Slot Leakage Inductance and Eddy Current Losses in Multi-Turn Stator Windings for Very High Voltage Synchronous

Generators
Meinolf Klocke
Abstract The slot leakage inductance of multi-turn stator windings with circular conductive cross-sections and a slot cross-section mainly consisting of insulating material is calculated by imaging methods. The results are compared with those obtained by numerical analysis and by applying conventional formulas for rectangular conducting cross-sections. It turns out that in practical cases these conventional formulae yield sufciently accurate values for the leakage inductance. Furthermore the eddy current losses in such multi-turn windings are investigated numerically and by analytical approximations based on substituting the circular cross-sections by aedequate rectangular ones. The eddy current losses are critically high due to the transversal magnetic eld exerted on the upper turns inside the slot by the lower ones.

I. I NTRODUCTION ECENT developments in electrical machine design concerning synchronous generators are aimed at a signicant increase of the rated stator voltage [1]. Once the stator voltage level reaches the external grid high-voltage of for instance 110 kV, the machine transformer usually tting the voltage levels of grid and generator to each other can be omitted. Conventional stator windings of large synchronous generators consist of two layers of coils with one turn per coil made of a conductive bar subdivided into a number of single conductors insulated against each other. These conductors are lead through the cross-section of a bar in a twisted manner that each of them is exposed to the same magnetic ux in the slot (Roebel-bar, see e.g. [2]). Eddy currents in the bars can thereby be avoided or at least reduced to a minimum. The skin effect is avoided and a homogeneous current density distribution on the conductive cross-section can be assumed. The bars are insulated against the stator iron core and against the opposite layer in the slot by surrounding insulation layers based on mica. Since the copper area can be considered rectangular and the insulation layer is rather thin compared to the measures of the copper cross-section and the slot cross-section, a one-dimensional transversal magnetic eld in the slot can be expected. The slot leakage inductance can be calculated without difculties according to well known formulae e.g. from [3]. Iron saturation and deviations of the magnetic eld due to wide slot openings are neglected in this consideration. In windings for very high voltage usual high voltage cables as used for power transmission have been suggested for application. These cables should then form multi-turn coils in order to achieve a desirably high rated stator voltage level. Compared to conventional stator windings two main differences would be given: Firstly, the conductive cross-section is rather circular than
M. Klocke is employed at the Institute of Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Electronics, University of Dortmund, Germany, which is held by Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kulig. E-mail: klocke@mal.e-technik.uni-dortmund.de .

rectangular and its area is relatively small, since the cable crosssection includes quite thick insulation layers. Secondly, the laments within the conductive cross-section are not strongly insulated against each other thus admitting eddy currents especially induced by transversal eld components. In the following, investigations concerning these two crucial points are presented. An analytical calculation scheme for the slot leakage inductance of a very high voltage winding with multi-turn coils of circular conductor cross-section is derived based on imaging methods [4] and exact integration of all contributions to the resulting ux linkage [5]. The results of this scheme are compared to nite element calculations with good agreement. It turns out that the inuence of the different shape of the conductive cross-section is much less than expected. Only for unrealistically small radii of the conducting areas signicant deviations from results obtained by applying the usual formulae for rectangular cross-sections occur. The eddy current losses in different slots of a pitched very high voltage winding are calculated numerically under the assumption of two-dimensionality of the magnetic eld with ideal closing of the eddy current pathes on equipotential front end and back end surfaces of the conductors. The results appear to be comparable to those obtained analytically under the assumption of single rectangular cross-sections of the conductors [6]. Here, three different cases are investigated, which are rectangular cross-sections of invariant height h 2r or width w 2r and square cross-sections h w compared to the original circular ones. For the sake of comparability in all three cases the area r2 hw is the common invariant. The agreement of the results for the case of invariant width with those obtained numerically turns out to be the best. II. A NALYTICAL C ALCULATION OF F LUX L INKAGE I MAGING M ETHODS

