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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing >Performance Tire and Wheel Relationship >Plus Sizing >High Performance Wheels >Aspect Ratio Calculator >Rim/Wheel Width >Installation Glossary

Tire and Rim Association (TRA) Yearbook To maintain consistency in specifying a tire's measurements, representatives of all major tire companies and most minor brands formed The Tire and Rim Association (TRA) in the United States. The TRA has established technical specifications that are based on engineering principles and approved practices. Every year they publish the TRA Yearbook, which contains all TRA standards and related information approved by the Association. These standards include: q Tire Designations q Tire Load Ratings q Dimensions q Approved q Rim Widths q The Design Rim or Measuring Rim Standards for Metric tires are established through a similar association called the European Tire and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO). The approved rim width range for each tire size has also been carefully selected by the TRA and ETRTO organizations. For example, the P255/50VR16 tire is approved to be mounted on wheels ranging from 6-1/2" to 10" (refer to pg. 44). Past experience and engineering practice has shown that wheel widths outside these ranges will stress the tire in a manner that may result in poor service and potential tire failure.

It is important to note that there are some differences between P-Metric and Metric approved rim width ranges (in general, Metric tires have a slightly narrower range). The TRA also has developed a measuring rim for each tire size that enables all manufacturers to measure their tires on the same size wheel. For 50-series tires and higher, the measuring rim width is 70% of the tire's section width rounded off to the nearest 0.5." For example, a P255/50VR16 tire, which has a design section width of 10.04", is measured on a 7" wide wheel.

Mid-Range Rim Widths Provide a balance between handling capabilities and ride quality. The wheel's width influences handling and ride quality. Always choose a rim width within the range of the tire's acceptable rim width specification.

For tires that have an aspect ratio lower than a 50-series, the measuring rim is 85% of the tire's section design width. Therefore, a 255/40ZR17 tire with the same 10.04" section width would be measured on an 8.5" wide wheel. The measuring rims for Yokohama tires are listed with their dimensional data in this guide.

As mentioned previously, the actual dimensions of a tire are dependent on the rim on which it is mounted. The dimension that changes the most is the tire's section widtha change of about 0.2" for every 0.5" change in rim width. For an A032R in the P255/50VR16 size, Yokohama's dimensional data indicates a section width of 10.2", an overall diameter of 26.0", and a tread width of 9.1" when mounted on a 7.0" wide wheel. While the tire size designation indicates that this is a 50-series tire, let's see how the tire's aspect ratio is calculated. A tire's aspect ratio is the relationship between its section height and section width. Since the section height is not provided, we must calculate it. Determine the section height. Subtract the rim diameter from the overall tire diameter and divide by 2 as shown in the following formula: (Overall Diameter - Rim Diameter) 2 = Section Height To determine the section height of a P255/50VR16 tire:

Note: More than one dimension may vary with a change in rim width; however, the Yokohama tire dimensions listed in this guide are accurate for the measuring rim widths specified.

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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing >Performance Tire and Wheel Relationship >Plus Sizing >High Performance Wheels >Aspect Ratio Calculator >Rim/Wheel Width >Installation Glossary

"Inch Up" To Plus Zero, Plus One & Plus Two Tire Size Applications

What's "Inch Up"? "Inch Up" is the process of mounting a lower aspect ratio tire and larger diameter wheel on your car. This creates a larger contact patch and a shorter sidewall.

Why "Inch Up"? "Inch Up" to improve your vehicle's performance and appearance. q Increased Steering Response q Improved Dry Handling q Enhanced Cornering Ability q Aggressive Good Looks "Inch Up" may be done in several ways. The most popular are: "Inch Up" to improve your vehicle's performance and appearance. 1. Plus Zero This method utilizes the same wheel diameter as OE, but incorporates a tire with a larger than OE section width and smaller than OE aspect ratio. For example, replacing an OE 175/70R14 tire (on a 5.5-inch wheel) with a 195/60R14 tire would be a proper Plus Zero fitment. Note that this may require a replacement wheel to maintain proper rim width for the new tire. 2. Plus One This method utilizes a one-inch larger diameter wheel, in conjunction with a tire of a one-step lower aspect ratio. An example of an appropriate Plus One fitment

