hllosophy Love of Wlsdom 1hree maln branches

O ,eLaphyslcs Lhe sLudy of whaL ls real and whaL ls noL real

4 nLology Lhe sLudy of belng
O plsLemology Lhe sLudy of knowledge whaL lL ls and how we acqulre lL
O lology Lhe sLudy of values eLhlcally or aesLheLlcally
4 Lhlcs Lheorles of value of morallLy
4 esLheLlcs Lheorles of whaL ls beauLlful
reSocraLes CosmologlsLs
O Cosmology sLudles Lhe baslc prlnclples of vlewlng Lhe world as an ordered whole a cosmos
4 8roughL abouL Lhe ,lleslans and Lhe beglnnlng of hllosophy
O 1hales faLher of wesLern phllosophy
O redlcLed an ecllpse whlch sald Lwo Lhlngs
4 1he world ls orderly and raLlonal
4 Puman reason can undersLand a raLlonal world
O ConcepL of arche baslc sLuff from whlch everyLhlng comes from
4 1hales LhoughL arche was waLer
,onlsLs belleved arche was a unlfled whole reallLy ls one one subsLance creaLes everyLhlng
O nalmander vague lnflnlLe subsLance (apelron) ls arche
O nalmenes alr (Lhrough epandlng and conLrasLlng) ls arche quallLaLlve change ouL of quanLlLaLlve change
O yLhagoras maLh and numbers are arche (quanLlLy makes Lhls dlfference) a
2
+b
2
c
2

O PeracllLus everyLhlng ls consLanLly changlng change ls Lhe only consLanL
O armenldes noLhlng ever changes we are parL of an unmovlng whole (sLudenL Zeno proves)
lurallsLs belleved arche was mulLlple reallLy ls plural many subsLances creaLe everyLhlng
O mpedocles arche ls Lhe four elemenLs earLh alr flre waLer a maLLer of mllng and maLchlng
O naagoras more Lhan four elemenLs lnflnlLe number of seeds" or germs" ln varlous comblnaLlons
O uemocrlLus creaLed Lhe Lheory of aLoms Lhlnklng of Lhem as lndlvlslble bulldlng blocks
aLoms and Lhe vold" Lhere ls a vold of negaLlve maLLer so LhaL change can elsL
ob[ecLs are noL fled and sLaLlc buL raLher Lhey are dynamlc and changlng
SophlsLs LhoughL of Lhemselves as Leachers of phllosophers ln early Creece llLerally called wlse ones"
O noL lnLeresLed ln belng caLegorlzed or glvlng Lhemselves LlLles buL raLher ln Lhe wlsdom and reasonlng ln lLself
4 hlred Lhemselves ouL Lo prove Lheorles or prove anoLher's polnL wrong
LhoughL of Lhemselves as LhoughLclarlflers" raLher Lhan forhlre phllosophers
SocraLes helped Lo form WesLern phllosophlcal LhoughL broughL reason lnLo phllosophy merely for reasons sake
O applled honesLy and reason Lo anyLhlng and everyLhlng posslble belleved LhaL you could say how Lhlngs really are
O descrlbed hlmself as an lnLellecLual mldwlfe" glvlng blrLh Lo ldeas LhaL already elsL ln one's mlnd
O belleved LhaL Lhe greaLesL loss one could eperlence ls Lhe loss of Lhelr lnLegrlLy and eLhlcal honesLy
O SocraLlc dlalecLlc a meLhod of quesLlonlng used ln pursulL of Lhe LruLh
4 ln Lhe dlalogue of ,eno uslng Lhe SocraLlc meLhod SocraLes guldes a slave boy Lhrough a geomeLrlc proof
ulLlmaLely proves Lhe lmmorLallLy of Lhe soul Lhrough Lhe boy's knowledge
ll of SocraLes LhaL we know of ls wrlLLen Lhrough hls sLudenL laLo
4 CuesLloned everyone and everyLhlng aL all Llmes ln pursulL of Lhe LruLh
4 1he youLh of Lhens began Lo Lake up Lhe sporL of lnLellecLual humlllaLlon/SocraLlc dlalecLlc and sLarLed
quesLlonlng promlnenL Lhenlans slmllar Lo SocraLes
8ecause of Lhls SocraLes was charged wlLh corrupLlng Lhe youLh of Lhens
O ln laLo's dlalogue 1he pology" SocraLes sLands before courL and does noL apologlze
for hls acLlons and ln reallLy says LhaL he was dolng good for Lhens and helplng lLs
people
4 Says he was puL ln courL by Lhe vlcLlms of hls dlalecLlc
O Charged wlLh Lhe senLence of deaLh by Pemlock
4 1ook hls punlshmenL and drank hls Pemlock whlle havlng a phllosophlcal
dlscusslon
laLo 1he greaLesL sLudenL of SocraLes plcked up on Lhe ldeas of whaL ls good and whaL ls rlghL from SocraLes' Leachlngs
O Cave allegory laLo's way of saylng LhaL he belleved mosL of us llve ln lgnorance for Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe Llme buL we
are noL aware LhaL we are lgnoranL uescrlbes prlsoners ln a cave LhaL see only shadows on a wall and assume LhaL
Lhe shadows are reallLy however when one prlsoner breaks away and dlscovers whaL ls maklng Lhe shadows he
flnds Lhe LruLh of reallLy 8eLurnlng Lo Lhe cave wlLh Lhe news of a dlfferenL world Lhe oLher prlsoners are bllnded by
Lhelr closemlndedness and Lear hlm Lo shreds
4 ssenLlally seekers and flnders of Lhe LruLh (speaklng of SocraLes) wlll be persecuLed
4 We all Lo some eLenL llve ln a cave
O 1rlparLlLe soul a Lhree parL human naLure LhaL ls ruled by reason
4 8raln/reason/wlsdom PearL/bravery/courage ppeLlLes/lusL/deslre
?ou musL be governed by your reason and wlsdom do noL be a slave Lo your oLher feellngs
O ld conLrols and ego moderaLes
O 8elleved wholehearLedly ln Lhe concepL of rlsLocracy