Fig. 1 shows a cross-section of a slot with N aequidistant symmetrically arranged circular conductors. A horizontal eldline as a boundary of the slot leakage eld is assumed. The permeability of the surrounding iron be innite. By repeatedly imaging the original arrangement of conductors at the boundaries an innite periodical arrangement of conductors is obtained. Imaging at the upper boundary eldline therein implies an inversion of the sign of the currents, whereas imaging at the slot ground and the slot anks creates currents of identical sign. Such an arrangement of currents is shown in Fig. 2. For calculating the inductance the ux linkage of the N original conductors with the total resulting magnetic eld of all con-

BY

ductors must be determined. The ux linkage is given by the contributions of the N original conductors. These contributions are generated from the eld contributions of all conductors of the substituting arrangement. Thus innite sums over the layers of conductors in x- and in y-direction have to be evaluated. A single circular conductor with current I and coordinates xC and yC of its center point excites a magnetic vector potential in the exterior of its cross-section according to: A 0 I ln 4 x y yC y2 C ez

f i e

l d

l i n

e z

h
1

The gauges A to become zero in the origin of the coordinate system. The contribution to the ux linkage per unit length caused by this eld for a conductor with radius r and center coordinates xC 0 and yC is given by the average value of the vector potential on the cross-sectional area of this conductor SSC . :

denominator x2 C

y2 C

Eqn. (2) is evaluated by substituting the rectangular coordinates by polar coordinates centered in the ux receiving conductor. Eventually one obtains (3) like e.g. in [5].

In case of coincidence of eld exciting and ux receiving conductor, which only can occur for the primary loops, a particular consideration is needed. From the vector potential A

ez

(5)

which can be considered a superposition of the magnetic elds of all images of a primary conductor loop at the slot anks, the contribution of the original primary loop in free space,

sin2 0 I ln 4

wx

sinh2
2

sinh

w w yw

yw

ez

(6)

is subtracted. The result may be considered a reduced vector potential only arising from the images of the primary loop at the

A0

0 I y ln 2 y

 4   4 

A conductor between the planes at xw magnetic vector potential according to

0 and yw generates a

8 76 4 6 4 5 6 5 5 4 4  2 1 1 232 1 ) 0(' & %

0 I x j y ez Re lnsin 2 w 0 I ln sin2 x y sinh2 4 w w

yw yw

 8  @6

sinh 0 I ln 2 sinh

4 5 6 4 5

w w







sinh 0 I ln 2 sinh

yC yC

y y

  6 4   6 4 



4 9

The evaluation of the double sum in x- and y-direction seems to be critical concerning the calculation time and the boundaries of summation. A simplication is achieved by the following analytical approach, which replaces the summation in x-direction. From [4] it can be seen that the magnetic vector potential of a conductor symmetrically positioned between two ideally ferromagnetic parallel planes, which have the distance w from each other, is proportional to Re ln sin w x j y . Deriving the missing constant of proportionality from Amperes law and the derivatives of A in great distance from the conductor, where the eld becomes homogeneous, one obtains:

# $"!

    

0 I 2

ln

yC r

1 4

(4)

With y yC the magnitude of A equals the ux linkage per unit length to a nonexcited slot conductor at yC not coinciding with one of the loop conductors. For the primary loops created by imaging the original conductors at y 0, which forces yw yw , one obtains:
w w



sinh 0 I ln 2 sinh

y y

yw yw

sinh sinh

yw yw

yw yw

   6 4 5  6 9 5

6 9 5 6 4 5



 

This is the exact value of the vector potential in the center of the ux receiving, nonexcited conductor. With eld exciting and ux receiving conductor in geometrical coincidence the contribution to the ux linkage is given by an exterior part calculated from the vector potential on the conductor surface and an interior part represented by the well known inner inductance:

where A is gauged to become zero at x y 0. The original conductor and some sign inversed image at xw 0 and yw form a loop, the vector potential of which for the symmetry plane x 0 can be written as:
w w w yw w yw

 

x2 yC yC 0 I ln C 2 4 xC y2 C

 

  

1 r2

A dS

(2)

SCS

(3)


xC 2 x2 C
2

(1)

m
F

z x

h
0

Fig. 1. Cross-section of a slot with N-turn winding.