is to replace an OE 175/70R13 tire (23-inch overall diameter) with a 185/60R14 tire (22.9-inch overall diameter). Note that this method always requires a replacement wheel. 3. Plus Two This method utilizes a two-inch larger diameter wheel, in conjunction with a tire of a two-step lower aspect ratio. An example of an appropriate Plus Two fitment is to replace an OE 175/70R13 tire (23-inch overall diameter) with a 195/50R15 tire (22.8-inch overall diameter). An independent research company recently conducted a test to determine the effect Inch Up has on handling. Included here is an abbreviated summary of the test results. The vehicle used for this comparison was a 1989 Mazda RX-7 SE. The original equipment tire is a 185/70HR14, and is mounted on a 5.5-inch wide wheel. The test was conducted on a dry asphalt surface. As the results from the lateral acceleration and handling course indicate, each successive plus size led to a noticeable increase in handling performance. This fitment guide recommends several Inch Up applications for both import and domestic vehicles. If the desired Inch Up application is not listed, the guidelines listed on the next page should be utilized to evaluate its appropriateness.

Warning: When changing to a non-OE tire size, always consult the load/inflation charts to determine proper inflation pressure to maintain OE load-carrying capacity.

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Selling high performance tires provides a great opportunity to include high performance wheels as an important and profitable part of your business. High performance wheels are available for most applications to both improve the appearance of a vehicle and complement the performance of replacement tires. To assure correct fitment, proper replacement wheel size, dimension and load-carrying capacity are critical. Always consult the wheel manufacturer/distributor's literature to verify that the desired wheel and tire combination is an acceptable application for the vehicle.

Wheel Width Choosing the wheel's width is important to assuring customer satisfaction. In addition to correct fitment, the wheel's width also influences handling and ride quality. Always choose a rim width within the range of the tire's acceptable rim width specifications. q Choosing a wider rim: increases vehicular stability, steering response and cornering ability. A rule of thumb is to use a rim width 90% as wide as the tread width (not section width) of a performance tire for street applications. This provides a good balance between performance and ride quality. Always be sure that the chosen rim width is within the tire's range of acceptable rim width specifications. q Choosing a narrow rim: results in an improvement in ride quality, but may sacrifice the tire's ultimate performance capabilities. q Choosing a mid-range rim width: provides a balance between handling capabilities and ride quality. An example of a proper application would be to use a 15" x 6" wheel for a 205/70VR15 tire. Never attempt to mix millimetric wheels and tires with standard inch wheels and tires. An improper application would be mounting a 200/60R390 size tire on any 15" wheel. A 390mm tire is designed to fit on a wheel with a diameter of approximately 15.35" with a non-standard bead seat.

Warning: According to RMA guidelines, there is danger in installing a tire of one rim diameter on a rim of a different rim diameter. Always replace a tire on a rim with another tire of exactly the same rim diameter designation and suffix letters. For example: a 16" tire goes with a 16" rim. Never mount a 16" size diameter tire on a 16.5" rim. While it is possible to pass a 16" diameter tire over the lip or flange of a 16.5" size diameter rim, it cannot be inflated enough to position itself against the rim flange. If an attempt is made to seat the tire bead by inflating, the tire bead will break with explosive force and could cause serious injury or death.

