The Indian Removal:

ThroughTrey A. Brown Project by: The Ages

History of the Indian Removal

Passed by Congress in 1830 Andrew Jackson came up with the idea Plan was to remove all Natives from the southern states Jackson came up with it so he could get votes from citizens while he was running for president

Cherokee in Georgia tried to secure their lands by adopting a constitution. Georgia refused to recognize the constitution and declared that the Cherokee were subject to state laws.

In Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation lacked standing to request an injunction.

1830 1828
Congress voted funds to enable Jackson to negotiate treaties for removal of all Indian tribes then living east of the Mississippi River.

1831

Removal Of The Creek

The Choctaw were the first to be removed The Creek refused to leave the lands of their fathers, but had n way of defense In 1831, the Creek in Georgia were struggling. They had barely any rights and smallpox broke out In 1832, the Creek signed the Treaty of Washington.This treaty prtected the Creek from the whites.

The Creek refused to to leave. Rights taken away. Hardships took place and smallpox broke out

Creek give up and start to move west 1832

1831
The Creek signed the Treaty of Washington

1835

Removal Of The Cherokee

Georgia was planning to remove the Cherokee around the same time the Creek were being removed Georgians wanted to homestead Cherokee land and also to mine the gold that had been found on Cherokee land

Dahlonega Gold Rush

Gold was discovered in Dahlonega in the summer of 1829 The Georgia legislature passed a law that placed part of the Cherokee land under state control A second law, passed on October, 19, 1829, refused the Cherokee any right to gold mined in the Dahlonega area

Gold was discovered in Dahlonega in the summer of 1829 1831 1829 Many Cherokee Indians moved west. About 18,000 Cherokee moved.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832

Worcester v. Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia was a case in which the united states supreme court vacated the conviction of samuel worcester, holding that the Georgia criminal statute, prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state, was unconstitutional

Georgia law required all whites living in Cherokee Indian Territory to obtain a state license

Seven missionaries refused to obey the state law and were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to four years of hard labor.

They also refused to obey the military when they were asked to leave the state

Alexander McGillivray

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Alexander McGillivray (ca. 1759-1793) was the American Indian chief of the Creek nation during the period of Spanish and American rivalries for Florida. His mother belonged to a clan of the Creek Indians and was half French; his father, a Scot, was a trader with political influence among the Creeks During the American Revolution, McGillivray's father served the British. Because he was a loyalist, his property was confiscated, and he fled to Scotland; McGillivray returned to his mother's people. After the war, McGillivray's alliance with British traders in Spanish Florida against the Americans was of great importance, for, at his mother's death, the council chose him as their tribal leader. Soon he was called Emperor of the Creek Nation, a title he fancied.

William McIntosh

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In 1818 William McIntosh bought from the United States 11,560 acres of Illinois land that were part of Johnson's purchase These same lands were claimed by Joshua Johnson and his son, Thomas J. Graham, and they brought an ejectment action against McIntosh After losing in the lower courts, Johnson and Graham appealed. The Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision written by Chief Justice John Marshall, found for McIntosh

Sequoyah

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Sequoyah, a Cherokee also known as George Guess, Guest, or Gist, developed a Cherokee syllabary that brought literacy to his people Sequoyahs mother was Cherokee and a member of the Paint clan, one of the seven Cherokee clans; she was descended from Oconostota, an eighteenth-century warrior and ruler In the early 1800s, seeking to avoid attacks from marauding settlers, he migrated with fellow Cherokees to the southernmost edge of the Cherokee Nation and made his home at Willstown, in present-day Dekalb County (Alabama) As part of a campaign directed by General Jackson, he fought against the Alabama Red Stick Creeks in the Battle of Horseshoe on March 27, 1814.

John Ross

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As the head of the largest branch of the Cherokee nation from 1828 to 1866, John Ross led the Cherokee through a period of profound cultural change Under Ross's leadership, the Cherokee nation engaged in a historic and controversial legal battle to preserve their sovereignty and underwent a disastrous forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma In 1809 at age nineteen, Ross was sent, at the behest of both U.S. officials and Cherokee leaders, to confer with the western Cherokee, who had accepted payments from the United States Ross served as President of the National Council of the Cherokee from 1819 to 1826 and became principal chief of the eastern Cherokee in 1828

John Marshall

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President John Adams appointed Marshall to the Court on 20 January 1801, to save the Constitution from the Jeffersonian Republicans The well settled values Marshall brought to his duties were the product of the revolutionary age as refracted through family and place The strong love of union that infused his jurisprudence was due mainly to his father's influence and his own experience in the Revolutionary War

Trail of Tears

Andrew Jacksons 1828 election as U.S. president presaged congressional approval of the Indian Removal Act, which initiated processes that led in the mid- and late 1830s to the notorious Trail of Tears All told, perhaps 60,000 Choctaws, Chickasaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles found themselves uprooted from traditional homes; the ordeal experienced by Cherokees stands out as emblematic of the policys inhumanity Jackson's presidency offered Native Americans a strictly limited number of options: acculturation, relocation, or extermination

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