Fig. 2. Arrangement of original and imaged conductors.

ez

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

anks without the original contribution: Ared A

y =

h
S

sinh 0 I ln 2 sinh

For y yw this becomes the contribution of the imaged conductors to the ux linkage in the original slot conductor.

The contribution 0 of the primary loop itself has to be added to complete the result. This contribution consists of a part arising from the inner inductance of the slot conductor, the ux of the original slot conductor between surface and upper slot boundary (eldline with A 0) and the ux excited by the slot conductor imaged at y 0. It turns out to be half of the ux linkage of a two-wire transmission line or bilar lead, see e.g. formula in [5] or [7].

Hence, the total resulting ux linkage per unit length of a slot conductor coinciding with the exciting primary loop can be written as:
y

yw yw

yL yL

hS hS

h0 h0

k k

1 a 1 a

(15)

During the summation of the contributions to the total ux linkage alternating signs have to be taken into account. Imaging procedures with an odd index j start with a negative sign beginning from the translated slot ground, whereas an even index conditions a start with a positive sign.

By an exact analytical evaluation according to the procedure described above a value of LS 0 40743 mH m is obtained. Herein the total contribution of the images at the slot ground, No. 1 to No. 4, is only 3 75 10 10 H m, i.e. less than 1 10000 %. With a conductor radius of r 2 mm instead of 5 mm the evaluation of the imaging procedures results in LS 0 40908 mH m and with r 0 5 mm the result becomes

  H  H  H 9  H     9 

81 4 10 0 40715

mH m

LS

N 2 0

Applying (8) and (14) for the eld contributions of the primary loops and (7) for all succeeding images of the primary loops at the slot ground and its images the total ux linkage of all N slot conductors can be calculated. Fig. 3 illustrates the imaging scheme: The j-th imaging procedure generates N 2 j 1 additional current loops. An image of the slot ground occurs at 2 j 2 1 hS , where hS denotes the slot height. The ySG 1 3 center of the loops is located at yL 0 for the primary loops. The j-th imaging procedure creates 2 j 1 additional loop centers. They start at ySG hS sign ySG with each following one positioned at a distance of two slot heights, 2hS , from the preceeding one. The coordinates of the k-th conductor of a loop under consideration can be calculated from the center of the loop yL , the slot height hS the distance of the lowest conductor central point from the slot ground h0 and the distance between two conductors in neighbourhood a:

G G F

ED @D 9

  B



0 I 2

w sinh ln

 C   6 4

6 4 7 5

9 4

red

0
w

2yw

 4   4 

     4   4  



0 I 8 0 I 2

0 I r 0 I 2yw ln ln 2 yw 2 yw 2yw 1 ln r 4



red

   6 4 5 4



0 I w 2yw ln 2 sinh w 2yw

  4 76 4  4 6 4 55
y y yw yw y y yw yw



  

4 A

A0
w w
2 N c u 2 a d r r e n n d d t i t i o l o i m o n p a g a l s i n a f t e r g

(11)

i m

a g

s e c o

i m N
k = N

a g o .

e " 0 " N

y =

h
S

s u i m

c c e e d a g e s

i n

y =

h
S

p c u

r i m r r e n = - h
S

a r y t l o o p s y y

N p c u

r i m r r e n t

a r y l o o p s

(12)
y = - h
S

N
1

s l o d t u

c o r s

c t o

= a d

- h
S

r i g

i n

a l

s l o

N i m a g e N o . 1 c u

i t i o t l o a g h
S

n o i n

a l p g s a f t e r

r r e n i m - 3

f i r s t y =

4 i m a g e N o . 3 c u t h

a d r r e n i r d

d t i m

i t i o l o a g o

n p i n

a l s g a f t e r

(13)

- 1

h
S

1 4

(14)

Fig. 3. Scheme of imaging procedures with original slot conductors, primary current loops and their images.

Calculations at simple examples show that the inuence of the imaged loops on the results is mostly low. Furthermore, in many practical cases the conventional formula for rectangular slot conductors are a sufcient approximation. This will be illustrated in the following. III. T ESTEXAMPLES For a slot with nine conductors as shown in Fig. 4 an estimation of the selnductance by the formula for rectangular crosssections yields: hC 3w hG w 90 3 10

10 10

H m

D
G

D
1

'

&

D
C

D
G

D
1 C

= D

1
S

5 =

m 2 0

m m m

D
S

m
D

"

D
0

H =

M =

Fig. 6. Map of slot leakage eld for a thick circular conductor with diameter equal to slot width.