High Performance Wheels The following are various high performance wheel measurements that play an important role in determining tire and wheel fitment: Wheel Backspace This is the distance from the back edge of the wheel to the hub mounting surface. To determine the wheel backspace: 1. Position the wheel face down. 2. Lay a straight-edge across the back of the wheel. Measure the distance from the straight-edge to the wheel's hub mounting surface. Wheel Offset The wheel's offset is the distance from its hub mounting surface to the centerline of the wheel. The offset of a wheel can be one of three settings: q Zero offset: The hub mounting surface is even with the centerline of the wheel. q Positive offset: The hub mounting surface is toward the front or wheel side of the wheel. Positive offset wheels are generally found on front-wheel drive cars. q Negative offset: The hub mounting surface is toward the back or brake side of the wheel's centerline. "Deep dish" wheels are typically negative offset. Offset can be calculated by positioning the wheel on a flat surface and measuring its overall width and backspace as shown below. Divide the overall width by two, then subtract this result from the backspace value. Offset = Backspace - (Rim Width 2)

Bolt Circle When considering custom wheels for a specific application, it is imperative that the wheel's bolt circle matches that of the intended vehicle. The bolt circle is the diameter of an imaginary circle formed by the centers of the wheel lugs. The bolt circle reference is designed to accommodate 4-, 5-, 6- and 8-lug patterns. A bolt circle marked 5-100 (Chevrolet Cavalier, for example) indicates a 5-lug pattern with a diameter of 100mm. Consult the rim manufacturer's literature for bolt circle information for each application. If there is no information available, you may need to calculate the bolt circle.

4-, 6-, or 8-lug patterns: Record the distance between the centers of two holes directly opposite one another. 5-lug pattern: Estimate by measuring from the center of one hole to the far side (outside, not center) of a non-adjacent hole. The diagram below illustrates the proper measuring methods.

Hub-Centricity vs. Lug-Centricity Another important consideration in the proper selection of custom wheels is the concept of hub-centricity. This refers to a situation where the center bore hole of the wheel exactly matches the vehicle's hub diameter. In other words, if the vehicle's hub diameter is 56mm (e.g., Acura Integra), the wheel's center bore hole should be designed to match it perfectly.

Hub-Centricity When automobile manufacturers design a vehicle, they utilize hub-centric wheels so that: q The wheels are positioned very precisely on the car. q The possibility of shifting while being mounted is minimized. Lug-Centricity The alternative to a hub-centric wheel is known as lug-centric. q The wheels are located solely by the lug nuts rather than the wheel hub. q As the lug nuts are tightened, they adjust the wheel's position relative to the hub, thus centering the wheel. q Properly torqued, the lug nuts continue to keep the wheel centered as the vehicle is driven. Lug-centric wheels require extra care in mounting on a vehicle. When using shouldered nuts instead of tapered nuts, take extra care to properly locate the wheel. Never use air tools to install high performance wheels! Always use a torque wrench and follow accepted tightening procedures.

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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing >Performance Tire and Wheel Relationship >Plus Sizing >High Performance Wheels >Aspect Ratio Calculator >Rim/Wheel Width >Installation Glossary

To calculate aspect ratio, divide the tire's section height by its section width as shown below. Section Height Section Width = Aspect Ratio To determine the aspect ratio of the same P255/50VR16 tire:

This example indicates an approximate 50-series tire when mounted on its measuring rim width.

For wider-than-design measuring rim width wheels: When this same tire is mounted on a wider-than-design rim width wheel, the specifications can change dramatically. The tire's section width increases by 0.2" for every 0.5" increase in rim width. The difference between a 7.0" and a 9.5" wide wheel measures 2.5". The width difference of 2.5" equals five increments of 0.5":

For the increase in section width, multiply 0.2" by the corresponding five increments for a total of 1.0." Adding that to the original section width results in a new measurement of approximately 11.2".

Because the overall diameter of a radial is determined by its belts, this tire's overall diameter should remain virtually unchanged. To calculate the new aspect ratio we repeat the earlier calculation, this time substituting the revised section width of 11.2."

