Definitions for biotechnology (Biology 3.

6)
Torevise,covertherighthandsideofthetablewithasheetofpaperandmovedowntheleftcolumn seeingwhichwordsyoualreadyknowthedefinitionsof(slidethepaperdownawordatatimeto check).Ticktheseonesoff,andconcentrateontheothersuntilyouhavelearntthemall.Thencover thelefthandsideofthetableandhaveagoatwritingthewordstomatchthedefinitions! Ifawordontherighthandsideisinbold,thereisadefinitionforitelsewhereinthetable. Bacteriophagevirus Callus cDNA Clone Dideoxynucleotide DNAchip(DNAmicroarray) DNAfingerprinting(profiling) Aviruswhosehostisabacterium Undifferentiatedplanttissue CopyorcomplementaryDNA.DNAwithoutintrons(onlyexons). Itisproducedusingreversetranscriptase Ageneticallyidenticalcopyofanorganism.Thisincludescuttings, tubers,grafting,tissueculturebutnotseedformation Modifiedbaseswhichwhenaddedtoareactionmixturecause chaintermination.Usedingenesequencing GlassorsiliconplatestuddedwithDNAfragments TheprocessofanalysingtheDNAofanindividual'sbodytissueor fluidsforthepurposeofidentification.Itoftenincludestheprocess ofSouthernblotting Anenzymethatjoins(polymerises)DNA Asectioncutfromadiseasefreestockplantintissueculture Thesameasgeneticmodification,butusedbyspeakersandwriters whoareopposedtothetechniques Transferofgeneticmaterialfromoneindividualtoanother.The recipientmayormaynotbeofthesamespecies Atechniqueusedtofirebulletsoftungstenorgoldcoatedwitha geneintocells Thetransferofgeneticmaterialfromonepersontoanotherfor theirmedicalbenefit.Thesametechniquesareusedasinany geneticmodification AenzymeusedtojoinsectionsofDNAtogether Sphericalmembranesimilarinstructuretocellmembranes. Liposomesareusedtointroducegeneticmaterialintocells STRshorttandemrepeats.Shortsequences(28basepairs)able torepeatupto100times.Humanshavemanymicrosatellitesand thenumberofrepeatsvariesbetweenpeople.Thisisusedtogene profilepeopleusingPCR VNTRvariablenumbertandemrepeats.Repeatingsequencesof afewtensofbases.Thesignificanceofminisatellitesisthatthe patternsindifferentpeopleorotherorganismsvaryconsiderably. Thesecanbeelectrophoresedtoidentifyorfingerprintindividuals Thepartoftheplantstemwherestalks,branches,budsandflowers originate PolymeraseChainReaction(geneamplification).Atechniquefor multiplicationofDNA AsmallcircularsectionofDNAinabacterium.Itcontainsseveral thousandbasescomparedtothemillionsinbacterialchromosomes

DNApolymerase Explant Geneticengineering Geneticmodification Genegun Genetherapy

Ligase Liposome Microsatellites

Minisatellites

Node PCR Plasmid

Primer RecombinantDNA Restrictionenzyme Retrovirus Reversetranscriptase Sequencing

AshortsectionofRNAusedasastartingsequenceforPCRorgene sequencing DNAintowhichaforeigngenehasbeeninserted AnenzymethatcutsDNAatparticularrecognitionsitesoffrom4 to8bases AvirusthathasRNAandnotDNAasitsgeneticmaterial.To replicateinacellitmustusetheenzymereversetranscriptase AnenzymethatmakesDNAfromRNA Theprocessbywhichscientistsworkoutthebasesequenceof genes.Thisusesdideoxynucleotidesandmaybedonemanuallyor automatically Aprocessduringgeneticprofilingwherebyanitrocellulosesheetis placedontopofanelectrophoresisgel,andtheDNAiapartially transferredtothemorestablesheetbyplacingblottingpaperon topofthesheetanddrawingtheliquidupfromthegel Unspecialisedcellthatrenewsitselfbydividing.Candevelopinto specialisedtissue.Stemcellsareembryonic(derivedfrom embryos)oradult(foundinadulttissue) Cloningofplantsbytakingsectionsofstem,root,leaforcallusand growingthemundersterileconditionswiththehelpofhormones andgrowthfactors Thetransferofplasmidsbetweenbacteria.Thiscanhappenwith mammalcellsiftheyarechemicallytreated Thetransferofgeneticmaterialfromonespeciestoanother DNAuniquetoeachperson.ItisvariableDNAthatisusedin DNAfingerprinting Thetransplantationoftissuesandorgansbetweendifferentspecies, andinparticularthetransplantationofanimaltissueintohumans

Southernblotting

Stemcell

Tissueculture

Transformation Transgenesis VariableDNA Xenotransplantation