4 1he rulers of a counLry would be Lhe Cuardlans Lhose selecLed from a very young age and ralsed ln a
sysLem slmllar Lo communlsm so LhaL Lhey are ruled solely by Lhelr own reason 1hese would be lnLellecLual
people who have no blas maklng Lhem perfecL Lo govern
O 1he world of lorms broughL LogeLher Lhe ldeas of PeracllLus and armenldes 1here ls a world of lorms LhaL ls
permanenL and unchanglng (armenldes) LhaL conLalns Lhe ldeal lmages of whaL we have ln Lhe maLerlal world whlch
ls consLanLly changlng (PeracllLus) nyLhlng LhaL we make here ln Lhe maLerlal world ls [usL a medlocre lmlLaLlon of
LhaL ob[ecL ln Lhe world of lorms
4 8elleves LhaL we have a dlsLanL memory of Lhe world of lorms somewhere wlLhln us and LhaL ls why we
yearn for perfecLlon
rlsLoLle laLo's sLudenL who Look hls work lnLo Lhe sub[ecL of eLhlcs and of llfe ln moderaLlon
O ulsagreed wlLh laLo abouL Lhe world of lorms rlsLoLle says LhaL forms and maLLer go LogeLher lnLrlnslcally
ulfferenL forms can be glven Lo Lhe same maLLer and all Lhe forms and maLLer come LogeLher ln only one world
O CreaLesL work ls Lhe nlcomachean Lhlcs eplorlng eLhlcs and llfe ln moderaLlon
4 Papplness ls deslred for lLs own sake and ls one of our greaLesL possesslons
ueeply Lled Lo vlrLue whlch ls acqulred by pracLlce
4 nlcomachean Lhlcs delves lnLo Lhe concepL of llvlng ln moderaLlon and maklng lnLelllgenL declslons ln
response Lo speclflc problems balanclng raLlon and deslre
Choose a llfe of moderaLlon called Lhe golden mean
O ueclslons musL be based on clrcumsLances Lhe goal belng a harmony
O 1hree dlsposlLlons
4 vlclously ecesslve
4 1he mean
4 vlclously deflclenL
O hllosopher ls klng and Lhe hlghesL level of human achlevemenL reason wlll fulflll you
Plndulsm
O karma every acLlon has a consequence no one can escape Lhe consequences of Lhelr acLlons
O 8elncarnaLlon Lhe reblrLh of a soul your llfe now ls governed by Lhe karma bullL upon Lhrough pasL llves
O veryone ls on a paLh Lo enllghLenmenL Lo reallzlng LhaL we are one wlLh god and achlevlng ,oksha (enllghLenmenL)
and ,ukLl (freedom from relncarnaLlon 1hese paLhs are called yogas
4 karmayoga Lhe acLlon paLh do Lhe duLles of a good person
4 Cyanayoga Lhe wlsdom paLh Lhlnk your way lnLo enllghLenmenL
4 8hakLlyoga Lhe lnLense personal paLh lovlng your Cod or lorm
4 8aLayoga Lhe medlLaLlon paLh physlcal yoga Lo focus Lhe mlnd for menLal yoga whlch wlll lead Lo a
breakLhrough
O 8rahman ls Lhe closesL Lhlng Lo a Cod 1he 8rahman ls synonymous wlLh Lhe Lman whlch ls our lndlvldual soul Lhls
Lman ls parL of Lhe 8rahman you are a parL of Cod and Cod ls ln everyone ?ou wlll noL be Wl1P 8rahman buL
raLher you wlll be parL of 8rahman
4 Lman ls Lhe eLernal soul whereas 8rahman ls whaL Lhe eLernal soul yearns Lo be a parL of
4 1hree prlnclple Cods
8rahma creaLor
Shlva desLroyer
vlshnu preserver
4 racLlce from Lhe wlsdom books Lhe vedas buL mosL people read Lhe ClLa whlch ls easler and more
undersLandable
O nonconsequenLlallsL lnLenLlons maLLer more Lhan consequences
O We see a velled vlew of Lhe world Lhe ,aya
8uddhlsm
O 1he 8uddha (SlddharLha CauLama) ls born ln Lhe 6
Lh
cenLury 8C lnLo a rlch famlly and born as a prlnce Pe ls
shelLered LhroughouL llfe so LhaL Lhe propheLs who predlcLed hls llfe would be correcL saylng LhaL he wlll be klng
Powever Lhe propheLs also sald LhaL lf he saw Lhe real world and saw Lhe way hardshlp affecLs hls people he would
become a rellglous leader
4 Sneaks ouL one nlghL Lo see LhaL hardshlp and reallzes LhaL everyone musL face lL never reLurns and goes
on a quesL Lo undersLand why hardshlp elsLs ln Lhe world Lrles Lo dlscover Lhls Lhrough sceLlcs (paln Lo
help beLLer Lhe soul) 1hls doesn'L go well and he Lurns away from Lhe sceLlc llfe lnsLead he medlLaLes
under a Lree and Lhrough medlLaLlon he flgures ouL Lhe problem Lhe causes for sufferlng ln Lhe world he
came up wlLh hls noble LruLhs
Sufferlng everyone ls ln paln and also goes Lhrough paln as lf Lhe world ls on flre
ueslre Lhe cause of sufferlng Pavlng a maLerlallsLlc naLure creaLes deslre for Lhlngs LhaL we wlll
never have maklng us unhappy 1herefore maLerlallsm and wanLlng Lhlngs ls useless leedlng
deslre does noL make lL go away and you wlll never be saLlsfled ?ou should lgnore deslre
lgnorance/LLachmenL Lhe cause of deslre
O SoluLlon Lo Lhese Lhree noble LruLhs ls conLalned wlLhln Lhe 8uddha's elghL fold paLh
O 8uddhlsm pracLlces love mled wlLh compasslon and a mlnd LhaL embraces all of Lhe cosmos
4 1he goal here ls menLal awareness Lhrough medlLaLlon
Slmllar Lo rlsLoLle's Colden mean 8uddhlsLs choose Lhe mlddle paLh (avoldlng aLLachmenLs and
flndlng splrlLuallLy)
4 1here ls no Cod self or afLer llfe ln 8uddhlsm
uo noL answer Lhe quesLlon of Cod
fLerllfe ls a false quesLlon where does Lhe llghL go when lL ls blown ouL?"