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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing >Performance Tire and Wheel Relationship >Plus Sizing >High Performance Wheels >Aspect Ratio Calculator >Rim/Wheel Width >Installation Glossary

Each Yokohama tire has a specific rim width range on which the tire can be mounted. Failure to follow rim width recommendations may result in poor tire performance or possible wheel and/or tire failure. Below is a quick reference chart listing each Yokohama tire size and the acceptable rim widths for that size. Choosing a wheel near the middle of the range will give a balance between ride quality and handling. A wider wheel will improve handling at the expense of ride quality, while a narrower wheel will improve ride quality at the expense of handling. Consider these compromises when selecting wheels. Metric Rim Widths Aspect Ratio 35 Series Metric Size Approved Rim Designations Width Ranges 275/35R17 335/35R17 345/35R15 285/40R15 215/40R15 245/40R17 255/40R17 265/40R17 235/40R18 195/45/R15 215/45R15 255/45R15 205/45R16 225/45R16 245/45R16 215/45R17 235/45R17 255/45R17 9.0-10.5 11.0-13.0 11.0-13.5 11.0-13.5 7.0-8.5 8.0-9.5 8.5-10.0 8.5-10.0 8.0-9.5 6.5-7.5 7.0-8.5 8.5-10.0 7.0 7.5-9.0 8.0-9.5 7.0-8.5 8.0-9.5 8.5-10.5 65 Series Aspect Ratio 60 Series Metric Size Approved Rim Designations Width Ranges 185/60R13 205/60R13 185/60R14 195/60R14 205/60R14 195/60R15 205/60R15 215/60R15 225/60R15 235/60R15 185/65R15 195/65R15 205/65R15 215/65R15 165/70R10 175/70R12 175/70R13 205/45R16 185/70R13 185/70R14 195/70R15 205/70R14 185/70R15 205/70R15 215/70R15 5.0-6.5 5.5-7.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 6.0-7.5 6.0-8.0 6.5-8.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 6.0-7.5 4.5-5.5 5.0-6.0 5.0-6.0 7.0 5.0-6.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-7.5 6.0-7.5

40 Series

45 Series

70 Series

50 Series

175/50R13 195/50R14 205/50R15 215/50R15 225/50R15 195/50R16 205/50R16 225/50R16 235/50R16 215/50R17 205/55R14 185/55R15 195/55R15 205/55R15 205/55R16 225/55R16

5.0-6.0 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 6.0-7.5 6.0-8.0 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 6.0-8.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-7.5 5.5-7.5 6.0-6.5 5.5-7.0 5.5-7.5 5.5-7.5 6.0-8.0

82 Series

155R12 155R13 165R13 175R14 185R14 165R15

4.0-5.0 4.0-5.5 4.0-5.5 4.5-6.0 4.5-6.0 4.0-5.5

55 Series

P-Metric Rim Widths Aspect Ratio 75 Series Metric Size Approved Rim Designations Width Ranges P205/75R15 P215/75R15 P225/75R15 P235/75R15 P155/80R13 P165/80R13 P175/80R13 P185/80R13 5.5-7.5 5.5-7.5 6.0-8.0 6.0-8.0 4.5-5.5 4.5-6.0 4.5-6.0 5.0-6.5 Aspect Ratio 35 Series 40 Series 50 Series Metric Size Approved Rim Designations Width Ranges P315/35R17 P275/40R17 P215/50R13 P235/50R13 P245/50R14 P225/50R15 P295/50R15 P225/50R16 P245/50R16 10.0-12.0 8.5-10.0 5.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-9.0 6.0-8.0 7.5-11.0 6.0-8.0 6.5-9.5

80 Series

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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing >Performance Tire and Wheel Relationship >Plus Sizing >High Performance Wheels >Aspect Ratio Calculator >Rim/Wheel Width >Installation Glossary

Mounting Procedures For the proper mounting of Yokohama tires, be sure to observe some basic precautions: q Wheel is securely seated on the hub face. q All lugs have proper torque. q There is no buildup of dirt between the hub and wheel. q The wheel is not bent. q Both tire beads are securely seated on the rim. Custom or Alloy Wheels While custom or alloy wheels require an increased level of care over steel wheels, it is vitally important that each customer receives the highest level of service. There are several key points to note when mounting Yokohama tires. Following these basic precautions not only yields consistent results, but satisfied customers - and that translates into return business and new referrals.

