CuesLlon 1

WhaL do we geL from cereals pulses frulLs and vegeLables?

AnswerulscusslonShare
MeLhods Cf Crop varleLy lmprovemenL 8ead now Lo undersLand Lhls Loplc beLLer
(l) Cereals provlde us wlLh carbohydraLes Also Lhey are a rlch source of energy

(ll) ulses glve us proLelns

(lll) lrulLs and vegeLables are a rlch source of vlLamlns and mlnerals A small amounL of proLelns
carbohydraLes and faLs are also presenL ln Lhem
CuesLlon 1
Pow do bloLlc and abloLlc facLors affecL crop producLlon?


AnswerulscusslonShare
MeLhods Cf Crop varleLy lmprovemenL 8ead now Lo undersLand Lhls Loplc beLLer
A varleLy of bloLlc facLors such as pesLs nemaLodes dlseases eLc can reduce Lhe neL crop producLlon A
pesL causes damage Lo agrlculLure by feedlng on crops lor example boll weevll ls a pesL on coLLon lL
aLLacks Lhe coLLon crop Lhereby reduclng lLs yleld Weeds also reduce crop producLlvlLy by compeLlng
wlLh Lhe maln crop for nuLrlenLs llghL and space

Slmllarly abloLlc facLors such as sallnlLy LemperaLure eLc affecL Lhe neL crop producLlon Some naLural
calamlLles such as droughLs and floods are unpredlcLable 1helr occurrence has a greaL lmpacL on crops
someLlmes desLroylng Lhe enLlre crop
CuesLlon 2
WhaL are Lhe deslrable agronomlc characLerlsLlcs for crop lmprovemenLs?


AnswerulscusslonShare
MeLhods Cf Crop varleLy lmprovemenL 8ead now Lo undersLand Lhls Loplc beLLer
1he deslrable agronomlc characLerlsLlcs for crop lmprovemenLs are

(l) 1allness and profuse branchlng ln any fodder crop

(ll) uwarfness ln cereals

1hese deslrable agronomlc characLerlsLlcs help ln lncreaslng crop producLlvlLy

uestIon 1:
What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients?
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Nutrient Management
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Macro-nutrientsare nutrients required in relatively large quantities Ior growth and
development oI plants. They are six in number. Since they are required in large
quantities, they are known as macro-nutrient. The six macro-nutrients required by plants
are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur.

uestIon 2:
ow do plants get nutrients?
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Nutrient Management
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!lants require sixteen essential nutrients Irom nature Ior their growth and development.
All these nutrients are obtained Irom air, water, and soil. Soil is the major source oI
nutrients. Thirteen oI these nutrients are available Irom soil. The remaining three
nutrients (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) are obtained Irom air and water.

uestIon 1:
ompare the use oI manure and Iertilizers in maintaining soil Iertility.
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Nutrient Management
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Manures increase soil Iertility by enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it
is prepared by the decomposition oI animal excreta and plant wastes. On the other hand,
Iertilizers are mostly inorganic compounds whose excessive use is harmIul to the
symbiotic micro-organisms living in soil. Their excessive use also reduces soil Iertility.
ence, Iertilizers are considered good Ior only short term use.

uestIon 1:
Which oI the Iollowing conditions will give the most beneIits? Why?
(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use Iertilizers.
(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use Iertilizer.
(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use Iertilizer and use crop protection
measures.
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Nutrient Management
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(c)Farmers using good quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using Iertilizers, and using crop
protection measures will derive most beneIits.
(i) The use oI good quality seeds increases the total crop production. II a Iarmer is using
good quality seeds, then a majority oI the seeds will germinate properly, and will grow
into a healthy plant.
(ii) !roper irrigation methods improve the water availability to crops.
(iii) Fertilizers ensure healthy growth and development in plants by providing the
essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.
(iv) rop protection measures include various methods to control weeds, pests, and
inIectious agents. II all these necessary measures are taken by a Iarmer, then the overall
production oI crops will increase.