D
0

H =

Fig. 5. Cross-section and measures of an example slot with oneturn winding.

Fig. 7. Map of slot leakage eld for a wire with diameter equal to 10.4 % of the slot width.

IV. S LOT L EAKAGE I NDUCTANCE OF D IFFERENT D ESIGNS OF V ERY H IGH VOLTAGE W INDINGS For the determination of the slot leakage inductance of pitched two-layer three phase windings the self inductances of the upper conductor layer Lup , the lower layer Llow and the mutual inductance M between them are calculated. Accordingly , the ux linkages of each layer itself and the mutual ux linkage are determined separately in the analytical approach described above during the summation. Adding the self and mutual inductive voltage drops for one phase of the whole winding results in a total slot leakage inductance LS of: LS 2p q Lup Llow 2q M lFe

Fig. 4. Cross-section and measures of an example slot with nine-turn winding.

which result in a total slot height of hS

The analytical determination of the inductances of upper and lower layer per unit lenght via the contributions of ux linkage according to the imaging method described above yields: Llow 1 004 0 2890

 8

 8

In Fig. 6 and 7 the eldmaps of the FEM analysis are presented.

mH Lup m

mH M m

0 4066

mH m

As a conrmation results with good agreement can be obtained by a simple and quick FEM analysis with not more than 1000 nodes. For the 2r 10 mm conductor LS becomes 1 702 H m and for the about ten times thinner wire it is determined to be 2 131 H m.

h0 N 1 a h 1 22 5 16 1 52 5 mm

 

For a circular conductor with 2r 10 mm the analytical calculation yields LS 1 7064 H m, which is about 1.8 % more, and with 2r 1 04 mm LS increases to 2 159 H m, i.e. about 27 % more than for the square conductive cross-section.

825 mm

h0 a w h1

do 2 22 5 mm do 5 mm 50 mm do 45 mm hG do 2 52 5 mm

H 8  H

LS

4 10

hC hG 3w w H 1 6755 m

10 3 10

10 10

H m

Different results occur in a slot with e.g. only one conductor as in Fig. 5. Let N 1, h0 5 mm, hS 20 mm, w 10 mm: For a conductor with a square cross-section, LS is calculated to:

In the given example this is conditioned by the fact that a great part of the leakage inductance is produced by the wide homogeneous transversal elds of the single conductors between the slot anks and by mutual ux linkages of the conductors. By contrast, the inuence of local inhomogenities around the single conductors is very low.

A series connection of all 2p coil groups and a moderate coil pitch q are assumed as well as a symmetrical three phase current system. lFe denotes the iron core lenght of the machine and p the number of pole pairs. The rst considered version of a very high voltage winding consists of eight cables per layer with an outer diameter of do 45 mm. The conductive cross-section is a circle with 2r 23 mm. The cables exactly t in the slot width, but in the vertical direction an additional distance between two cables in neighbourhood of 5 mm is provided. The gap height above the uppermost cable in the slot is hG 30 mm. So, the measures according to Fig. 1 are

! 6   5

LS 0 41158 mH m. Although the conductor width 2r in the last example is only 10 % of the slot width w, the increase of the slot leakage inductance of 1 1 % compared to the result for a rectangular conductive cross-section is quite negligible.

