N

NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

69
NASA TM X-58032 OCTOBER 1969

APOLLO SPACECRAFT PYROTECHNICS

CASE FILE COPY

Presented to The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories San Francisco, California July 7-10, 1969

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS

AF'OLLO SPACECRAFT PYROTECHNICS

By W i l l i a m H.. Simmons
Manager, Apollo Pyrotechnic Subsystems N S Manned Spacecraft Center AA
INTRODUCTION

A t t h e Third Electroexplosive Device (EED) Symposium i n Philadelphia i n 1963, t h e author presented a paper e n t i t l e d "The Apollo Standard I n i t i a t o r (ASI)

."

That paper described a modular-cartridge concept using a

standard EED which w a s being adopted f o r t h e Apollo s p a c e c r a f t .

Concepts

a l s o were presented f o r t h e postmanufacture indexing of t h e i n i t i a t o r , f o r t h e a n t i c i p a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n of pyrotechnic devices t o s p a c e c r a f t f u n c t i o n s , and f o r a computerized d a t a c o l l e c t i o n storage a n a l y s i s system. The pyrotechnic devices and t h e i r f u n c t i o n s i n t h e Apollo spacecraft on a Pmar l a x l i n g mission ( f i g . 1) a r e described i n t h i s paper. During

t h e p a s t 6 y e a r s , a l l pyrotechnic devices and systems have been t e s t e d e x t e n s i v e l y on t h e ground, i n unmanned f l i g h t s , and i n manned f l i g h t s . The last f l i g h t t e s t o b j e c t i v e s of t h e pyrotechnics were completed successf u l l y subsequent t o t h e Apollo 10 mission i n May 1969. The term Apollo Standard I n i t i a t o r (ASI) w a s applied o r i g i n a l l y both t o t h e concept of a standard EED f o r Apollo s p a c e c r a f t and t o t h e hardware, a s p e c i f i c dual-bridgewire i n i t i a t o r . Subsequently, a s i n g l e -

bridgewire i n i t i a t o r was' developed and now i s t h e standard device on t h e s p a c e c r a f t ; t h e dual-bridgewire unit i s now obsolete i n t h e Apollo program. Therefore , "Apollo Standard I n i t i a t o r ," o r "ASI," now r e p r e s e n t

the concept and "Single-Bridgewire Apollo Standard Initiator, I 1 or

"SBASI

describe the hardware.

Other words and abbreviations used in this paper are clarified below.

1 "Fyrotechnics" is synonymous with "explosive" and "ordnance" .

(pyrotechnic device).
2.

"Explosive" includes both detonating and deflagrating materials.

"High explosive" and "propellant" axe used to differentiate between the two types of materials, when necessary.

3.
fluous

"Redundant" is used in the sense of "dual" rather than "super-

.
a. The command and service modules (CSM), which are abbreviated

4. "Spacecraft" (S/C) (fig. 2) includes the following:

command module (CM) and service module (SM) b. The lunar module (MI c. The spacecraft/lunar module adapter (SLA)

5.

The Saturn IVB (S-IVB) is the third stage of the launch vehicle

(LV) which inserts the spacecraft into translunar trajectory.

GENERAL
The Apollo spacecraft and SLA incorporate over 210 explosively loaded devices (including 143 electrically initiated cartridges of 19 different types) in t h e most complex pyrotechnic system ever used on any flight vehicle.
2

Most functions performed by s p a c e c r a f t pyrotechnics a r e c l a s s i f i e d as "crew c r i t i c a l , " because premature operation of t h e pyrotechnics o r t h e f a i l u r e of t h e pyrotechnics t o operate properly could result i n loss of t h e crew. The f e w re-

maining functions are, s i m i l a r l y , "mission c r i t i c a l ; " t h a t i s , f a i l u r e could

result i n an aborted mission o r i n an a l t e r n a t e mission.