uestIon 1:
Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preIerred Ior
protecting crops?
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Methods And Importance OI rop !rotection And
Storage OI Grains
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!reventive measures and biological control methods should be preIerred Ior protecting
crops because excessive use oI chemicals leads to environmental problems. These
chemicals are also poisonous Ior plants and animals. !reventive measures include proper
soil and seed preparation, timely sowing oI seeds, intercropping and mixed cropping,
usage oI resistant varieties oI crops, etc. On the other hand, biological control methods
include the usage oI bio-pesticides that are less toxic Ior the environment. An example oI
bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringenesis,which is an insect pathogen that kills a wide
range oI insect larvae. ThereIore, both preventive measures and biological control
methods are considered eco- Iriendly methods oI crop protection.

uestIon 2:
What Iactors may be responsible Ior losses oI grains during storage?
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Methods And Importance OI rop !rotection And
Storage OI Grains
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uring the storage oI grains, various biotic Iactors such as insects, rodents, mites, Iungi,
bacteria, etc. and various abiotic Iactors such as inappropriate moisture, temperature, lack
oI sunlight, Ilood, etc. are responsible Ior losses oI grains. These Iactors act on stored
grains and result in degradation, poor germinability, discolouration, etc.

uestIon 1:
Which method is commonly used Ior improving cattle breeds and why?
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Animal usbandry
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attle Iarming is commonly used Ior improving cattle breeds. The purpose oI cattle
Iarming is to increase the production oI milk and draught labour Ior agricultural work.
airy animals (Iemales) are used Ior obtaining milk and draught animals (males) are
engaged in agricultural Iields Ior labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc. ross
breeding between two good varieties oI cattle will produce a new improved variety. For
example, the cross between Ioreign breeds such as Jersey Brown, Swiss (having long
lactation periods) and Indian breeds such as Red Sindhi, Sahiwal (having excellent
resistance power against diseases) produces a new variety having qualities oI both breeds.

uestIon 1:
iscuss the implications oI the Iollowing statement:
'It is interesting to note that poultry is India`s most eIIicient converter oI low Iibre Iood
stuII (which is unIit Ior human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein Iood.
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Animal usbandry
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!oultry in India is the most eIIicient converter oI low Iibre Iood stuII into highly
nutritious animal protein Iood. In poultry Iarming, domestic Iowls are raised to produce
eggs and chicken. For this, the Iowls are given animal Ieeds in the Iorm oI roughage,
which mainly consists oI Iibres. Thus, by Ieeding animals a Iibre rich diet, the poultry
gives highly nutritious Iood in the Iorm oI eggs and chicken.

uestIon 1:
What management practices are common in dairy and poultry Iarming?
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Animal usbandry
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ommon management practices in dairy and poultry Iarming are:
(i) !roper shelter Iacilities and their regular cleaning.
(ii) Some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious Iood, etc.
(iii) Animals are kept in spacious, airy, and ventilated place.
(iv) !revention and cure oI diseases at the right time is ensured.

uestIon 2:
What are the diIIerences between broilers and layers and in their management?
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Animal usbandry
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ayersare meant Ior egg production, whereas broilers are meant Ior poultry meat.
Nutritional, environmental, and housing conditions required by broilers are diIIerent Irom
those required by egg layers. A broiler chicken, Ior their proper growth, requires vitamin
rich supplements especially vitamin A and K. Also, their diet includes protein rich Iood
and enough Iat. They also require extra care and maintenance to increase their survival
rate in comparison to egg layers.

uestIon 1:
ow are Iish obtained?
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Animal usbandry
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Fish can be obtained by two ways:
(i) apture Iishing: It is the process oI obtaining Iish Irom natural resources.
(ii) ulture Iishery: It is the practice oI Iarming Iishes. Farming can be done in both
Ireshwater ecosystem (which includes river water, pond water) and marine ecosystem.

uestIon 2:
What are the advantages oI composite Iish culture?
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Animal usbandry
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An advantage oI composite Iish culture is that it increases the yield oI Iish. In a
composite Iish culture, Iive or six diIIerent species are grown together in a single Iish
pond. Fishes with diIIerent Iood habitats are chosen so that they do not compete Ior Iood
among themselves. Also, this ensures a complete utilization oI Iood resources in the
pond. As a result, the survival rate oI Iish increases and their yield also increases.

uestIon 1:
What are the desirable characters oI bee varieties suitable Ior honey production?
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Animal usbandry
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Bee varieties having the Iollowing desirable characters are suitable Ior honey production:
(i) They should yield high quantity oI honey.
(ii) They should not sting much.
(iii) They should stay in the beehive Ior long durations.
(iv) They should breed very well.