M =

 

 

(16)

The complete 2pole winding under consideration lies in Z1 36 slots and has got q 6 coils per coil group with a coil pitch of 3. The iron lenght of the machine is lFe 3 022 m. So the total slot leakage inductance according to (16) becomes: LS 69 00 mH

The inuence of the diameter of the conducting area for this multi-turn winding is as low as for the test example above. Setting r w 2 22 5 mm results in LS 68 92 mH and reducing r to 0 05 mm increases LS only to 69 63 mH, i.e. by ca. 1 %. If the slot leakage inductance is calculated by the conventional formula for rectangular conductive cross-sections according to [3], only a negligible deviation occurs. The dimensionless slot leakage permeance results from

where s is the total height of upper and lower layer. Here, the distance between the slot ground and the upper surface of the uppermost cable in the slot including insulation has been put in. k1 and k2 are correcting factors, which can be taken from [3]. They take into account the inuence of partial mutual inductive effects between upper and lower layer caused by the coil pitch. The slot leakage inductance is then given by:

3 022 H

A second investigated machine and winding design is based on a double iron lenght lFe 6 044 m and only contains four cables per layer, i.e. eight cables per slot. The additional vertical distance between the cable surfaces is omitted. Slot width w and leakage gap height hG remain the same, but the total slot height decreases to hS 8 45 30 mm 390 mm. The following values for the inductances per unit lenght result from the analytical imaging approach: Llow 121 30 40 87

The total slot leakage inductance becomes LS

17 60 mH

  9

LS

2 p q S N 2 0 lFe 2 6 3 0 64 4 10 7 6 044 H

17 50 mH

8 

29 360 32 3 45

7 30 8 45

30

This is about four times less than in the former case because of the number of windings being halved. The inuence of the double iron length is approximately compensated by the slot height being nearly a half of its former value. The evaluation of the formulae from [3] only negligibly deviates from the exact analytical result.

 8

 8

H Lup m

H M m

53 62

H m

LS

2 p q S N 2 0 lFe 2 6 5 920 256 4 10

69 06 mH

k1

k2

s 3w

hG w

29 795 32 3 45

7 30 8 45

5 920

V. N UMERICAL C ALCULATION OF E DDY C URRENT L OSSES AND S LOT L EAKAGE I NDUCTANCES OF M ULTI -T URN V ERY H IGH VOLTAGE W INDINGS As pointed out in the introduction eddy current losses might play an important role in the design of a multi-turn winding, if usual high voltage cables for power transmission are applied instead of conductors made of stranded and insulated laments. In the following, results of an FEM analysis of this problem for the winding geometries described above are presented and compared to simple analytical approximations. As a simplication isotropy of the conductivity of the material is assumed. So the conducting parts of the cables are considered massive bars. As for a two-dimensional analysis in a rectangular coordinate system the vector potential and the current density have only got z-components and thus the magnetic ux density has x- and y-components. The FEM program EMAS [8] has been used for the numerical analysis of the eddy current phenomena. The model is formed according to descriptions in [9]. It mainly consists of a base plane of two-dimensional elements accounting for the magnetic properties of the arrangement. In order to take into account voltage drops in z-direction the base model is extended by threedimensional hexahedral elements placed perpendicularly on the base plane. These elements represent the electrical properties of the conductors. Since current is assumed only to ow in zdirection, conductivity is set to be unisotropic with only the z zcomponent different from zero. The magnetic vector potentials of front and back end surfaces are set to be equal, as no change of the magnetic eld occurs in the axial direction. In order not to perturb the reluctance matrix of the two-dimensional base model, permeability in the conductors is set to a nearly innite value, e.g. 1015. The front and back end cross-sectional surfaces of the conducting bars are considered equipotential, hence allowing an ideal closing of eddy current loops. All nodes on such a surface are coupled to one common reference node, the unknown electric potential of which is prescribed as the potential of every node belonging to the cross-section. The series connection of the bars of one layer is also provided by appropriate boundary condititons of the electric potentials of the back end surface of one conductor and front end surface of the following conductor. Slots with different excitations have to be considered due to the coil pitch. There are slots with upper and lower layer belonging to the same phase and slots with upper and lower layer excited by subsequent phase currents in opposite directions resulting in a 60 phase shift of excitation. In the calculation an effective conductivity of the conductor material of 39 73 106 S m is assumed. This value results from the resistance of the cable of 62 m m and the cross-sectional area of 406 mm2 in the numerical model, which is slightly less than the exact circular area of 11 5 mm 2 415 5 mm2 because of the discretisation. With an effective current of 1 kA the power loss in the dc-case becomes 1498 W, i.e. 187 3 W per each conductor in the slot with 8-turn layers and 374 6 W in the slot with 4-turn layers. Table I shows the power losses for a frequency of 50 Hz and different cases of excitation. The comparison between case No. 1 and case No. 2 clearly points out the inuence of eddy current

