Understanding Coal Analysis by Michael Hutagalung on 02/06/08 at 1:30 am How to understand a coal sample analysis?

What is the difference between proximat e and ultimate analysis? What is AR (as-received) basis? Is is the same with DAF (dry, ash free) basis? How about AD (air-dried) basis? And what coal ash analys is is all about? Well, it is indeed a long list of questions to answer but the explanation is act ually not as twisted as it seems. The main purpose of coal sample analysis is to determine the rank of the coal along with its intrinsic characteristics. Furthe rmore, these data will be used as the fundamental consideration for future conce rns, for instance: coal trading and its utilizations. Coal Properties Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal o r black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal has a certain set of ph ysical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) and carbon content. 1. Moisture Moisture is an important property of coal, as all coals are mined wet. Groundwat er and other extraneous moisture is known as adventitious moisture and is readil y evaporated. Moisture held within the coal itself is known as inherent moisture and is analyzed. Moisture may occur in four possible forms within coal: o Surface moisture: water held on the surface of coal particles or maceral s o Hydroscopic moisture: water held by capillary action within the microfra ctures of the coal o Decomposition moisture: water held within the coals decomposed organic co mpounds o Mineral moisture: water which comprises part of the crystal structure of hydrous silicates such as clays. 2. Volatile matter Volatile matter in coal refers to the components of coal, except for moisture, w hich are liberated at high temperature in the absence of air. This is usually a mixture of short and long chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and some sul fur. The volatile matter of coal is determined under rigidly controlled standard s. In Australian and British laboratories this involves heating the coal sample to 900 5 C (1650 10 F) for 7 minutes in a cylindrical silica crucible in a muffle f urnace. American Standard procedures involve heating to 950 25 C (1740 45 F) in a vertical platinum crucible. 3. Ash Ash content of coal is the non-combustible residue left after coal is burnt. It represents the bulk mineral matter after carbon, oxygen, sulfur and water (inclu ding from clays) has been driven off during combustion. Analysis is fairly strai ghtforward, with the coal thoroughly burnt and the ash material expressed as a p ercentage of the original weight. 4. Fixed carbon The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the material which i s left after volatile materials are driven off. This differs from the ultimate c arbon content of the coal because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the v olatiles. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the amount of coke that will be yielded from a sample of coal. Fixed carbon is determined by removing the mass of volatiles determined by the volatility test, above, from the original mass of the coal sample. 5. Coal Proximate Analysis The objective of coal ultimate analysis is to determine the amount of fixed carb on (FC), volatile matters (VM), moisture, and ash within the coal sample. The va riables are measured in weight percent (wt. %) and are calculated in several dif ferent bases. AR (as-received) basis is the most widely used basis in industrial applications. AR basis puts all variables into consideration and uses the total weight as the basis of measurement. AD (air-dried) basis neglect the presence o

f moistures other than inherent moisture while DB (dry-basis) leaves out all moi stures, including surface moisture, inherent moisture, and other moistures. DAF (dry, ash free) basis neglect all moisture and ash constituent in coal while DMM F (dry, mineral-matter-free) basis leaves out the presence of moisture and miner al matters in coal, for example: quartz, pyrite, calcite, etc. Mineral matter is not directly measured but may be obtained by one of a number of empirical formu la based on the ultimate and proximate analysis. Proximate Analysis unit (ar) (ad) (db) (daf) Moisture (wt. %) 3.3 2.7 Ash (wt. %) 22.1 22.2 22.8 Volatile Matter (wt. %) 27.3 27.5 28.3 36.6 Fixed Carbon (wt. %) 47.3 47.6 48.9 63.4 Gross Calorific Value (MJ/kg) 24.73 24.88 25.57 33.13 (Kcal/kg) 24.73 24.88 25.57 33.13 A table is shown above containing an example of proximate analysis data of coal. Conversion from one basis to another can be performed using mass balance equati ons. The standard practice for proximate analysis of coal may be referred to AST M D3172-07a or ISO 17246:2005. Coal Ultimate Analysis Similar to coal proximate analysis, the objective of coal ultimate analysis is t o determine the constituent of coal, but rather in a form of its basic chemical elements. The ultimate analysis determines the amount of carbon (C), hydrogen (H ), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and other elements within the coal sample. These vari ables are also measured in weight percent (wt. %) and are calculated in the base s explained above. Ultimate Analysis unit (ar) (ad) (db) (daf) Carbon (C) (wt. %) 61.1 61.5 63.2 81.9 Hydrogen (H) (wt. %) 3.00 3.02 3.10 4.02 Nitrogen (N) (wt. %) 1.35 1.36 1.40 1.81 Total Sulfur (S) (wt. %) 0.4 0.39 0.39 Oxygen (O) (wt. %) 8.8 8.8 9.1 A table is shown above containing an example of coal ultimate analysis data and showing significant elements only. Conversion from one basis to another can be p erformed using mass balance equations. The standard practice for ultimate analys is of coal may be referred to ASTM D3176-89(2002) or ISO 17247:2005. Ash Analysis Oxides wt.% of ash (Calculated) Elements wt.% of ash (Measured) Na2O 0.35 Na 0.26 MgO 0.48 Mg 0.29 Al2O3 20.0 Al 10.6 SiO 74.1 Si 34.6 P2O5 0.05 P 0.05 K2O 1.1 K 0.92 CaO 0.68 Ca 0.49 TiO2 0.80 Ti 0.48 Mn3O4 0.06 Mn 0.05 Fe2O3 3.25 Fe 2.28 An analysis of coal ash may also be carried out to determine not only the compos ition of coal ash, but also to determine the levels at which trace elements occu r in ash. These data are useful for environmental impact modelling, and may be o btained by spectroscopic methods such as ICP-OES or AAS. An example of coal ash composition is shown on the right. Beside composition of coal ash, ash fusion point is also one significant paramet er in ash analysis. The optimum operating temperature of coal processing will de pend on the gas temperature and also the ash fusion point. Melting of the ashes

may cause them to stick to the walls of the reactor and result in a build-up. You might be interested to read an article of coal characterization equipments h ere, illustrated with photos, including coal proximate analysis, ultimate analys is, and ash fusion point analysis equipments. Reference: CSIRO Energy Technology, ISO, ASTM, Wikipedia