1here ls no self nor ls Lhere an eLernal soul (re[ecLlng Lhe PlndulsL Lman wlLh Lhe nLman)
O We are composed of 3 elemenLs LhaL do noL creaLe a soul
4 8ody
4 SensaLlons
4 leellngs abouL senses
4 Plgher consclence
4 sychologlcal Lendencles
1he goal ls Lo achleve noLhlngness ln nlrvana Lhe end of Lhe sLruggle of llfe lL ls a rellef buL
unllke oLher rellglons lL ls noL a prlze Lo be won
1aolsm
O ?ou musL look wlLhln yourself Lo flnd Lhe harmony of Lhe unlverse
4 1he unlverse ls creaLed Lhrough flows of energy LhaL surround us and move all Lhrough naLure and
ourselves
Coal ls Lo become someone who ls aL peace and aL harmony and spread LhaL menLal sLaLe Lo
oLhers
O !usL work on yourself do noL lnfluence oLhers
ushlng Loo hard ls counLerproducLlve and Lhere are a specLrum of rlghLs and values raLher Lhan
everyLhlng belng seL ln sLone and black and whlLe
?ou yourself are unable Lo do much leL Lhe energy do lL cosmlc energy
O ccepL Lhe flow of Lhlngs LhaL come and go such as waLer
4 WaLer ls sofL yeL powerful
4 llows llke Lhe chl
4 SofLness wlLhln sLrengLh
4 Pumble
?our reallLy ls only yours and depends on your perspecLlve of Lhlngs
Confuclanlsm
O 1o come Lo Confuclanlsm Confuclus wenL Lhrough Lhe hlsLory of Chlna and bolled Lhe successes down Lo Lhe very
baslcs 8elleves educaLlon and famlly should be Lhe maln focus
O Lhlcal Leachlngs lnclude Lhese prlmary values
4 Ll rlLual properLy eLlqueLLe (achlevlng harmony)
4 Pslao love wlLhln famlly flllal love (bullds Lo larger soclal relaLlonshlps)
4 ?l rlghLeousness
4 xln honesLy and LrusLworLhlness
4 !en benevolence and humanlLy (hlghesL vlrLue)
4 Chung loyalLy Lo one's sLaLe and counLry (loyalLy Lo whaL ls above you as well as below)
1o rule ln Chlna you need Lhe mandaLe of heaven
O very much focused on relaLlonshlps and speclflcally famlly relaLlonshlps klnds of relaLlonshlps
4 8uler Lo Sub[ecL
4 laLher Lo Son
4 Pusband Lo Wlfe
4 lder 8roLher Lo ?ounger 8roLher
4 lrlend Lo lrlend
locuslng on relaLlonshlps ls Lhe key Lo success do whaL people need you Lo do
O 1he goal of Confuclanlsm ls Lo do Lhe god of Lhe people Lo serve one's llfe Lo Lhe counLy and dedlcaLe self Lo publlc
welfare
4 noL aL all lnLeresLed ln Cod Peaven eLcnoL acLually a rellglon

8ellglon 8aslcs / ChrlsLlanlLy
O 1helsLlc sysLem belleves ln Cod
O LhelsLlc sysLem no bellef ln Cod
O gnosLlc unsure
O ascal's wager
4 1here ls a Cod by bellevlng Lhls Lhere ls lnflnlLe galn Lo be had by nonbellevlng Lhere ls lnflnlLe loss
4 1here ls no Cod by bellevlng Lhere ls a flnlLe loss by nonbellevlng Lhere ls a flnlLe galn
O SL 1homas qulnas began ChrlsLlanlLy wlLh Lhe early ChrlsLlan uocLrlne
4 CreaL Chaln of belng
Cod
ngels
Pumans
nlmals
lanLs
8ocks
4 qulnas says Lo come Lo falLh Lhrough reason
O anLhelsm everyLhlng ls dlvlne and everyLhlng ls Cod
O anenLhelsm everyLhlng ls a aparL of Cod buL Lhere ls more Lo Cod Lhan [usL LhaL
O 1ranscendenLal vlew (unLouchable Cod) or lmmanenL vlew (Cod ls here ln everyLhlng and wlLh us)
4 1hls lmmanenL vlew brlngs ln characLers such as manuel Lhe Cod wlLhln and among us (Poly splrlL)
O uelsm Lhere was a creaLor who creaLed all of Lhls and LhaL ls LhaL 1he unlverse now runs by lLself
lsLenLlallsm lsLence before ssence
O ?our essence ls your form and you brlng your elsLence your Lrue belng lnLo lL
4 SelfcreaLed self free Lo choose who you are
4 Sl common Lhemes
lndlvldual essence flnd your own eLhlcal paLh
Sub[ecLlvlLy base declslons on your own eLhlcal paLh and from your polnL of vlew
O We do noL llve ln an ob[ecLlve unlverse
Cholce and CommlLmenL we are free Lo choose and make cholces based on our own naLure
uread and nleLy can usually resulL from Lhe need Lo make cholces and lead our cholces
bsurdlLy reallze Lhe absurdlLy of our cholces we wlll never reach Lhe feellng of ulLlmaLe
[usLlflcaLlon Pow can one Lruly [usLlfy Lhelr own elsLence?
