Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A.

, 75527
1

INTRODUCTION TO WASTE
Waste is an unavoidable by-product oI most human activity. Economic development and rising
living standards in the Asian and PaciIic Region have led to increases in the quantity and
complexity oI generated waste, whilst industrial diversiIication and the provision oI expanded
health-care Iacilities have added substantial quantities oI industrial hazardous waste and
biomedical waste into the waste stream with potentially severe environmental and human health
consequences. The Chapter discusses the generation, treatment, disposal and management oI the
growing volume oI waste, which poses Iormidable challenges to both high and low-income
countries oI the region. Over 1.8 billion tonnes oI waste are generated each year in Europe. This
equals to 3.5 tonnes per person. This is mainly made up oI waste coming Irom households,
commercial activities (e.g., shops, restaurants, hospitals etc.), industry (e.g., pharmaceutical
companies, clothes manuIacturers etc.), agriculture (e.g., slurry), construction and demolition
projects, mining and quarrying activities and Irom the generation oI energy. With such vast
quantities oI waste being produced, it is oI vital importance that it is managed in such a way that
it does not cause any harm to either human health or to the environment.
DEFINITIONS OF WASTE
Waste is a complex, subjective and sometimes controversial issue. There are many ways to
deIine, describe and count it depending on how you look at it. Citizens, technicians,
businessmen, politicians, activists; all oI them use a diIIerent approach, and this explains why it
is oIten a challenge to gather comparable data. From one country to the next, statistical
deIinitions vary a lot. It is notably diIIicult, Ior example, to compare waste in rich and poor
countries. The topic is also sometimes political, especially when it comes to the trade and
disposal oI hazardous and nuclear wastes.
European Environment Agency describe waste 'as that which includes all items that people no
longer have any use Ior, which they either intend to get rid oI or have already discarded. Waste
Framework Directive (75/442/EEC) deIined waste as any substance or object which the holder
discards or intends or is required to discard Wastes according to the asel Convention on the
Control oI Transboundary Movements oI Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, article 2 are
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


substances or objects which are disposed or are intended to be disposed or are required to be
disposed oI by the provisions oI national laws.

The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) describe wastes 'as materials that are not prime
products (that is products produced Ior the market) Ior which the generator has no Iurther use in
terms oI his/her own purposes oI production, transIormation or consumption, and oI which
he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction oI raw materials, the
processing oI raw materials into intermediate and Iinal products, the consumption oI Iinal
products, and other human activities. Waste is generated in all sorts oI ways. Its composition and
volume largely depend on consumption patterns and the industrial and economic structures in
place. Air quality, water and soil contamination, space consumption and odors all aIIect our
quality oI liIe.
Merriam-Webster deIines ,8te as "reIuse Irom places oI human or animal habitation. The
World ook Dictionary deIines waste as "useless or worthless material; stuII to be thrown
away." UnIortunately, both deIinitions reIlect a widespread attitude that does not recognize
waste as a resource. Zero Waste America deIines waste as "a resource that is not saIely recycled
back into the environment or the marketplace." This deIinition takes into account the value oI
waste as a resource, as well as the threat unsaIe recycling can present to the environment and
public health.
TYPES OF WASTE
A. Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)
. Industrial waste (including manuIacturing)
C. Hazardous Waste
D. Construction and Demolition Waste
E. Mining Waste
F. Waste Irom Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
G. iodegradable Municipal Waste
H. Packaging Waste
I. End-oI-LiIe Vehicles (ELVs) and Tyres
J. Agricultural Waste
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


unicipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)
Municipal waste is generated by households, commercial activities and other sources whose
activities are similar to those oI households and commercial enterprises. It does not include other
waste arising e.g., Irom mining, industrial or construction and demolition processes.
Municipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste, secondary materials Irom separate
collection (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous waste, street sweepings and litter
collections. It is made up oI materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, textiles, organics (Iood
and garden waste) and wood.
Municipal waste has traditionally been landIilled and this remains the predominant management
option in most countries. However, some countries have taken signiIicant steps away Irom
landIill. Alternatives oIIered include incineration (increasingly with recovery oI energy),
composting and recycling oI glass, paper, metal, plastics and other materials.

There are numerous potential impacts associated with the landIilling oI waste including the
production oI leachate and landIill gas, odours, Ilies, vermin and the use oI land.