The high c r i t i c a l i t y

. -

assigned t o s p a c e c r a f t pyrotechnic functions d i c t a t e d maximum redundancy i n pyr o t e c h n i c systems and devices ( f i g , 3 ) . Where p r a c t i c a b l e , completely redundant Where ~ o m -

systems o r devices are used, as i n t h e apex-cover j e t t i s o n system.

p l e t e l y redundant systems are not possible because of space o r weight l i m i t a t i o n s , redundant c a r t r i d g e s a r e used, a i n t h e canard t h r u s t e r . s Next i n order

of d e s i r a b i l i t y i s a s i n g l e c a r t r i d g e with dual i n i t i a t o r s , as i n t h e parachuteriser g u i l l o t i n e s .

The o r i g i n a l dual-bridgewire i n i t i a t o r w a s developed t o

provide an a d d i t i o n a l back-out s t e p , a s i n g l e i n i t i a t o r with dual bridgewires i n t e r f a c i n g t h e same explosive charge. The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t r y and associated c o n t r o l components, including t h e b a t t e r i e s t h a t supply power f o r l o g i c and f i r i n g , a r e redundant. The pyrotech-

n i c b a t t e r i e s and c i r c u i t s a r e used only f o r pyrotechnic system f i r i n g and control. F i r i n g c i r c u i t s A and B are completely independent and a r e e l e c t r i c a l l y

and p h y s i c a l l y i s o l a t e d from each other and from all o t h e r s p a c e c r a f t c i r c u i t r y . Logic c i r c u i t s A and B a r e s i m i l a r , except i n t h e earth-landing system where a d d i t i o n a l redundancy i s required.
8

I n t h e earth-landing system, although t h e

l o g i c r e l a y contacts are e l e c t r i c a l l y i s o l a t e d , t h e relay c o i l s A and B a r e interconnected s o t h a t both contacts are pulled i n by e i t h e r l o g i c A o r l o g i c B. This system circumvents a single-point f a i l u r e i n e i t h e r l o g i c system without campranising t h e i s o l a t i o n of t h e f i r i n g c i r c u i t r y .

Early i n t h e Apollo program, t h e N S Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) adopted AA t h e concept of modular c a r t r i d g e assemblies, based on a standardized hot-wire initiator. Whenever p o s s i b l e , t h i s standaydization p r i n c i p l e has been extended In a d d i t i o n , t h e

t o c a r t r i d g e assemblies a t s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t and time savings.

adoption of t h e modular-cartridge concept has enhanced confidence and r e l i a b i l i t y

of t h e s e common components/assemblies through increased t e s t i n g and use ( f i g .

4).

Components, subassemblies and assemblies were q u a l i f i e d s e r i a l l y ( t h a t i s , f i r s t t h e EED, then each c a r t r i d g e , then each higher assembly, and s o f o r t h ) t o comp l e t e systems. Because the most c r i t i c a l a r e a i n any EED i s t h e electroexplosive i n t e r f a c e ,
a common i n t e r f a c e t h a t i s t e s t e d i n a number of devices i n c r e a s e s t h e confi-

dence i n a l l devices using t h e i n t e r f a c e .

The SBASI provides such an i n t e r f a c e

i n a form t h a t can be t e s t e d as a s e p a r a t e u n i t then t e s t e d again and again i n higher devices, assemblies and systems. I n a d d i t i o n , because of t h e n e c e s s i t y

t o develop and q u a l i f y only one EED, it w a s p o s s i b l e t o t e s t and understand more thoroughly t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h a t device than would have been p o s s i b l e
i f a number of d i f f e r e n t devices had been developed f o r t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

Noninterchangeability of special-purpose c a r t r i d g e s i s ensured by using d i f f e r e n t threads on t h e output ends and by using on t h e connector a unique postmanufacture indexing technique which provides f o r s p e c i a l keyway combinations. The indexing technique i s covered by NASA-owned U.S. Patent 3,287,031

and i s a v a i l a b l e on a r o y a l t y - f r e e , nonexclusive l i c e n s e basis f o r commercial use. The technique can be used a l s o on o t h e r nonpyrotechnic e l e c t r i c a l con-

nectors.
I

A family of s p e c i a l s h i e l d e d connectors, which mate with t h e various SBASI

configurations and provide radiofrequency s h i e l d c o n t i n u i t y , were developed f o r

t h e Apollo pyrotechnic systems.