llenaLlon lf we are Lo flnd our own Lrue paLh we musL allenaLe oLhers and Lhelr lnfluence and
Lhlnk of Lhem as a sorL of oLherness"
4 1ruLh moral eLhlcs eLc wlll be unlque Lo each lndlvldual due Lo Lhe flndlng of one's own eLhlcal paLh
O uLhenLlc elsLence our values are our own and our acLlons wlll allgn wlLh our values
O noLable people !ean aul SarLre lberL Camus
ragmaLlsm onLologlcally (meLaphyslcs) whaL ls real ls whaL wlll work and ls whaL predlcLlons wlll be based off of
O 1he world ls a represenLaLlon of reallLy a reflecLlon of whlch ls seen Lhrough Lhe eye
4 ur mlnds are whaL shape our reallLy our eyes creaLe lLLhe real world and Lhe mlnd are compleLely
lndependenL of each oLher
Coherence vlews pleces of a sLory flLLlng LogeLher and belng lnLernally conslsLenL
4 ragmaLlsLs [usL wanL you Lo be able Lo predlcL wlLh Lheorles LhaL you have bullL Lhrough your own menLal
consLrucLlon of Lhe world around you
We wlll never be compleLely sure of our Lheorles buL Lhey [usL need Lo be able Lo help us predlcL
fuLure evenLs
O ,osL of us llve pragmaLlcally
O ,aLerlallsLs belleve LhaL reallLy ls essenLlally [usL maLLer veryLhlng ls maLLer and maLLer alone ls enough Lo eplaln
our world
4 Sclence sLrengLhens maLerlallsm
4 L a subaLomlc level Lhls Lheory does noL sLand up
1hls leads Lo a level of uncerLalnLy ln whaL ls maLLer and hencewhaL ls real?
O ldeallsLs belleve LhaL ldeas and forms are more real Lhan Lhe maLerlal world
,odern vlews
O !ohn Locke mplrlclsL vlew on Lhlngs knowledge of Lhe world and our surroundlngs comes sLrlcLly from eperlence
4 We sLarL off our llves as a blank slaLe (1abula 8asa) and as we eperlence llfe and cerLaln Lhlngs Lhe slaLe ls
fllled and so ls our knowledge of belng
8e[ecLs Lhe raLlonallsL perspecLlve (a prlorl) LhaL knowledge derlves from raLlonal LhoughL
4 We use sense daLa (uslng our senses Lo flgure ouL an ob[ecL) and reflecLlon (looklng back on Lhe ob[ecL and
formlng an ldea) Lo brlng LogeLher our LhoughLs abouL an ob[ecL 1hls ls Lhe process of absLracLlon
4 ulsLlncLlon beLween Lhe prlmary quallLles of an ob[ecL and Lhe secondary quallLles
rlmary quallLles are ob[ecLlve Lo Lhe observed ob[ecLs Lhls Lable ls square"
Secondary quallLles are sub[ecLlve Lo Lhe observed ob[ecL condlLlons you see Lhls Lable ls blue"
O rlmary quallLles reslde ouLslde of your mlnd allowlng Locke Lo assume LhaL Lhe world
ouLslde of hls mlnd was real
O Ceorge 8erkeley mplrlclsL ercepLlon ls all LhaL we can rely on all LhaL we have 1o be ls Lo be percelved"
4 8erkeley denles Locke's concepL of prlmary and secondary quallLles says LhaL prlmary quallLles are ln Lhe
mlnd as well
Slnce Lhere ls no such Lhlng as prlmary quallLles Lhere ls no eLernal world 1here ls no maLLer
nor ls Lhere a maLerlal world
O We elsL merely Lhrough percepLlon (8epresenLaLlve 1heory of ercepLlon)
O 1he world does noL radlcally change from one momenL Lo Lhe neL because lL ls
consLanLly belng percelved by one percelver Lhe uLhor of naLure" Cod
4 8ecause of Lhls consLanL percepLlon we are able Lo go abouL normal llfe wlLh
Lhlngs dlsappearlng and ceaslng Lo elsL when Lhey are forgoL abouL or when
we are asleep
O uavld Pume mplrlclsL vlews LhaL essenLlally desLroy all Lhe progress LhaL Lhe wesLern phllosophy had made
4 1here are Lwo klnds of LruLhs and LhaL everyLhlng else ls nonsense
nalyLlc LruLhs Lhlngs LhaL are Lrue by deflnlLlon
O prlorl LruLhs before eperlence
SynLheLlc LruLhs lndlvldual Lhlngs LhaL are learned Lhrough eperlence and naLure facLs LhaL
ulLlmaLely do noL add up
O posLerlorl LruLhs afLer eperlence
nonsense everyLhlng LhaL ls noL an analyLlc LruLh or a synLheLlc LruLh ls nonsense lncludlng
Lhlngs LhaL we as a culLure Lruly value phllosophy rellglon eLc
O We are nonsense
4 ll LhaL we as humans acLually eperlence ls a passlng parade of human eperlences
1hese eperlences never add up Lo anyLhlng nor do Lhey blnd LogeLher Lo form a unlfled
consclousness because we do noL eperlence a lasLlng mlnd or self
O 1he self LhaL we percelve ls noLhlng more Lhan a bundle of eperlences slmllar Lo a
neverendlng movle