Industrial waste (including manufacturing)
Industrial waste is a type oI waste produced by industrial activity, such as that oI Iactories, mills
and mines. It has existed since the outset oI the industrial revolution.
Industrial solid waste generation varies, not only between countries at diIIerent stages oI
development but also between developing countries. Industrial solid waste encompasses a wide
range oI materials oI varying environmental toxicity. Typically this range would include paper,
packaging materials, waste Irom Iood processing, oils, solvents, resins, paints and sludges, glass,
ceramics, stones, metals, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, cloth, straw, abrasives, etc.
ManuIacturing industry waste comprises many diIIerent waste streams arising Irom a wide range
oI industrial processes. Some oI the largest waste generating industrial sectors in Western and
Central Europe include the production oI basic metals, Iood, beverage and tobacco products,
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


wood and wood products and paper and paper products. It has been estimated that over 33
million tonnes oI industrial waste was generated in Europe in 1998.
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is mostly generated by industrial activities and driven by speciIic patterns oI
production. It represents a major concern as it entails serious environmental risks iI poorly
managed: the impact on the environment relates mainly to toxic contamination oI soil, water and
air. A waste or combination oI wastes oI a solid, liquid, contained gaseous, or semisolid Iorm
which may cause, or contribute to, an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible,
or incapacitating reversible illness, taking into account the toxicity oI such waste, its persistence
and degradability in nature, its potential Ior accumulation or concentration in tissue, and other
Iactors that may otherwise cause or contribute to adverse acute or chronic eIIects on the health oI
persons or other organisms.
Hazardous waste arises Irom a wide range oI diIIerent sources including households, commercial
activities and industry. Hazardous waste represents approximately 1 oI all waste generated in
Europe. Wastes are classiIied as being hazardous depending on whether they exhibit particular
characteristics.

Construction and Demolition Waste
Construction and demolition waste is made up oI two individual components: .438tru.ti43 waste
and /em4iti43 waste.It arises Irom activities such as the construction oI buildings and civil
inIrastructure, total or partial demolition oI buildings and civil inIrastructure, remodeling, repair
road planning and maintenance. In some countries even materials Irom land levelling are
regarded as construction and demolition waste. Construction and demolition waste has been
identiIied as a priority waste stream by the European Union. This means that particular attention
will be paid to policies and measures to ensure increased recycling oI construction and
demolition waste. It is made up oI numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass,
metals, plastic, solvents, asbestos and excavated soil, many oI which can be recycled in one way
or another.
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


ining Waste
Mining waste arises Irom prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage oI minerals ( raw
materials) . It is made up oI topsoil, overburden, waste rock, waste Irom the processing oI the ore
body (tailings) which may also include process water, process chemicals and portions oI the
remaining materials.

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (commonly reIerred to as WEEE) consists oI end oI
liIe products and comprises oI a range oI electrical and electronic items such as:
ReIrigerators, IT and telecommunication equipment, Freezers, Electrical and electronic tools,
Washing machines, Medical equipment Toasters, Monitoring and control instruments,
Hairdriers, Automatic dispensers, Televisions, etc.
Thus, sources are all users oI electrical and electronic equipment Irom householders to all kinds
oI commercial and industrial activities. Common materials that make up WEEE are . Iron and
steel, non- Ilame retareded plastic, copper, glass, Ilame retarded plastic, Aluminium, printed
circuit boards, wood and plywood, concrete and ceramics, rubber and others.

Biodegradable municipal Waste

iodegradable Municipal Waste (MW) is waste Irom households and commercial activities
that is capable oI undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden waste, paper and
cardboard are all classiIied as biodegradable municipal waste. Approximately 60 oI municipal
waste is biodegradable. Potential impacts associated with landIilling oI biodegradable municipal
waste include the production oI leachate and landIill gas, odours, Ilies and vermin.

Packaging waste

Packaging is deIined as any material which is used to contain, protect, handle, deliver and
present goods. Items like glass bottles, plastic containers, aluminium cans, Iood wrappers, timber
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


pallets and drums are all classiIied as packaging. Packaging waste can arise Irom a wide range oI
sources including supermarkets, retail outlets, manuIacturing industries, households, hotels,
hospitals, restaurants and transport companies. In addition packaging may contain some critical
substances e.g., PVC and heavy metals which may pose a risk to the environment.

End-of-Life Jehicles (ELJs) and 1yres

End-oI-liIe vehicles are deIined as cars that hold up to a maximum oI eight passengers in
addition to the driver, and trucks and lorries that are used to carry goods up to a maximum mass
oI 3.5 tonnes. Thus their sources range Irom households to commercial and industrial uses.
Approximately 75 oI the weight oI a car is made up oI steel and aluminium, most oI which is
recycled. Other materials present include lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium, in
addition to other dangerous substances including anti-Ireeze, brake Iluid and oils that, iI not
properly managed, may cause signiIicant environmental pollution.

Agricultural waste
Agricultural waste is composed oI organic wastes (animal excreta in the Iorm oI slurries and
Iarmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage eIIluent) and waste such as
plastic, scrap machinery, Iencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines. There are a
number oI potential environmental impacts associated with agricultural waste iI it is not properly
managed not least oI which is the run-oII oI nutrients to surIace waters which can cause over
enrichment oI the water body. Leaking and improper storage oI agricultural waste can also pose
a serious threat to the environment should the waste reach surIace waters. In addition, Iarming
activities can give rise to emissions oI ammonia and methane which can cause acidiIication and
contribute to greenhouse gases emissions.






Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


COMPOSITION OF RESIDENTIAL WASTE
Residential Wastes are generated by the normal activities oI households including, but not
limited to, Iood wastes, rubbish, ashes, and bulky wastes. These are the various break down oI
residential waste - Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous waste
COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL WASTE
Commercial waste is identiIied as waste arising Irom premises, single oIIice buildings, multi-
tenant oIIices, wholesale, general retail, restaurants, Iast Iood, apparel manuIacture, printing and
publishing, Iood stores and hotels which are used wholly, or mainly Ior trade, business, sport,
recreation or entertainment. All types oI solid wastes generated by stores, oIIices, restaurants,
warehouses, and other non-manuIacturing activities, excluding residential and industrial wastes
are regarded as commerclal wasLe. 1hese are Lhe varlous examples of commerclal wasLe Paper,
cardboard, plastics, wood, Iood wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes etc
Commercial waste can be grouped under the Iollowing
O Paper Corrugated cardboard, KraIt paper, OIIice/Computer, Newsprint, Magazines &
Glossy, ook/Phone ook
O Plastic Clear/ Colored HDPE containers, Films and ags, Clear/Green PET containers,
PVC, Polypropylene, Polystyrene
O ard Grass/Leaves, rush/Prunnings/Stumps
O Organic Lumber, Textiles, Rubber, Fines, Diapers, Food waste
O Aluminum Food containers/Ioil Alum. everage Cans
O Glass Clear Glass containers, Green Glass containers, rown Glass containers
O Metal Ierrous and non- Ierrous metal
O OthersPesticides, Non-pesticide Poisons, Paint/Solvent/Fuel, Dry Cell atteries Car
atteries, Medical Waste
O garden and park wastes (including cemetery waste) biodegradable waste , soil and
stones wastes, other non-biodegradable wastes
Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


COMPOSITION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
The average composition oI industrial waste is very diIIerent Irom the average composition oI
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), and varies by type oI industry, although many oI the waste types
can be included in both oI industrial waste and MSW.
DOC and Iossil carbon in industrial waste is mainly Iound in the same waste types as in MSW.
DOC is Iound in paper and cardboard, textiles, Iood and wood. Synthetic leather, rubber, and
plastics are major sources oI Iossil carbon. Waste oils and solvents are also important sources oI
Iossil carbon in industrial liquid waste. Paper and cardboard and plastics will be generated at
various industries mainly Irom oIIice work and by packaging waste. Wood will be Iound in
wastes Irom pulp and paper, wood manuIacturing industries and construction and demolition
activities. Food, beverage and tobacco industry will be the major source oI Iood waste. Food,
beverages and tobacco (other than sludge), Petroleum products, Solvents, Plastics - Rubber ,
Housekeeping wastes, packaging, Iood wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous
wastes, ashes, special wastes.














Composition of residential, Commercial And Industrial Waste Compiled By Ige Emmanuel A., 75527


REFERENCES
1. Code oI Federal Regulations Subchapter I, Part 243 (1995) - Guidelines Ior the Storage
and Collection oI Residential, Commercial, and Institutional Solid Waste
2. Environment & Heritage Service Industrial and Commercial Waste Arisings Survey Ior
Northern Ireland, August, 2011
3. Riitta Pipatti (Finland), Chhemendra Sharma (India), Masato amada (Japan), Joao
Wagner Silva Alves (razil), Qingxian Gao (China), G.H. Sabin Guendehou (enin),
Matthias Koch (Germany), Carlos Lopez Cabrera (Cuba), Katarina Mareckova
(Slovakia), Hans Oonk (Netherlands), Elizabeth Scheehle (USA), Alison Smith (UK), Per
Svardal (Norway), and Sonia Maria Manso Vieira (razil). Waste Generation,
Composition and Management DATA. Volume 5: Waste
4. Texas Administrative Code Ch,5ter 3 Se.ti43 335.
5. Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 9, Industrial Waste, Page 4
. Texas Water Commission Trends in Texas Hazardous Waste Management (Au8ti3
TWC, July, 1993), Table 1 and 4
7. U.S. Code Title 42 - The Public Health And WelIare Chapter 82 - Solid Waste Disposal
Subchapter I - General Provisions
8. http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/deIinitions/waste,
9. http://www.claire.co.uk/index.php?optioncomcontent&viewarticle&id210&Itemid
82
10.http://abdn.ac.uk/environment/waste/whatis.php
11.http://www.wikipedia.com/waste.htm
12.http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/WhatIsWaste.htm
13.Vermont Department oI Environmental Conservation, Final Report, Vermont Waste
Composition Study June 2002