Avoid scratching or bending alloy wheels during installation These wheels are manufactured with extremely soft metals with a greater sensitivity to scratching and distortion under pressure. Modern tire machines apply equal pressure to both top and bottom beads with no pressure on the wheel itself. A pad on the base of the mounting machine protects chrome-plated, painted or machined wheels from scratches and damage.

During the mounting process, proper lubrication is a must Lubricate both top and bottom beads with an approved tire lubricant. If the beads do not seat at 40 psi, break the entire assembly down and re-lubricate the bead areas. Observe match-mounting procedures Proper tire and wheel assembly balancing is important from a vehicle safety standpoint. In high-speed driving, improperly balanced tire/wheel assemblies will cause a vehicle to lose stability and not operate in a safe and comfortable manner. Improperly balanced tire/wheel assemblies also cause abnormal treadwear patterns. To facilitate proper balancing, Yokohama places red and yellow marks on the sidewalls of its tires to enable the best possible match-mounting of the tire/wheel assembly. There are two methods of match-mounting Yokohama tires to wheel assemblies using these red or yellow marks:
q

Uniformity (red mark)

Weight (yellow mark) Warning: Improper mounting, underinflation, overloading or tire damage may result in tire failure, which may lead to serious injury. Tire and rim sizes must correspond for proper fit and application. Never exceed 40 psi to seat beads.
q

Warning: Tire changing can be dangerous, and should be done only by trained persons using proper tools and procedures established by the Rubber Manufacturers Association. Failure to comply with proper procedures may result in incorrect positioning of the tire, tube, or wheel assembly, causing the assembly to burst with explosive force sufficient to cause serious physical injury or death. Never mount or use damaged tires, tubes, or wheel assemblies. Proper Installation and Spacers With some custom fitments, it is necessary to use spacers in order to achieve proper clearances. Whenever the assembly comes into contact with inner fender members, brake calipers or ball joints, consult the wheel manufacturer for recommendations on the proper use of spacers. Spacers are sometimes necessary when wheels of the proper offset are not available. However, there are some drawbacks to their use:
q

Spacers are made in various quality grades. Some spacers may not be able to withstand the forces generated by aggressive or competitive vehicle use. Spacers that use a generic or slotted pattern (for use on a variety of hub patterns) may make proper location of the assembly very difficult. Spacers may necessitate longer lug bolts.

Special Considerations for Light Truck Applications Because light trucks demand special load-capacity considerations, we've compiled a few rules that should be observed: Using passenger tires on light trucks Using passenger car tires on light trucks should be approached with caution. The varied service that a light truck undergoes means that the rated load-carrying capacity of a passenger car tire used on it is reduced. When referencing a passenger car tire for light truck use, decrease the load specification according to the following formula:

This formula results in a reduced load-carrying capacity equaling approximately 91% of the rated specification of the passenger tire.

Dual Tire Applications q Matching dual tire specifications: Maximum allowable difference in overall tire diameter between a tire and its dual mate is 1/4". Maximum difference in circumference is 3/4". q Spacing: Minimum dual tire spacing is necessary for optimum performance. Consult tire or vehicle literature for recommendation. q Using chains: Take care to allow proper clearance between loaded tires to avoid damage from chains. Warning: Passenger Tires Mounted on Light Trucks: Yokohama Tire Corporation's policy provides warranty coverage for all light trucks, minivans or like designs that had Yokohama passenger tires installed as original equipment by the vehicle manufacturer when the Yokohama replacement tire is the same size, ply and range/load index, and speed rating (if applicable) of the originally installed tire. The replacement tire must also have the same classification of tread design, i.e., rib, mud snow, all-season, etc., as the original tire. Vehicle operation must also be limited to personal travel and not commercial operation of any sort. Vehicle design and/or operation other than described above will be dutifully denied coverage under all terms of the Yokohama Standard Limited Warranty for Passenger Tires. Warning: To avoid serious hazards, you must reinflate tires to specified minimum inflation pressure when used for highway service.