4 uoes noL belleve LhaL Lhere ls raLlonal basls Lo belleve LhaL all evenLs have a cause (rlnclpal of unlversal
CausaLlon)
4 We belleve ln Lhlngs noL because Lhey are raLlonal buL because we have a deep emoLlonal need for Lhem
1hrough bellef we flnd fulflllmenL essenLlally we are seeklng and aLLalnlng pleasure
O lmmanuel kanL WanLed Lo defend phllosophlcal vlews agalnsL kanL and argued LhaL humans are raLlonal people
4 1he rlnclple of unlversal CausaLlon ls someLhlng LhaL our mlnd relles on and ls noL nonsense
4 grees wlLh Pume on Lhe prlnclple LhaL all knowledge has lLs orlgln ln sense eperlence
ll of our percepLlons have Lwo sldes Lo Lhem
O 1he raw sense daLa LhaL we collecL Lhrough our senses
O 1he sLrucLurlng of Lhe sense daLa by Lhe mlnd
4 Sense daLa only makes any loglcal sense afLer lL has been sLrucLured by Lhe
mlnd
4 percepLlon ls compleLe when Lhe mlnd's caLegorles organlze and sLrucLure
raw and meanlngless sense daLa
ercepLlon wlLhouL caLegorles does noL work
O ne of Lhese caLegorles ls Lhe rlnclple of unlversal
CausaLlon law whlch allows emplrlcal LruLhs Lo remaln
Lrue
O 1homas kuhn paradlgms and paradlgm shlfLs
4 paradlgm ls a framework or sLrucLure of how we vlew Lhlngs
1he people around us usually share Lhe same paradlgm LhaL we do whlch enables us Lo llve
harmonlously
4 SLages of a paradlgm shlfL
normal sclence an elsLlng paradlgm ls ln place
lnvesLmenLs are made ln Lhe elsLlng paradlgm
1here ls a reslsLance Lo anomalles and a year for Lhe preservaLlon of Lhe elsLlng paradlgm
8evoluLlonary sclence younger people come up wlLh a beLLer eplanaLlon or Lheory
dopLlon of a new paradlgm new and old sclence [oln
4 Says paradlgms are aldlng people ln Lhelr pursulL of Lhe LruLh
ulfferenLlaLlon beLween facL hypoLhesls and Lheory
O lacL a facL can be verlfled emplrlcally by observaLlon
O PypoLhesls one sysLem of eplanaLlon of all Lhe facLs observed
O 1heory a way of organlzlng facLs
4 uescrlbes a sclenLlflc revoluLlon" as a shlfL ln a paradlgm
8eglns wlLh anomalles ln Lhe old paradlgm and ends ln a new paradlgm
esLheLlcs (branch off of lology) concerned wlLh Lhe naLure and [udgmenL of arL
laLo and rlsLoLle develop Lhe ldea LhaL arL ls an lmlLaLlon ln laLo's eyes arL ls an lmlLaLlon of an lmlLaLlon of an
ob[ecL LhaL ls ldeal ln Lhe world of lorms
4 laLo sees arL as a bad lnfluence and an obsLacle of knowledge
4 unllke laLo rlsLoLle was very proarL (as was leander)
8oLh also come up wlLh Lhe Lerm caLharsls an emoLlonal bulld up wlLhln an eperlence LhaL ls
noL a dlrecL eperlence (llvlng vlcarlously

WhaL ls beauLy? ls Lhe quesLlon LhaL esLheLlcs wanLs Lo answer
4 8eauLy can be vlewed ob[ecLlvely beauLy ls lnLrlnslc wlLhln Lhe ob[ecL lLself and [udgmenLs ln LhaL regard
may be ob[ecLlvely valld
4 Sub[ecLlvely beauLy lles ln Lhe eyes of Lhe beholder beauLy ls whaL pleases Lhe observer
Pume agrees wlLh Lhe sub[ecLlve vlew and says LhaL beauLy ls merely how lL makes one feel
Lhere ls no wrong response Lo a work of arL
kanL says LhaL Lhlngs may be agreeable Lo you as an lndlvldual buL beauLy ls a [udgmenL Lo be
made by everyone
O 8eauLy musL engage physlcal emoLlonal and lnLellecLual LhoughL all aL once
nelLzche quesLloner of eLhlcs and Lhlnks LhaL Lhe eperlence of human llfe ls a Lragedy
4 pollonlan vs ulonyslan eperlence
nelLzche ls agalnsL Lhe concepL of preulonyslan arL he belleves lL Lo be naive and unconnecLed Lo
Lhe world
ulonyslan slde of human naLure reflecLs baslc prlmal urges
veryLhlng ls [oy and parLy and appeLlLe eLc Lo flnd your way Lo salvaLlon lmmerse yourself ln
Lhls Lype of llfe
pollonlan arL and Lhe slde LhaL pollo brlngs are needed Lo show concepL loglc and maLh
behlnd Lhe ldeas of ulonysus
1he canvas ls pollonlan whereas Lhe palnLlng lLself ls ulonyslan
4 urlpedes murdered arL ln nelLzche's vlew because he lnLroduced knowledge loglc and LrusL lnLo Lhe
LheaLermaklng shows and Lragedles Loo formulalc
4 1hlnks sclence wlll evenLually fall because lL wlll be unable Lo eplaln Lhe mysLerles of Lhe world
ulonyslanpollonlan
ollLlcal 1heory why and where does Lhe governmenL geL lLs power?
