 x = 0
b)
x = x
c)
x+ y x + y
{ xn } X a X
xn a 0 ( n ) { xn }
a a lim xn = a
n
d ( x, y ) = x y , ( x, y X )
d ( x, y ) X { xn } a { xn } d ( x, y )
a
d ( x, y ) x
Banach
9 Banach
7 C [ a, b ] x C [ a, b ]
x = max x ( t )
a t b
C [ a, b ] Banach
8 l x = (1 , 2 ,L) l
x = sup j
j
l Banach

V x :V a R x x, y V
1 x 0
MATLAB
647
1a x = 0 x = 0
2 cx = c x c
3 x + y x + y
1 l1
n
x = xi
i =1
2 l2
= 5,
3 l
= max xi
1i n
4 l p
n
x = ( xi )1/ p
i =1
l1 , l2 , l l p p = 1, 2, l p
x = (3, 4,5)T l1 , l2 , l x 1 = 12 x
=5 2 x
= 5
C1 , C2 R
C1 x
x C2 x
A R
n m
A A
1 A > 0 A 0 0 = 0
2 c cA = c A
MATLAB
648
3 A + B A + B
4 AB A B
1Frobenius
m
= ( aij )1/ 2
i =1 j =1
2 l p
= max
x 0
Ax
x
p
p
3
n
row
= max{ aij }
1i m
j =1
col
= max{ aij }
spec
= max = max
1 j n
i =1
max A A A max
H
Hilbert
n
Hilbert R R n
n Hilbert

10 X X x, y x, y
a)
x, x > 0 , x, x = 0 x = 0, x X
b)
ax + by , z = a x, z + b y, z , ( x, y, z X ) , ( a, b ) C
c)
x, y = y, x , ( x, y X )
x, y x y X
MATLAB
649
X x X
x =
x, x
x X
Hilbert
2 Schwarz X x, y
x, y x
xy
Schwarz x, y X
x + y = x + y , x + y = x, x + x, y + y, x + y, y
2
= x + x, y + y, x + y
2
y + y =( x + y
x +2 x
2
x + y x + y
x =
x, x
Hilbert
9 l 2 x = (1 , 2 , 3 ,L) , y = (1 , 2 ,3 ,L)
x, y = ii
i =1
2
l Hilbert
MATLAB
650
UltraEdit
Windows
MATLAB Editor
UltraEdit
UltraEdit
c/c++/c#DelphiFortran
MATLABMapleHTMLJava
1
1 UltraEdit
MATLAB
651
2
3
MATLAB
652
UltraEdit MATLAB
4
4
5
5
5
6
MATLAB
653
6
6
wordfile.txt UltraEdit
6
UltraEdit 7
MATLAB
654
UltraEdit wordfile.txt
wordfile.txt 7
/L20"MATLAB 2008 " Nocase Line Comment = % String Chars = ' File Extensions
= m M
/Function String = "%[ ^t]++function*=[ ^t]++^([a-z0-9_]+^)"
/Function String 1 = "%[ ^t]++function[ ^t]+^([a-z0-9_]+^)[ ^t]++[~=]"
/Delimiters = ~!@$^&*()-+=|\/{}[]:;"'<> ,
.?
/C1
break
case catch
else elseif end
for function
global
if
otherwise
persistent
return
switch
try
while
/C2
abs acos acosh add_annotation add_block add_line add_param all and any
asin asinh assignin atan atan2 atanh
MATLAB
655
balance beep bitand bitcmp bitget bitor bitset bitshift bitxor builtin
callstats cat cd ceil cell cell2struct cellhorzcat cells char chdir
check_system chol cholinc cholupdate class clc clear clock close_system
colon compare_system computer
conj contourc conv2 copyobj cos cosh cputime ctranspose cumprod cumsum
dbclear dbcont dbdown dbquit dbstack dbstatus dbstep dbstop dbtype dbup
delete delete_annotation delete_block delete_line delete_param det diag
diary diff disp display
dongarra dos double dragrect drawnow
echo eig eps eq error errortrap eval evalc evalin exist exit exp expm eye
fclose feature feof ferror feval fft fftn fftw fgets fieldnames fields
filesep fill fill3 filter find find_system findpackage findstr findtype
finite fix floor fopen
format fprintf frame2im fread fscanf fschange fseek ftell full func2str
functions functionscalled fwrite
ge getenv getframe gs_get_buttonmotion gt
handle handle2struct hardcopy hcreate help hess hittest home horzcat
hregister
i ieee ifft ifftn im2frame imag import inf Inf inferiorto inmem input
inputname int16 int32 int8 inv isa iscell ischar isempty isequal isfinite
isglobal ishandle isieee
isinf isjava isletter islogical isnan isreal isruntime isspace issparse
isstr isstudent
j java javaArray javaMethod javaObject java_array java_method
java_object
keyboard
lasterr lastwarn ldivide le length license load log log2 logical loglog
lookfor lower lt ltitr lu luinc
magic matlabpath matlabroot max methods mexext mfilename mimofr min minus
mislocked mldivide mlock mod more movie mpower mrdivide mtimes munlock
nan NaN nargin nargout ndims ne new_system norm not numel
ones open_system or
pack pause permute pfile pi plot plot3 plus pow2 power prod
qr qrupdate quit qz
rand randn rbbox rcond rdivide real rehash rem reset reshape rmappdata
round rtwgen runtime
save save_system schur selectmoveresize semilogx semilogy setappdata
setstr sign sim simulink simver sin single sinh size sldebug sort sparse
sparsfun sprintf sqrt sscanf
str2func strcmp strcmpi strfind string strncmp strncmpi strrep struct
struct2cell struct2handle subsasgn subsindex subsref sum superiorto svd
system system_dependent
tan tanh tic times toc transpose tril triu trmginput type
MATLAB
656
u_convert_to_gobject uigetfile uimenufcn uint16 uint32 uint8