p 1

Different choices for a rectangular approximation of the circular conductive cross-section appear to be possible. However, the area must be invariant for a common dc-reference. In the following, three cases are considered more closely: Square cross-section with Case a): hC wC 20 4 mm. Flat rectangular cross-section with Case b): wC 2r 23 mm and hC 18 06 mm. Upright rectangular cross-section with Case c): hC 2r 23 mm and wC 18 06 mm. Table II lists the results for the factor of increase of resistance and power loss resulting from (17) and (18). A comparison with Table I shows that best agreement is achieved for case b), in which the width of the rectangular cross-section equals the diameter of the originally circular one.
TABLE II A NALYTICALLY A PPROXIMATED FACTORS OF R ESISTANCE I NCREASE D EPENDING ON T OTAL N UMBER OF E QUALLY E XCITED S LOT C ONDUCTORS .

hC

(17)

hC denotes the height of one conductor, wC its width and C its conductivity. wS is the width of the slot. For a series connection of N equal rectangular bars in a slot the following factor of increase for the ohmic resistance of the
C

TABLE I R ESULTS FROM FEM E DDY C URRENT C ALCULATION FOR D IFFERENT C ASES OF E XCITATION .
b
C a s e S h S l o = t 8 8 / 8 2 5 , l
F e

= m

S h S

l o =

4 3

/ 4 9 0

, l

= m

I
u

p p

I
o

o w l o w

a c

k
R

= P

P
d

a c

=
c

R R
d

a c

a c

k
R

= P

P
d

a c

=
c

R R
d

k 1 e

A
j 0

s t 1 e 1 e

. 8

. 3

0 1

. 3

. 8

. 9

. 9

r d

. 6

. 6

. 6

. 8

t h

1 1 e

e 1 e

. 9

. 9

t h

- j

. 9

. 9

sinh2x cosh2x

sinh x sin2x x 2x cos2x cosh x wC hC C f wS

E R Q 8 8

Rac Rdc

1 x

sinx cosx

a s e N

N =

a ) b

h
C

= = 2

2 0

. 4 . 4 m

m m

, k

. 5

k
R

. 2

) b

h
C C

= = 2

1 3

. 0 m

6 m

, k

. 8

k
R

. 3

a c

c ) b

h
C C

= = 1

2 8

3 . 0

m 6

m m

, k m

. 3

k
R

. 6

Since the uppermost conductor of the upper layer is exposed to the highest transversal magnetic eld strenght, the maximum contribution to the total eddy current power loss is induced in it. These contributions are listed in Table III for both slot versions as resulting from the numerical analysis and the analytical approximation according to case b). In Fig. 8 to 10 exemplary distributions of current density resulting from the FEM analysis of slot 4/4 are shown. In Fig. 8 the lower layer is excited referring to case No. 1. The transversal magnetic eld induces eddy currents in the four conductors above the excited layer. The eddy current density distribution is the same for every nonexcited conductor, since

1 N

p 1

1 x

1 2 N 3

1 x

N =

k
R

k
R

k
R

kR

6 5 @ T S S S

induction on the total power loss. In the former the transversal eld excited by the lower layer induces eddy currents in the upper nonexcited layer. These increase the total losses by about a factor of 3.8 compared to the later case, where the upper layer is excited and the lower layer is not exposed to transversal magnetic elds. The total losses of the windings under consideration are obtained by adding the loss contributions of the different cases of excitation occurring in the winding. In both versions of windings with q 6 and 3 the same number of slots of case No. 3 and case No. 4 or No. 5, resp., are given. So the average loss per slot is just the arithmetical average value of these two cases, which has to be multiplied by the number of slots Z1 36. In all cases and for both versions of windings a damage of the cable and its insulation by overheat cannot be excluded in particular for the upper conductors in the slot. The plausibility of the numerical results can be checked analytically for case No. 2 and No. 3. In [6] for the increase of resistance of the p-th conductor counted from the slot ground in a slot containing rectangular conductors the following set of equations can be found:

whole arrangement can be derived from (17): Pac Pdc Rac tot I 2 N Rdc 1 I 2 1 N Rdc 1

Rac p

(18)

. 1

. 4

. 8

TABLE III P OWER L OSS C ONTRIBUTION AND FACTOR OF R ESISTANCE I NCREASE OF U PPERMOST S LOT C ONDUCTOR .

