Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Layer 1 of the OSI model or we know it OSI Physical Layer controls how data is transmitted on the communication media. Physical layers usually use copper cable, wireless and fiber as the basic form of network media. And this make the main purpose of this layer is to create the electrical, microwave or optical signals that represent the bits in each frame. OSI physical layer has three fundamental functions such the physical components, data encoding and signaling. The physical elements are about the hardware devices such electronic, media and connectors devices that transmit and carry the signals to represent the bits. Encoding is about method to knowing a stream of data bits. Signaling is about generating electrical, wireless or optical signal that represent by 0 or 1 and what it means. Another important topic in OSI physical layers is about speed of data transfer that can be measured by bandwidth, throughput and goodput. Digital bandwidth measures the amount of information that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time. Throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time. Goodput is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time, and is therefore the measure that is of most interest to network users. OSI physical layer is concerned with network media. Today mostly used network media is cable, wireless and optical media. Cable mostly used is UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair), wireless mostly used is WLAN 802.11a, b, g, n, and gsm, gprs or cdma. Fiber optic cables can be broadly classified into two types: single-mode and multimode.
application. Dynamic Port (49152-65535):assigned dynamically to client application when initiating a connection.
Conversion and coding of application layer data to ensure data from the source host can be interpreted by the suitable application on the destination host. Encryption and decryption of data for transmission. Compression at the source host and decompression at the destination host.
Examples of OSI presentation layer are the standard for videos and graphics. Mostly used standards for video such Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and QuickTime. MPEG is a methodology standard for video compression and coding. QuickTime is an Apple computer standard for video and audio. Mostly used standards for graphic images are Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), Join Photographic Expert Group (JPEG) and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF). JPEG and GIF are the standard for graphic images compression and coding, and TIFF is a standard coding format for graphic images.
OSI Application layer used protocols that are implemented within application and services. Application layer protocols must be used during a communication session at the source and destination devices. For successful communication the Application layers protocol implemented at the source device and destination device must match. Protocols have a function:
Establish consistent rules between application and services at the source and destination device for exchanging data. Specify data types and structure that are sent between participating devices. Implement multiple protocols for specific communication; one protocol may specify how to initiate the connection and another for the process of the data transfer.
Basically OSI Application Layer chooses the proper application base on the Transport layer address called port number. Server programs generally use predefine port numbers that are commonly known by the clients. Some example of Application Layer services such File Transfer Protocol (FTP) port 20 and 21 TCP, Telnet port 23 TCP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) port 25 TCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) port 67 and 68 UDP, Domain Name System (DNS) port 53 TCP/UDP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) port 80 TCP, Post Office Protocol (POP) port 110 TCP.