uipushtool uiputfile uisetcolor uisetfont uitoggletool uitoolbar uminus
unix uplus upper
version vertcat vms
waitfor waitforbuttonpress warning what which who whos
xlate
zeros
/C3
axes
dir
figure findobj
gcbf gcbo gcf gco get get_param gcbh
image
light line
patch pwd
rectangle
set set_param sf surface
text
uicontrol uimenu uicontextmenu
/C4
+
=
// /
\
%
&
>
<
^
!
{
}
|
L20 MATLAB 20
cjava 20
20 6
8
MATLAB
657
8 MATLAB
L20 "MATLAB 2008 "
UltraEdit MATLAB m
m 9
MATLAB
658
9 MATLAB
m MATLAB Editor
UltraEdit m 10
MATLAB
659
10
11
MATLAB
660
11
11 12
12 UltraEdit m UltraEdit
12
MATLAB
UltraEdit IDM Computer Solutions, Inc
wordfile.txt
6
MATLAB 6
13
MATLAB
661
13 MATLAB
UltraEdit UltraEdit
MATLABMapleFortranJavaDelphiHTMLPhytonBasicC/C++
C#
MATLAB
662
MATLAB
4 a=1b=2c=3
d=4 a+d a+b a+d
a+b
1 sum = 1 + 2 + 3 +L n n=5 sum
Editor
function s=fulu_ex1(n)
for i=1:n
s=s+i;
MATLAB
663
end
fulu_ex1.m
>> fulu_ex1(5)
MALTAB
??? Undefined function or variable "s".
Error in ==> fulu_ex1 at 4
s=s+i;
s
fulu_ex1 4
s
s
function s=lianjia(n)
s=0;
for i=1:n
s=s+i;
end
>> fulu_ex1(5)
ans =
15
2
2 f ( x ) = x + x cos x x 0 6 0.1
Editor
function f=fulu_ex2(x)
f=x^2+x*cos(x);
fulu_ex2.m
>> x=0:0.1:6;
>> y=fulu_ex2(x);
MATLAB
MATLAB
664
??? Error using ==> mpower