E 3

x r d

c i t a t i o c a s e , t c o n d

n 1 u

: S k c t o A r i n e v e r y

l o h ( p
S

t = =

4 3 8

/ 4 9 t h 0

, l

= m

, S

l o h
S

t = =

8 8 1

/ 8 2 6 5

, l

= m

m s l o t

m s l o

s l o

c o

c t o

r )

( p

t h

c o

c t o

r )

a a cc , , 8 8

R R , 8, 8

aa cc , , 1 1 6 6

R R , 1, 16

a n h b
C C

a l y = = 2 1

t i c a l , 8 3 . 0 m 6 m m

c a s e m ,

) 1 1 . 6 1 3 0 . 9 9 2 4 . 1 6 1 2 9 . 0

e r i c a l

. 1

. 4

. 2

. 0

Fig. 9. Distribution of eddy current density from FEM calculation referring to case No. 2: Upper layer excited by 1 kA ej0 Slot with four cables per layer, hS 390 mm

the mere exciting magnetic eld (without eddy current reaction) above the lower layer does not vary with the height coordinate y in the slot. The inhomogenity of the current distribution in the excited conductors increases from conductor No. 1 at the slot ground to conductor No. 4, but appears to be not as strong as for the nonexcited conductors due to the dominating exciting current.

ductor which is about 3.5 times the average value.

Fig. 10. Distribution of eddy current density from FEM calculation referring to case No. 3: Both layers excited by 1 kA ej0 Slot with four cables per layer, hS 390 mm

Fig. 8. Distribution of eddy current density from FEM calculation referring to case No. 1: Lower layer excited by 1 kA ej0 Slot with four cables per layer, hS 390 mm

In Fig. 9 the upper layer is excited as for case No. 2, so eld strenght and current density in the four conductors below is zero. Obviously, the current distribution on the cross-section of the uppermost conductor is maximally inhomogeneous, whereas the lowest excited conductor leads a nearly homogeneously distributed current like in Fig. 8. Fig. 10 refers to case No. 3, in which all conductors are excited by the same phase current. In this case the inhomogenity of the current density distribution continuously rises for all conductors from the slot ground to the opening and the maximum current density of all three cases occurs in the uppermost con-

In Table IV and Table V the calculated complex voltage drops at the upper and lower layer are listed for the sole excitation of each layer, i.e. case No. 1 and case No. 2. From the real voltage components of the excited layer the electric power consumed by the arrangements can be calculated with good agreement to the results obtained from evalution of the ohmic eddy current losses by numerically integrating the loss density J 2 as listed in Table I. Note that in both cases the iron core length of the FEM model is lFe 3 022 m, which implies a factor of 2 for the comparison of slot 4/4. In Table I this has already been taken into account, but not in Table V. From the imaginary components of the voltages the inductances per unit length can be calculated and compared to the values above. For quasi-dc excitation with 10 6 Hz and 1 Hz the values agree to those analytically determined within an accuracy of about 0 1 %. Due to the skin effect a frequency dependency of the inductances occurs. But it is not

VW U

VW U

W W

X X

@WV U

TABLE IV C OMPLEX V OLTAGES OF U PPER AND L OWER L AYER FROM FEM C ALCULATION FOR S LOT 8/8 IN C ASE OF E XCITATION WITH M ERELY R EAL C URRENT 1 K A IN L OWER (1 ST C ASE ) OR U PPER (2 ND C ASE ).

