INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL GUNS Warship and Their Role A warship is a ship that is built and primarily intended for

combat. Warships are usually built in a completely different way from merchant ships. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster and more maneuvrable than merchant ships. Unlike a merchant ship, a warship typically only carries weapons, ammunition and supplies for its own crew (rather than merchant cargo). A warship is any ship designed primarily with combat in mind, as opposed to merchant ships, transport ships, and recreational ships. They generally have some degree of built in offensive capability, and are also built to sustain more damage than other classes of ships. They may also be designed to be more maneuverable than merchant ships. During times of active war, merchant ships may be armed to function more as warships, in order to supplement a military and to defend themselves in order to safely transport goods. Generally, a warship is a part of a larger national Navy, although in some cases an individual or large business entity may have a warship or group of warships for their own personal ends. In the distant past, the great fleets of Greece, Persia, and Rome consisted of groups warship. These ships were fairly cumbersome, and relied largely on their own weight as a weapon, ramming other ships. Battles consisted of the ships moving into close quarters, where the crews could attack one another with hand weaponry. An exception to this was for a brief period in the Hellenistic Age, lasting until about the 2nd century BCE, when catapults were used to attack from ship to ship. After they fell out of use, projectile attacks were not seen widely again until roughly the 16th century. In the 16th century, the warship had evolved significantly. They now were ships of sail, much faster, much more maneuverable, and equipped with cannons that could be quickly reloaded and fired to devastate other ships and to attack fortifications on shore. By the mid-17th century the warship had evolved to truly devastating proportions, with large man-of-wars carrying dozens of cannons, and massive sea battles taking place regularly. By the 19th century things had changed once again. The warship now became a vehicle powered by steam, and instead of shooting cannons they began using exploding shells. With exploding shells came the need for more advanced shielding, which led to the introduction of metal armor. The warship had become ironclad, and weapons were placed on rotating turrets, allowing a smaller number of guns to target much more precisely without the ship having to be turned broadside to a target. In 1906 the British Navy released the Dreadnought, a massive steam-powered, heavily armored warship equipped exclusively with large guns for attacking other ships from great distances. This warship was largely impervious to earlier designs, and every other national Navy released its own versions of the modern warship within a few years. At the same time, a faster, more maneuverable, but less armored type of warship was developed, called a battlecruiser. World War II saw a great deal of development of the warship as well. The submarine, which had really been developed during World War I, came into full prominence with the German U-Boat, which proved to be brutally effective at shutting down shipping lines. The aircraft carrier was also developed during

this time, acting as a mobile launching ground for air attacks, allowing enemies to attack decisively and with the element of surprise. In the modern age, there are seven main groupings of warship: the destroyer, the cruiser, the frigate, the corvette, the submarine, the aircraft carrier, and the amphibious assault ship, as well as the now largely defunct battleship class. Most ships used by Navies today are of the destroyer class, although increasingly these distinctions have become blurred, as ships are loaded down with weaponry meant to assault air, sea, and land. As mines and torpedoes have also become less of an issue, armor has also been reduced significantly on the modern warship, leading to sleeker, less-protected vessels. Naval Weapon System, Ship born Gunnery Systems Gunnery. Gunnery is the science of conducting the fire of artillery. Gunnery may be divided into the theoretical and practical branches. The former consists chiefly in the application of mathematics to the solution of the problems in dynamics involved in the consideration of the motion of shot through the air, and is essential to the design of good systems of rifling and well-proportioned projectiles. Practical gunnery, which deals with the actual firing, has reference rather to the use of individual guns than to the handling of artillery on a large scale. The line taken by a projectile in its passage through the air to the first point of impact is called its trajectory. This is always a curve, since though the force of the powder tends to propel the projectile in a straight line, the force of the earth's gravity begins to drag it down on leaving the gun; the trajectory is also subject to modifications caused by the resistance of the air, the form of the shot, etc. Among things to be considered in gunnery are the velocity of the projectile, initial and subsequent, the angle of elevation of the piece, the range or distance to which the projectile is carried, etc. The trajectory is more curved with a low-velocity gun than with a high-velocity one; hence to obtain the same range the former must have a greater angle of elevation above the horizontal plane. To allow for the fall of the projectile it is necessary to point the axis of the bore of the gun as much above the mark aimed at as the projectile would have fallen below if the gun had been pointed Straight. Hence the use of sights both for small arms and heavy guns. The latter have usually what is called a 'tangent scale' at the breech and a foresight at the muzzle to enable the piece to be aimed suitably. In order to know how to aim a gun so as to hit an object, its range or distance must be found. This may be done by trial, that is by firing several experimental shots; but special instruments known as range-finders have been in use since the start of the 20th century, the principle on which they are constructed being that of measuring the angle subtended at the object by a known base - the base being at the instrument itself. In determining the velocity of projectiles various instruments were formerly used. Among these were Wheatstone's electro-magnetic chronoscope, the Bashforth chronograph, the Noble chronoscope, etc. Horizontal fire against the front of a column or line of works is termed direct fire ; that which sweeps along a line of men or earth-works, enfilade fire, high angle and vertical fire is when the piece is fired at a high angle of elevation.

Rifling In firearms, rifling is the name given to the spiral grooves cut in the face of the bore of the barrel of some weapons. Rifling imparts spin to the projectile, which provides gyroscopic stability to the projectile in flight, and thus improves accuracy. Stability In physics, stability is a term applied to that condition of a body in which, if its equilibrium be disturbed, it is immediately restored, as in the case when the centre of gravity is below the point of support. Naval Weapons Weapons mounted on a warship for use in Naval warfare( against hostile ships at sea, hostile aircrafts or hostile targets, fortifications on enemy land. This includes guns , missiles, torpedoes, depth chargers, rockets. Weapon System This includes 1. Weapon 2. Weapon Fire control system (FCS)

Fire Control means Problem Solving. What is the problem? Problem of destroying a hostile target with the armament (weapon) of your ship. For that, it is required to deliver a destructive device (gun projectile , missiles, torpedoes, depth chargers, rockets) to the enemy target. To deliver the weapon (i.e. ammunition or projectile) weapon system (we) must get to know following data in advance. a. Location of target (range or coordinates or lat and long) b. Target direction of travel (bearing or heading) (if it is moving) c. Velocity of Target Fire control system (FCS) means the incorporated (set of) equipments meant to obtain aforesaid data and to then to calculate that where we should aim our weapon if we want to hit target ( fixed or moving target). Weapon Direction System means set of equipments in the weapon system which are mechanical , electrical and hydraulic in nature and are used to aim the gun by moving it in horizontal and vertical planes related to the deck plane.( motors , synchro and servos, power drives, valves and actuators ).

Weapon (Gun) Mount A weapon mount is a weapon component used to secure an armament. Weapon mounts can be broken down into two categories: static mounts and non-static mounts.