Matrix must be square.
Error in ==> fulu_ex2 at 2
f=x^2+x*cos(x);
function f=fulu_ex1(x)
f=x.^2+x.*cos(x);
>> clear
>>clc
>> x=0:0.1:6;
>> y=fulu_ex2(x); %
>> plot(x,y,'*')
>> grid
1
1 2
s ( x, n ) = x + x 2 + x 3 +L x n
x n
function s=fulu_ex3(x,n)
% 2 3
mi=1;
s=0;
MATLAB
665
for i=1:n
mi=mi*x;
s=s+mi;
end
function s=fulu_ex3(x,n)
% 2 3
mi=1;
s=0;
for i=1:n
mi=mi*mi;
s=s+mi;
end
>>fulu_ex3(2,3)
ans =
3
s ( 2,3) = 2 + 2 2 + 23 = 14
14 3
Editor
n=4;
x=2;
f=fulu_ex3(x,n)
ex3_main.m fulu_ex3()
MATLAB
666
3
3 2
MATLAB
667
4 x
fulu_ex3() 5
MATLAB
668
5
5
6
6
6
mi 7
MATLAB
669
7
mi 1 mi
x 2n 1 mi 2 6
mi=mi*x;
n n 4
>> ex3_main
f=
30
MATLAB 8
MATLAB
670
8
K>>
n
K>> n
n =
4
K>>
100
K>> s=100;
K>>
s 102 9
MATLAB
50
1000
4 3
MATLAB
671
s ( 2, 20 ) = 2 + 22 + 23 + L + 220
fulu_ex3.m 10
ex3_main.m
n=20;
x=2;
f=fulu_ex3(x,n)
10
10
11
11
11 6
12
MATLAB
672
12
Editor DebugSet/Modify Conditional Breakpoit
13
13
MATLAB 13
i>10
14
MATLAB
673
14
11
11 10 15
15
i 11
MATLAB 16
MATLAB
674
16
pascalfortran
MATLAB
675

A
1
http://www.amss.ac.cn/amss/index.htm
2
http://lsec.cc.ac.cn/chinese/icmsec/indexcn.html
3
http://www.math.pku.edu.cn/
4
http://www.nju.edu.cn/cps/site/mathematics/main/main.htm
5
http://math.fudan.edu.cn/
6
http://www.math.zju.edu.cn/webpagenew/homepage.asp
7
http://math.tsinghua.edu.cn/
8
http://math.sysu.edu.cn/sjxy/index.aspx
9
http://math.ustc.edu.cn/Ch/
10
http://math.bnu.edu.cn/
11
http://math.ecnu.edu.cn/
B
1 CMLIB
NITS Fortran
MATLAB
676
http://gams.nist.gov/
2 IMSL
Visual Numerics C#C Fortran Visual Fotran
IMSL
http://www.vni.com/
3 NAG
Fortran77/90 C
1000
http://www.nag.com/
4 SLATEC
Fortran
http://www.energy.gov/
C
1 MATLAB
MATLAB
http://www.mathworks.com
2 Maple
MATLAB
http://www.maplesoft.com
3 Mathmatica
Wolfram
MATLAB
http://www.mathematica.com
4 Scilab
Scilab INRIA
MATLAB MATLAB Scilad
http://www.scilab.org/
MATLAB
677
1
2005
2 1978
3
2005
4 [] BA
2006
5 [] David KincaidWard Cheney
2005
6 MATLAB 2006
7 MATLAB 2004
8 MATLAB 2007
9 C
2004
10
1992
11
12
13
Byron D Tapley Bob E Schutz George H Born Statistical Orbit
DeterminationELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS2004
14
A E RoyOrbital MotionSecond EditionBristolAdam Hilger Ltd
15
CARL DMURRAYSTANLEY FDERMOTTCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS1999
16
2007
17
1983
18
[] VIAnorld 2006
19
MATLAB 2006
20
1998
21
2003
22
1998
23
2004
24
2003
25
1990
26
[] John HMathews,Kurtis DFink
2007
27
2007
28
2001
29
2002
30
2005
31
2004
32
2000
33
Java
2003
MATLAB
678
34
2001
35
1985
36
Cleve BMolerNumerical Computing with MATLABSociety for Industrial and
Applied Mathmatics,2004
37
1988
38
2001
39
[] Pratap MisraPer Enge
2008
40
2006
41
1998
42
PVenkataramanAPPLIED OPTIMIZATION WITH MATLAB PROGRAMMINGA
WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY&SONS,INC
43
[]GHCF
2001
44
Willian H Press Saul A Teukolsky William T Vetterling Brian
PFlanneryNUMERICAL RECIPES(Third Editon) Cambrige University Press,2007
MATLAB
679