O lour posslble vlews
4 ,onarchy one person ln charge
4 rlsLocracy few good people rule
4 llgarchy few powerful/rlch people rule
4 uemocracy Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe people rule
1hroughouL Llme democracy has usually led Lo anarchy
O hllosopher as klng hllosophy wlll lnherenLly lmply pollLlcs
4 eople ln a phllosophlcal socleLy (rlsLocracy)
O lnLellecLuals/Cuardlans ruled by Lhe mlnd rulers
4 1hls class needs Lo be plcked and Lralned very carefully Clven full rule and
LrusLed wlLh Lhe clLy
O Courageous/8rave warrlors
O urlven by passlon/appeLlLes Lhe ma[orlLy beggars Lraders eLc
laLo's 8epubllc
O rlsLocraLlc sysLem very anLldemocracy
4 vlews democracy as rlff raff
O 1he ellmlnaLlon of blas and Lhe ellmlnaLlon of wanLs from Lhe rullng class musL happen
Lo ensure LhaL Lhere are no vesLed lnLeresLs of Lhose who rule
4 1hose who rule do noL have Lhose who have do noL rule
laLo was noL aL all agalnsL women rulers
4 rlsLoLle agrees wlLh laLo abouL Lhe ldea of an rlsLocracy however Lhlnks LhaL we should be ruled
prlmarlly by reason and loglc
ln Lhls way governmenL ls seen as a naLural and raLlonal parL of Lhe organlzaLlonal sysLem of Lhe
world
O rganlzaLlon of Lhe governmenL Lhe enLlLy ls more lmporLanL Lhan Lhe lndlvldual
4 rlnclple of orderllness (lends Lo ChrlsLlan Lheocracy hlerarchy of laws eLernal
naLural and humanmade)
Soclal ConLracL 1heorles Why? Why do we bllndly follow?
O !usL by llvlng where we do we submlL Lo cerLaln Lhlngs LhaL are lmplled by Lhe governmenL
4 n lmplled soclal conLracL LhaL we form wlLh Lhe governmenL [usL by llvlng here prevenLs us from a muLlny
and requlres us Lo submlL ourselves Lo Lhe governmenL
O 1hree maln soclal conLracL LheorlsLs Pobbes Locke and 8oussaue
O 1homas Pobbes man Lo man ls llke a savage wolf"
4 We need a sLrong governmenL Lo conLrol our populaLlon because humans are lnherenLly aL a sLaLe of war
aL all Llmes
8elng aL a sLaLe of war Lhe governmenL proLecLs us from each oLher by backlng our properLy
securlng our safeLy and respecLlng Lhe very baslc rlghLs of human belngs
We creaLe a very sLrong governmenL a soverelgn/levlaLhan (manufacLured beasL) LhaL ls ln
absoluLe conLrol monarchy
O 1hls soverelgn musL have ulLlmaLe power lncludlng Lhe power of llfe and deaLh
4 bsoluLe power can easlly become corrupLed Lhough
4 Cod wlll guaranLee Lhe conLracL beLween Lhe soverelgn and Lhe people
ln Lhls we musL look away when Lhe soverelgn becomes corrupLed
once we have chosen Lhls governmenL lL wlll sLay absoluLely no
anarchy
O corrupLed governmenL ls beLLer Lhan no governmenL
O !ohn Locke belleves LhaL man ls baslcally a decenL specles and noL ln a sLaLe of war such as Pobbes
4 8elleves ln naLural law and naLural rlghLs LhaL are lnnaLe wlLhln our elsLence
Llfe LlberLy and roperLy
O 1he ueclaraLlon of lndependence draws lLs ldeas from Locklan LhoughLs
4 CuesLlons Lhe concepL of soverelgnLy we have cerLaln Cod glven rlghLs (lnallenable) LhaL wlll elsL boLh
before and afLer Lhe soverelgn Lhese wlll never be glven up
8ecause of Lhese rlghLs a soverelgn wlll never own you buL raLher Cod wlll
4 SLaLe of naLure ls a sLaLe of freedom we creaLe a governmenL only Lo ald us
When Lhe governmenL sLops servlng Lhe purpose of aldlng us lL has become useless
O ln Lhls case a revoluLlon ls necessary
4 8eneflL wlll be derlved from Lhe governmenL
8ecomes Lhe concepL of merlcan pollLlcal Lheory
O !ean!acques 8ousseau we lose Lhe freedom of Lhe naLural sLaLe of Lhe world ln Lhe very lnsLanL LhaL we creaLe a
soverelgn very poslLlve vlew of Lhe human specles (noble savage)
4 8elleves LhaL we lose freedom when a governmenL ls lnsLllled once a person ls elecLed we have no conLrol
represenLaLlve democracy does noL work
1he only way LhaL we can have democracy ls a dlrecL democracy where everyone voLes LogeLher
on all Lhlngs
O We do noL have Lo glve up Lhe soverelgn buL raLher we are Lhe soverelgn
O 1he good of many ls puL over Lhe good of one (uLlllLarlanlsm)
4 We would lnsLlncLlvely deslre whaL would be good for Lhe purpose of
furLherlng Lhe whole
4 ldeally no governmenL ls needed raLher only educaLlon Lo reallze our lnherenL sLaLe of naLure
1hls makes any soclal conLracL unnecessary
lemlnlsm
O llzabeLh Cady SLanLon well known for Lhe ueclaraLlon of SenLlmenLs