TABLE V C OMPLEX V OLTAGES OF U PPER AND L OWER L AYER FROM FEM C ALCULATION FOR S LOT 4/4 IN C ASE OF E XCITATION WITH M ERELY R EAL C URRENT 1 K A IN L OWER (1 ST C ASE ) OR U PPER (2 ND C ASE ). L ENGHT OF MODEL HERE : 3 022 m

Case

f Hz 10

14

Case

f Hz 10

5.0 50.0

1 702

0 3067

2nd 5.0 50.0

j 37 972

very strong as can be seen from the values of the inductances for 50 Hz, which are only about 3 % less than the dc values. For the slot with eight conductors per layer the inductances become: Llow 0 9753 0 2818

For the slot with four conductors per layer the values are as follows: Llow 117 75 40 00

VI. C ONCLUSIONS The calculation of the slot leakage inductance of multi-turn stator windings for very high voltage synchronous generators has been discussed. An analytical calculation scheme based on imaging procedures has been derived and conrmed by numerical nite element calculations. Although the conductive crosssections in the windings under consideration are neither rectangular nor covering a great part of the slot cross-section, the conventional calculation method for slots with rectangular, slot lling conductors yields satisfactory results in all practical cases. Severe discrepancies between the results of the different calculation methods have not be observed. Additionally the eddy current losses of such windings have been investigated by numerical calculations. The plausibility of the results has been conrmed by analytical estimations for comparable arrangements of rectangular slot conductors. For

 8

 8

H Lup m

H M m

52 28

H m

 8

 8

mH Lup m

mH M m

0 3959

mH m

a simple analytical estimation of the eddy current losses, the circular conductive cross-section appears to be best replacable by a at rectangular cross-section with same area and width. The practical conclusion drawn from the high values of eddy current losses is that without additional measures concerning the transversal insulation and twisting of single laments within the conductive area a very high voltage winding cannot be constructed. Accordingly conventional high voltage cables for power transmission appear to be unusable for multi-turn generator windings. The main reason for high eddy current losses in a conductor is the transversal magnetic eld excited by conductors positioned below the conductor under consideration, whereas in normal power transmitting operation the cable is only exposed to its own circular magnetic eld. R EFERENCES
[1] F. Owman, T. S rqvist, A. Emlinger, Ohne Transformator direkt ins Netz, o Elektrizit tswirtschaft, Jg. 98 (1999), Heft 4. a [2] G. M ller, Grundlagen elektrischer Maschinen, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft u mbH, Weinheim, 1994. [3] W. N rnberg, Die Asynchronmaschine, 2. Auage, Springer-Verlag, 1963. u [4] L. V. Bewley, Two-Dimensional Fields in Electrical Engineering, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1963. [5] W. R. Smythe, Static and Dynamic Electricity, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968. [6] K. K pfm ller, Einf hrung in die theoretische Elektrotechnik, 13., veru u u besserte Auage, Springer-Verlag, 1990. [7] A. von Weiss, Die elektromagnetischen Felder, Vieweg-Verlag, 1983. [8] J. R. Brauer, B. S. Brown, EMAS, Users Manual - Version 4, Ansoft Corporation, 1997. [9] J. R. Brauer, EMAS, Application Manual - Version 4, Ansoft Corporation, 1997.

j 267 58

j 375 86

j 3 880 2 9621

j 5 089 3 3453

j 27 425 19 30

j 38 590 26 75

j 0 7761 0 7745

j 1 018 0 03833

2nd

j 5 487

 

1.0

j 7 720

1.0

j 7 761 10 0 7502

j 1 018 10 1 535 10 3

j 5 487 10 1 507

j 7 720 10 12 28 10 3

10

      

10

1 498

1 229 10

14

j 49 636

0 7492

1 535 10

j 375 86

50.0

j 925 97

50.0

j 5 089 3 3453

j 11 51 9 657

j 38 59 26 75

j 95 273 72 81

5.0

1st 5.0

j 1 018 0 03833

j 2 303 0 8512

1st

j 7 720 0 3067

j 19 06 2 316

1.0

1.0

j 111 79

j 49 636

   9  9 9   
15

j 1 018 10 1 535 10 3

j 2 303 10 0 7533

       9        9   9

9  9 9   

j 7 720 10 12 28 10 3

j 1 906 10 1 531

      9  

Uup V 1 535 10

15

Ulow V 0 7492
6

Uup V 1 229 10

Ulow V 1 498

9 9