MATLAB数值分析与应用 宋叶志

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MATLAB数值分析与应用 宋叶志

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MATLAB

MATLAB 2008 The Math Works

5 c1 = 7 + 4i, c 2 = 3e5i c = c1gc 2

>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6]

>> A=[2 5 3 6 7];

>> A=[1 2 3;4 5 6]

>> B=[4 5 6;7 8 9];

>> a21='welcome to MATLAB';

19 y1 = 2 x sin( x 2 ) y 2 = 2( x + 1) cos( x 2 ) [05]

y1 = sin(5 x) y 2 = cos(3 x) , y 3 = sin(5 x ) cos(3 x) y 4 = sin(5 x) + cos(3 x)

>> title('the functon of sine')

y = sin t t [0, 20]

y = sin t ( 3 + cos u ) , t [0, 2 ] , u [0, 2 ]

File 1.2 Fileopen

y = sin x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x

z = cos x + sin 3 x + cos 5 x

dy(3) = -0.51 * y(1) * y(2);

>> options = odeset('RelTol',1e-4,'AbsTol',[1e-4 1e-4 1e-5]); %

1966 Bohra Jacopini

MATLAB for while

r ' y-zz-x x-z xy z

SIN(X) is the sine of the elements of X.

Robust Control Toolbox

- Important release information about the Robust Toolbox

Optional System Data Structure.

- extract branches from a tree.

- add a branch to a tree.

issystem - identify a system variable.

diff(S) MALTAB findsym

MATLAB symsum symsum

MATLAB int int

(tan x + 1)2 dx = e 2 x tan x + C

dx [0,1) [0, u ] [0,1) x=1

>> mhelp index

Index of help descriptions

list of Maple functions

topics related to modules

descriptions of library packages

topics related to procedures and programming

list of Maple statements

>> mhelp mtaylor

disp('1.08 3.69 ')

2.11 Jacobi Hesse

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y ( x )) 1 + y '2 ( x)dx

f ( x, y, z )ds = f ( x (t ), y (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t )dt

f ( x, y, z )ds = f ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) + z '2 (t )dt

x = ( ) cos = a sin cos

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

Fgds = [ P( x, y( x))dx + Q( x, y( x)) y '( x)]dx

Fgds = [ P( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) x '(t ) +

Q ( x (t ), y (t ), z (t )) y '(t ) + R( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) z '(t )]dx

f ( x, y, z )dS = f ( x(u, v), y (u, v), z(uv))

xyzdS D x=0,y=0,z=0 x+y+z=1

xyzdS = xyzdS + xyzdS + xyzdS + xyzdS

xyzdS = xyzdS = xyzdS = 0

Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy

Pdydz = P( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

Qdydz = Q( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

Rdydz = R( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v) (u, v) dudv

xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy D x

f = f ( x (u , v, w), y (u , v, w), z (u, v, w))

0.3710 + 0.0576i -1.0226 + 0.6927i

2.1122 + 0.6315i -0.3898 + 0.4544i

MATLAB数值分析与应用宋叶志

MATLAB数值分析与应用宋叶志