4 8epurposes Lhe declaraLlon of lndependence Lo serve Lhe movemenL of femlnlsm
1urned Lhe argumenLs agalnsL klng Ceorge lnLo argumenLs agalnsL paLrlarchy
O 1reaLmenL of slaves ls slmllar Lo Lhe LreaLmenL of women
4 CoverLure Lhe husband owns everyLhlng of Lhe wlfe's
O San 8 nLhony puL on Lrlal for voLlng lllegally used Locklan language Lo defend herself however lL dld noL work
and she was arresLed
uLlllLarlanlsm 1he good of Lhe many over Lhe good of one CreaLesL happlness for Lhe greaLesL number
O ur greaLesL lnLeresL ln llfe ls Lhe pursulL of happlness lL ls Lhe ulLlmaLe goal Lhe ldeallzed paLh
4 !eremy 8enLham economlcal vlew on happlness happlness can be seen ln unlLs
4 !ohn SLewarL ,lll responds Lo Lhe crlLlclsms of uLlllLarlanlsm vlews
Papplness speaks noL only of Lhe pleasures and happlness of Lhe flesh buL also of Lhe lnLellecLual
mlndseL
O unpopular mlnorlLles ls a problem ln uLlllLarlanlsm
4 1he ma[orlLy becomes ln a way a Lyranny dlcLaLlng Lhe mlnorlLy
We cannoL flnd an argumenL however Lo say LhaL Lhls ls noL rlghL
lndlvldual rlghLs are Lhrown ouL Lhe wlndow ln Lhls sysLem
!usLlce eLhlcs based on consequences
O ln Lhe end unllke lnLenLlon based eLhlcs [usLlce ls based on Lhe consequences of acLlons and Lhelr resulLs
O lalrness how do we ldenLlfy whaL ls falr and whaL ls equal Lo everyone?
4 lollow Lhe golden rule whaL ls [usL ls ln regards Lo whaL ls falr
4 8las and pre[udlce wlll ulLlmaLely geL ln Lhe way of Lhls
4 !ohn 8awls vell of lgnorance whlle wearlng Lhe vell all blas ls removed and Lhe slLuaLlon ls such where
LhaL you may be ln Lhe poslLlon of Lhose you [udge
1hls vell forces us Lo be more honesL and Lo be more falr
eople wlll noL glve compleLe equallLy Lo all casLs and all sysLems raLher Lhey wlll choose a
raLlonal level of lnequallLy
O 8easonable dlfferences beLween casLs
qual llberLy keep as much of your freedom as posslble wlLhouL acLually Laklng anyone else's
freedom
ulfference prlnclple choose a reasonable degree of lnequallLy
4 karl ,ar communlsL poslLlon of LoLal equallLy
lrom each accordlng Lo Lhelr capaclLy Lo each accordlng Lo Lhelr need"
Clve Lhe worker llvlng wage and puL Lhe resL of Lhe caplLal lnLo Lhe flrm company or sysLem
O llenaLlon occurs wlLhln Lhe eperlence of Lhe worker
4 llenaLlon from communlLy
4 llenaLlon from one's own labor Lhe producLs of our labor have noLhlng Lo
do wlLh us and Lherefore we do noL puL eLhlcal meanlng or deflnlLlon behlnd
our work
4 llenaLlon from Lhe frulLs of one's own labor you are noL recelvlng full
paymenL for your work
Lalssezfalre governmenL sLeps back from Lhe communlLy and leLs lL run lLself
1wofold freedom of Lhe worker you can do your work or you can walk awaybuL by walklng
away you wlll recelve no wage aL all
O Labor compleLely deLermlnes one's value
4 We are merely a commodlLy of Lhe governmenL becomlng ob[ecLs
1he problem wlLh communlsm ls Lhe overhopefulness ln Lhe human racepasslon greed and
selflshness wlll geL ln Lhe way
8ace 1heory
O 8ace ls merely a soclal consLrucL and should noL be vlewed as a blologlcal or geneLlc enLlLy 1he effecLs of Lhls soclal
consLrucL LhroughouL socleLy are very real however so we musL address Lhe consLrucL as such
4 ln reallLy we all orlglnaLe from Lhe same area around asL frlca
4 olygeny Lheory Lhere are dlfferenL eLhnlclLy verslons of dam and ve
4 ,onogeny Lheory we come only from Lhe dam and ve spoken of ln Lhe blble
O 1he chaln of belng proposed by raclally blased phllosophers spllL Lhe human race lnLo Lhree dlfferenL subspecles
4 Caucaslan aL Lhe Lop ,ongollan second and negrollan Lhlrd
O 8aclal dlfferences can be eplalned by human genomes and Lhe unneL square
4 1here are cllnes ln Lhe paLLern of race LhroughouL Lhe world lncllnes or decllnes ln Lhe normalcy of a
speclflc race Lhls conLrasLs wlLh sLrlcL LhoughLs abouL whaL race llves where
O 1he consequences of a raclal blas can be very real even Lhough Lhose bellefs are noL backed by Lrue reallLy
4 8ace ls deflned by phenoLypes (physlcal characLerlsLlcs) raLher Lhan genoLypes (geneLlc characLerlsLlcs)
We cannoL and should noL be reduced merely Lo our genes
O 8ace lmplles ranklng and LhaL ls someLhlng LhaL our specles should noL LoleraLe
O uouble consclousness of race whaL ls lL llke Lo be parL of Lhe mlnorlLy?
