2.strain and Deformation - Mark

Outline
Strain and deformation

a global overview
Mark van Kraaij
Seminar on Continuum Mechanics
/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Denition Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics concerned with the stresses in solids, liquids and gases and the deformation or ow of these materials. A continuum disregards the molecular structure of matter and pictures it as being without gaps or empty spaces.
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Seminar topics Stress Strain and deformation General principles
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics
Denition Solid mechanics deals with solid materials. A solid has a dened rest shape and can support shear stresses. Fluid mechanics deals with uids (both liquids and gases). A uid takes the shape of its container and cannot support shear stresses.
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics Elasticity Plasticity
Denition Elasticity describes materials that return to their rest shape after an applied stress. Plasticity describes materials that permanently deform (change their rest shape) after a large enough applied stress.
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics Elasticity Plasticity
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics Elasticity Plasticity non-Newtonian uids Newtonian uids
Denition non-Newtonian uids are uids in which the viscosity changes with the applied shear stress. Newtonian uids are uids in which the viscosity is constant.
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Outline
Continuum mechanics
Seminar topics Constitutive equations Linearized theory of elasticity Fluid mechanics ...
Outline
Outline
1
Kinematics of a continuous medium Continuum conguration Motion and material derivatives Deformation and strain Rate of deformation and vorticity Polar decomposition Linear deformation and strain theory Linear deformation and strain Principal strains and invariants Compatibility conditions
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Outline
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Continuum conguration
Gr
3
u X
2
x
3 o 1 2
O
1
X = X11+X22+X33
x = x11+x22+x33
Denition Let B be a 3-dimensional, continuous, material body and let P B be a material point. Let G R3 be a conguration of B at time t and Gr R3 a reference conguration.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Gr
3
u X
2
x
3 o 1 2
O
1
X = X11+X22+X33
x = x11+x22+x33
Denition Let X Gr be the position of material point P in the reference conguration with respect to origin O. Let x G be the position of material point P at time t with respect to origin o.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Gr
3
u X
2
x
3 o 1 2
O
1
X = X11+X22+X33
x = x11+x22+x33
Denition Then two bijective mappings exist : {(X, t) | X Gr , t R} {x|x G} : x = (X, t), : {(x, t) | x G, t R} {X|X Gr } : X = (x, t).
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Gr
3
u X
2
x
3 o 1 2
O
1
X = X11+X22+X33
x = x11+x22+x33
Denition The displacement vector u links the material coordinates X with the spatial coordinates x through u = b + x X. Often in continuum mechanics it is possible to consider both coordinate systems superimposed and then b = 0.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Example Rigid body motion x = (X, t) = c(t) + Q(t)X, X = (x, t) = QT (t)(x c(t)). Uniform dilatation x = (X, t) = (1 + (t))X, X = (x, t) =
1 1+ (t)
x.
Note that this formulation excludes crack formation

Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Description of motion
Denition
1
Material description, whose independent variables are the particle P and the time t. Referential description, whose independent variables are the position X of the particle in a reference conguration and the time t (Lagrangian description). Spatial description, whose independent variables are the present position x occupied by the particle at time t and the present time t (Eulerian description). Relative description, whose independent variables are the present position x occupied by the particle and a variable time .
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Denition
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Denition
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Denition
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Denition
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Material and local time derivatives

Denition Consider an arbitrary eld quantity F. The material time d derivative (denoted with dt ) and the local time derivative (denoted with t ) are given by dF F(X, t) := , dt t F F(x, t) := . t t
After applying the chain rule the following relation is found dF F = +v dt t F,
where v = dx is the instantaneous velocity of the particle dt (material derivative of the particles position).
Kinematics
Linear
Summary

Denition Consider an arbitrary eld quantity F. The material time d derivative (denoted with dt ) and the local time derivative (denoted with t ) are given by dF F(X, t) := , dt t F F(x, t) := . t t
After applying the chain rule the following relation is found dF F = +v dt t F,
where v = dx is the instantaneous velocity of the particle dt (material derivative of the particles position).
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Example d = +v dt t Applying the material derivative operator on Density :

d dt
+v
du dt v t
. =
u t
Displacement u : v = Velocity v :a=
dx dt dv dt
= =
+v v.
u.
+v
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Deformation and displacement gradients

Gr
3
X O
1
dX Y
2
dx y
Denition A motion where the shape and/or volume of B is changed is called a deformation. In a deformation the distance between two material points changes x = (X, t), y = (Y, t) = (X, t) + =: (X, t) dX + O(|dX|) X x + F (X, t)dX + O(|dX|).
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Deformation and displacement gradients

Gr
3
X O
1
dX Y
2
dx y
Denition A motion where the shape and/or volume of B is changed is called a deformation. In a deformation the distance between two material points changes dx F dX, where F = (X,t) = X Also G=
u X x X
is the material deformation gradient.
= F I is the material displacement gradient.

Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Deformation and strain tensors

Denition Because F still includes rigid body rotation it is not a direct measure for deformation. Therefore look at the change of length of a line-element between two material points |dx|2 = (dx, dx) = (F dX, F dX) = (F T F dX, dX) := (CdX, dX), where C = F T F is the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor. A deformation quantity which becomes zero when there is no deformation present is the Lagrangian strain tensor E= 1 1 (C I) = (G + G T + G T G). 2 2
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Deformation and strain tensors

Denition Because F still includes rigid body rotation it is not a direct measure for deformation. Therefore look at the change of length of a line-element between two material points |dx|2 = (dx, dx) = (F dX, F dX) = (F T F dX, dX) := (CdX, dX), where C = F T F is the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor. A deformation quantity which becomes zero when there is no deformation present is the Lagrangian strain tensor E= 1 1 (C I) = (G + G T + G T G). 2 2
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Rate of deformation and spin tensor

Denition In solid mechanics the deformation and displacement gradients play an important role. In uid mechanics it is often the gradient of the velocity that is important L= dF 1 v = F =: D + W, x dt
where D = 1 (L + LT ) is the rate of deformation tensor 2 and W = 1 (L LT ) is the spin tensor. 2 Moreover, the vorticity vector w = anti-symmetric tensor W.
1 2
v is associated with the
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Stretch and rotation

Denition A polar decomposition of an arbitrary, nonsingular second-order tensor is given by the product of a symmetric positive-denite tensor and an orthogonal tensor. For the deformation gradient this means F = R U = V R, where R is the rotation tensor U is the right stretch tensor V is the left stretch tensor
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Outline
1
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Linear deformation
Denition In linear deformation theory the displacement gradients are small compared to unity ||G|| = u X =: 1.
In linear deformation theory all O(2 ) terms are neglected. A consequence of this is that the material and spatial displacement gradients are very nearly equal u u x u = = X x X x I+ u X = u (1 + O()). x
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Linear deformation
In linear deformation theory all O(2 ) terms are neglected. A consequence of this is that the material and spatial displacement gradients are very nearly equal u u x u = = X x X x I+ u X = u (1 + O()). x
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Linear deformation
In linear deformation theory all O(2 ) terms are neglected. A consequence of this is that the material and spatial displacement gradients are very nearly equal u u = . X x
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Linear strain tensor
Denition Neglecting the higher order terms in the Lagrangian strain tensor gives the linear Lagrangian strain tensor E = = El := 1 (G + G T + G T G) 2 1 (G + G T + O(2 )) 2 1 u u (G + G T ) = + 2 X X
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
2D interpretation of linear strain tensor

Example Uniaxial extension in x-direction: xx Uniaxial extension in y-direction: yy Pure shear without rotation: xy = xy =
dux dX . duy dY .
2 = 1 + 2 , duy 1 1 dux 2 xy 2 dY + dX
duy dY dux dY
dux q2 y dX
q1 duy
dX
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Principal strains and invariants

Properties Several properties hold for the symmetric, second-order linear strain tensor The principal strain direction is a direction for which the orientation of an element at a given point is not altered by a pure strain deformation (no shear strain component). The principal strain values ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are the unit relative displacements (normal strain components) that occur in the principal directions.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary

Properties Several properties hold for the symmetric, second-order linear strain tensor The invariants are given by IE l IIE l IIIE l = tr E l = = = det E l =
1
3,
1 2
2 3
3 1,
1 2 3.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary

Properties Several properties hold for the symmetric, second-order linear strain tensor An additive decomposition consisting of a spherical tensor and deviator tensor El = where
M MI
+ (E l
M I),
=(
3 )/3
is the mean normal strain.
The deviator tensor is associated with shear deformation for which the cubical dilatation vanishes.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Compatibility conditions
Denition If the strain components are given, the symmetric linear strain matrix may be viewed as a system of six PDEs for determining the three components of the displacement vector u. For a solution to exist, a necessary and sufcient condition is given by the compatibility relations 2 2 xy xy 2 xx yz = = 2 yy 2 xx + , y 2 x 2 yz xy zx + + . x x y z
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Summary
Strain and deformation: a global overview The kinematics of a general continuous medium have been discussed. Several important quantities have been introduced Material and spatial coordinates Deformation and strain Rate of deformation and vorticity Linear deformation theory simplies the general theory on the assumption that the displacement gradients are small.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
Summary
Strain and deformation: a global overview The kinematics of a general continuous medium have been discussed. Several important quantities have been introduced Material and spatial coordinates Deformation and strain Rate of deformation and vorticity Linear deformation theory simplies the general theory on the assumption that the displacement gradients are small.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
For further reading
Lawrence E. Malvern Introduction to the mechanics of a continuus medium Prentice-Hall, 1969. George E. Mase Schaums outlines of continuum mechanics McGraw-Hill, 1970.
Kinematics
Linear
Summary
For further reading
Lawrence E. Malvern Introduction to the mechanics of a continuus medium Prentice-Hall, 1969. George E. Mase Schaums outlines of continuum mechanics McGraw-Hill, 1970.

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Outline

Strain and deformation

Mark van Kraaij

Seminar on Continuum Mechanics

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Seminar topics Stress Strain and deformation General principles

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Note that this formulation excludes crack formation

Material and local time derivatives

After applying the chain rule the following relation is found dF F = +v dt t F,

Material and local time derivatives

After applying the chain rule the following relation is found dF F = +v dt t F,

Material and local time derivatives

Example d = +v dt t Applying the material derivative operator on Density :

Displacement u : v = Velocity v :a=

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Deformation and displacement gradients

Deformation and displacement gradients

is the material deformation gradient.

= F I is the material displacement gradient.

Deformation and strain tensors

Deformation and strain tensors

Rate of deformation and spin tensor

v is associated with the

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Stretch and rotation

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Linear strain tensor

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2D interpretation of linear strain tensor

Principal strains and invariants

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Principal strains and invariants

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

Principal strains and invariants

is the mean normal strain.

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

For further reading

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

For further reading

/centre for analysis, scientific computing and applications

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