3- Write an interrogative sentence directed to a politician. 4- Write a declarative compound complex sentence directed to a parent.

5- Write an imperative sentence that gently directs a child.

Coordination Subordination
I- Coordination- Subordination: Coordination and subordination are two strategies for showing the relationship between ideas in a sentence. Coordination combines two ideas that are equally important. Subordination combines two ideas in a way that makes one idea more important than the other. The less important idea is -dependent on- or subordinate to- the more important idea. Both strategies use conjunctions to combine independent clauses into a single sentence. II- Coordination: Coordination joins clauses that are equally important. Coordination uses a comma plus one of the seven coordinating conjunctions to join independent clauses. Independent clause , and Independent clause Coordinating conjunctions for and nor but or yet so Each of the seven coordinating conjunctions clarifies a specific relationship between equally important ideas.

Conjunction Relationship Example For Cause Margaret bought an iron with an automatic shut-off, for she was always forgetting to unplug it.

And Addition The temperature has fallen rapidly this afternoon, and the roads are beginning to freeze. Nor Alternative(negative) Neither his mother nor his father finished college. Note that in this sentence, the coordinating conjunction joins equal phrases rather than equal clauses. Both applications of coordination are correct. But Contrast His car is not running right now, but he intends to repair it before week- end. Or Alternative We can eat dinner now, or we can wait and eat after the movie. Yet Contrast He always arrives late, yet he expects everyone else to arrive on time. So Consequence My mom was born in Italy, so Ive always wanted to visit that country. Note: You can easily remember these seven coordinating conjunctions by remembering the acronymFANBOYS. Excessive coordination: Faulty coordination gives equal emphasis to unequal or unrelated clauses Example: Alice Adams has published four novels, and she lives in San Francisco.(no connection is apparent between living in San Francisco and publishing four novels). Depending on the writers purpose, one of the ideas should be subordinated.

To avoid faulty coordination, we put part of the sentence in a dependent clause , modifying phrase, or appositive phrase. Example: -Alice Adams, who lives in San Francisco, has published four novels (dependent clause). -Alice Adams, from San Francisco, has published four novels (modifying phrase). -Alice Adams, a San Francisco writer, has published four novels. (appositive phrase). Excessive coordination stringing main clauses together with coordinating conjunctions for no apparent purpose- can become monotonous for the reader. Excessive coordination also fails to show the proper relation between clauses. Example: Alice Adams is a successful writer, and she lives in San Francisco, and she has received grants from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Foundation for the Arts. Observe the excessive use of the coordinator and. This example could be revised and excessive coordination avoided by rewriting the sentence, using dependent clauses, modifying phrases, or appositive phrases. Alice Adams, a successful San Francisco writer, has received grants from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Foundation for the Arts. Unless If only wont be able to fly out tomorrow. - He wont listen to you unless you make him turn off the radio and look at you. Contrast Although Even Though -Although I have called repeatedly, the credit card company has not corrected my account.

- He still brings her roses even though he knows she is allergic to them. If you look carefully at the example sentences, you will notice an important punctuation rule that applies to subordination: Place a comma after but not before a dependent clause. Examples: After the final touchdown, the fans stormed out onto the field. The fans stormed out onto the field after the final touchdown. (depending on the order of clauses in the sentence, you can or not use a comma) Faulty/Excessive subordination: Faulty subordination occurs when the more important clause is placed in a subordinate positioning the sentence or when the expected relation between clauses is reversed. Example: Although she easily won the Olympic trial, she had been training for only six months. (this sentence seems to say that she trained in spite of the fact that she easily won the Olympic trial) To correct the faulty subordination change the position of the subordinating word or phrase. Although she had been training for only six months, she easily won the Olympic trial. Excessive subordination occurs when a sentence contains a series of clauses, each subordinate to an earlier one
3. AVOIDING DANGLING AND MISPLACE MODIFIER: Dangling modifiers have no referent in the sentence. Because of their placement in a sentence, misplaced modifiers ambiguously or illogically modify a word. You can eliminate misplaced modifiers by placing an adjective or an adverb as close as possible to the word it modifies.

Correct: Based on this assumption, the model Incorrect: Based on this assumption, I developed a model Comment: [The model, not I, was based on this assumption.]

Many dangling modifiers also result from the use of the passive voice. By writing in the active voice, you can avoid many dangling modifiers.

Correct: After separating the participants into groups, I tested Group A. Incorrect: After separating the participants into groups, Group A was tested. Comment: [I, not Group A, separated the participants into groups.] Correct: Using this procedure, I tested the participants. Incorrect: The participants were tested using this procedure. Comment: [I, not the participants, used the procedure.] Correct: To test this hypothesis, we divided the participants into two groups. Incorrect: To test this hypothesis, the participants were divided into two groups. Comment: [We, not the participants, tested the hypothesis.]