4 Co Lo Lhe eLremes of separaLlsm (8ooker 1 WashlngLon) or asslmllaLlon (uebols forms nC)
Soclal consLrucLlon of ldenLlLy how do people deflne each oLher?
O Can we Lhlnk of gender as a soclal consLrucL slmllar Lo Lhe way LhaL we Lhlnk of race?
4 We cannoL leL our genes deflne us geneLlcs ls all LhaL gender ls
/y chromosome dlfference lf we were LreaLed Lhe same way Lhen Lhe soclal consLrucLlon would
essenLlally dlsappear
1he small geneLlc dlfference ls noL eempllfled soclally
O ,ascullnlLy and femlnlnlLy are very carefully LaughL
4 1he essence of femlnlsm makes Lhe dlfference
4 WhaL does lL mean Lo be gendered?
,en deflne women as a lack" lmplylng LhaL boLh genders are noL on an equal specLrum and LhaL
women are Lhe devlaLlon Lo Lhe norm of men
O lrom a young age glrls are LaughL how Lo be a women and develop passlvlLy whereas
men are allowed Lo deflne Lhemselves by Lhelr acLlons and by whaL Lhey do
We need Lo level Lhe playlng fleld and evenLually allow men and women Lo assume Lhe roles LhaL
Lhey would ln a sysLem of equallLy
O Carol Cllllgan ssenLlallsm
4 1ake whaL ls wrong" wlLh females and Lurn lL lnLo sLrengLhs someLhlng poslLlve
?ou are noL essenLlally born a woman buL raLher you are creaLed a woman by socleLy
O We are Lhe only specles ln whlch Lhe sees depend on each oLher economlcally
4 1hls serelaLlon becomes an economlcrelaLlon
O Cender refers malnly Lo Lhe soclal consLrucLlon of a belng and Lhe epecLaLlons and values assoclaLed wlLh LhaL
4 1hls ls no way relaLes Lo one's geneLlcs Lherefore
Cender does noL equal se
!usL War 1heory
O SL 1homas qulnas quesLlons Lhe eLhlcallLy of war how should we eLhlcally Lo war? 1hree CrlLerla
!usL cause do you have an acLual cause Lo go Lo war?
roper soverelgn auLhorlLy a person or group cannoL [usL declare war Lhe proper auLhorlLy musL
do so an auLhorlLy LhaL can puL welghL behlnd Lhe sLaLemenL
8lghL lnLenLlon have Lhe lnLenLlon of good (no ulLerlor moLlves)
4 noLlon of proporLlonallLy ln war a molehlll should noL equal a mounLalnslzed response
O ample
4 lslam are we allowed Lo pracLlce our rellglon? uar allslam
4 re we repressed ln our rellglon or pracLlce? uar alharb
4 !lhad a rlghLeous or rellglous efforL Worklng on your own mlnd or splrlL ls greaLer Lhan golng and
kllllng"
nvlronmenLal/nlmal Lhlcs
O WlLhln Lhe chaln of belng anlmals do noL have reason Lhe blble says LhaL we are Lhe sLewards of anlmals and LhaL
we are ln charge anlmals are here for our en[oymenL
O ,usllms vlew Lhemselves as vlceroys of anlmals (Slmllar Lo sLewards)
4 1hese vlews reflecL an aLLlLude of nLhropocenLrlsm (human cenLered vlew) or a vlew of Puman supremacy
We are ln Lhe lmage of Cod (lmago uel) because of our reason whlch anlmals lack
O 1hls vlew ls conLradlcLed by Lhe sLory of noah's rk and speaklng ln Lhe kuran whlch
says anlmals are glfLs
O eLer Slnger applles uLlllLarlanlsm Lo anlmals
4 8easonlng may be Lhe wrong analysls Lo apply Lo anlmals raLher Lhey have consclousness and Lhey can
feel paln
1he eperlence of paln should puL anlmals wlLhln Lhe vlew of our eLhlcal unlverse
O 8efuslng Lo Lake noLlce of Lhls eperlence and of Lhe consclousness of anlmals makes
you a specleslsL
4 Why should we LreaL anlmals any dlfferenLly?
O nLhropocenLrlsm human cenLered vlew of Lhlngs (can be applled Lo some people's
vlew of anlmals)
O Soclal conLracL LheorlsLs could argue agalnsL rlghLs for anlmals because Lhey don'L do"
rlghLs
4 ConLrasLlng vlew lf Lhe belng can feel paln we should Lake an lnLeresL
O nLhropocenLrlsm vs cocenLrlsm argumenL
4 nLhropocenLrlsm vlews Lhe world as lf humans are Lhe cenLer of everyLhlng
4 cocenLrlsm vlews Lhe world as naLure cenLered Lhe naLural world havlng an lnLrlnslc value