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Tire Care Reading Your Tire Construction Customizing Glossary

Aramid: A synthetic fiber that is, per weight, stronger than steel. Used in tire construction and provides excellent high tensile strength to weight. Aspect Ratio: An expression representing the height of the sidewall of a tire in terms of a percentage of tire's width. Asymmetric: When opposite sides of a tire's tread pattern are not identical. Block Design: A tire tread pattern made of raised rubber- compound segments. Blocks: The individual, raised rubber-compound segments making up the tread of a tire. Buckling: A condition when a tire is bulging or crumpling. Carcass: That portion of a tire that is the foundation for the tread, belts, bead and sidewall. Casing: The structure of tire cords locked around wire beads. Chafer: A finishing strip of calendered fabric used to protect the tire's bead area from the rim. Compound: The general term referring to the chemical formula for the tread material. Drive Wheel(s): The wheel(s) that provide the power or driving force for a vehicle. Filler: The material used to fill the area above the bead between the outer and inner portion of the sidewall. Also used in enlarged form to stiffen the lower sidewall of a tire. Grooves: Circumferential channels between the tread ribs of a tire. H-Speed or H-Performance Rated: A speed category for tires with a maximum speed capability of 130 MPH. High Performance Tire: 1. In the tire industry, those tires with speed ratings of S or greater and aspect ratios of 70 or less. 2. At Yokohama, those tires with an aspect ratio of 70 or less and a speed rating of H, V or Z. Hydroplaning: Loss of traction at high speeds caused by a wedge of water that lifts a tire off the road surface. Light Truck Tires: Tires designed for off-the-road and on/off-the-road use on sport/utility, small commercial and recreational vehicles. Load Rating: A method of rating a tire's load-carrying capacity (denoted by letters such as B, C, D, etc.) with respect to its ply rating.

Low-Profile: A term describing a tire with a low relative aspect ratio or series classification. Metric Tire Size System: A tire sizing system using the section width (mm), aspect ratio, speed category, tire construction and the rim diameter (inches). Example: 185/70SR13. P-metric System: A tire sizing system using the section width (mm), aspect ratio, type of tire construction and rim diameter (inches). Example: P225/70R15. Passenger Car Tire: Automobile tires featuring aspect ratios of 70 or greater, using a taller profile for increased ride comfort. Ply: A layer of rubber-coated fabric or wire making up the tire casing. Radial Tire: A tire built with casing plies that cross the crown at an angle of 90 degrees. Ribs: Parts of a tire tread pattern created by grooves that run circumferentially around the tire. S-speed or S-performance rated: A speed category for tires with a maximum speed capability of 112 MPH. Series: A numerical representation of a tire's aspect ratio; for example, 50 series. Shoulder Blocks: Raised rubber-compound segments on the part of the tire tread nearest the sidewall. Sipes: Slits in the tire tread. Small cuts in the surface of the tread to improve traction. Steel Belt: A belt material used in radial tires. Its high stiffness provides good handling and low treadwear. Steer Wheel(s): The wheel(s) that direct the course of a vehicle. Stud Holes: Small cavities along a tire's tread designed to hold tire studs for increased traction on snow-covered surfaces. Tire Profile: A term representing the portion of a tire measured as its aspect ratio or series. Touring Performance Tire: A tire providing the ride comfort of a passenger car tire, yet possessing high performance tire characteristics. Trailer Wheel(s): The wheel(s) of a trailer unit that neither provide power nor direct the course of a vehicle. Tread Blocks: Raised rubber-compound segments on the outside visible part of a tire. UTQG: Uniform Tire Quality Grade. A government-mandated tire rating system based on a tire's performance in treadwear durability, traction and temperature resistance. UTQG ratings are branded on a tire's sidewall. V-Speed or V-Performance Rated: A speed category for tires with a maximum speed capability of 149 MPH.

Varied-Pitch Ratio: Variations in angles and sizes of a tire's tread elements that reduce ride noise levels. Z-Speed or Z-Performance Rated: A speed category for tires with a maximum speed capability of 149+ MPH.

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