O t h e Apollo s p a c e c r a f t , t h e s e connectors a r e n

reserved f o r use on pyrotechnic c i r c u i t s t o prevent misconnection w i t h o t h e r e l e c t ri c a l c i r c u i t r y

.
For example , the opposing-blade g u i l l o t i n e which severs

I n i n s t a n c e s where t h e common use of hardware was not f e a s i b l e , common technology was used.

t h e CM-SM umbilical ( f i g .

5 ) w a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e designs of t h e LM i n t e r s t a g e

g u i l l o t i n e , of two g u i l l o t i n e s f o r umbilicals between t h e LM and SLA, and of t h e LM landing-gear uplock c u t t e r .

To ensure c o n s i s t e n t q u a l i t y and t r a c e a b i l i t y of high-explosive m a t e r i a l s

only newly manufactured RDX and H S high explosives a r e used. N p l o s i v e s are government-furnished material.
Army, and H S i s supplied by t h e Navy. N

These bulk ex-

RDX i s supplied t o NASA by t h e

The materials a r e shipped d i r e c t l y t o

t h e using s u p p l i e r of explosive assemblies upon request t o MSC by North American Rockwell and Grumman Aircraf't Engineering Corporation. Neutron radiography iN-rayj i s a r e l a t i v e l y new Lechiyiie iised t o ensure high q u a l i t y of assemblies. I n a number of i n s t a n c e s , such as examining t h e

explosive core i n a mild detonating fuse (MDF) f o r d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , t h i s technique i s s u p e r i o r t o X - r a y . The r e l a t i v e opacity of t h e l e a d sheath and of t h e

explosive core t o thermal neutrons is t h e reverse of t h a t w i t h X-rays. However, t h e advantage i s l o s t when t h e MDF i s bonded i n t o a charge holder with a hydrogenous m a t e r i a l such as epoxy.
Y

Therefore, the N-ray technique i s applied selec-

t i v e l y t o Apollo pyrotechnics t o supplement X-rays where appropriate.

A l l l o t s of a l l explosively loaded components and assemblies a r e non-

d e s t r u c t i v e l y t e s t e d and inspected on a 100-percent b a s i s .

The l o t s then are I n addi-

sampled a t random f o r d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g a t each l e v e l of assembly.

t i o n , one u n i t from each l o t of each device t o be i n s t a l l e d on a s p a c e c r a f t i s

f i r e d a t the Kennedy Space Center before each f l i g h t t o ensure t h a t t h e r e has been no d e t e r i o r a t i o n caused by shipping, handling, o r s t o r a g e subsequent t o l o t acceptance. The Apollo F'yrotechnic Data System (APDS) was e s t a b l i s h e d t o c o l l e c t and analyze d a t a on t h e s p a c e c r a f t pyrotechnics. The system uses t h e computer comWhen f u l l y

S p l e x a t MC and is now being modified t o i n c r e a s e t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s .

o p e r a t i o n a l , t h e APDS w i l l be capable of s t o r i n g and analyzing data p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e l o g i s t i c s , q u a l i t y , and engineering aspects of a l l Apollo devices by s e r i a l i z e d p a r t s , by l o t s , and by t o t a l population. The inputs t o t h e computer system a r e r e p o r t s submitted on MC S

Form 1275 by a l l Government and Contractor a c t i v i t i e s which manufacture,

t e s t , s h i p , i n s t a l l , o r handle Apollo pyrotechnic devices. Each r e p o r t Para-

i d e n t i f i e s t h e reported devices by p a r t , l o t , and s e r i a l number.

metric d a t a on performance and tests are r e p o r t a b l e , as are shipping d e s t i n a t i o n s , receiving inspections, a l l o c a t i o n t o s p e c i f i c spacecraft, and so f o r t h .
A t y p i c a l l o g i s t i c s study from t h e s t o r e d d a t a could be a p r i n t o u t

of t h e l o c a t i o n of every c a r t r i d g e i n e x i s t e n c e ; such a r e p o r t could be used t o l o c a t e a l l u n i t s of a s p e c i f i c l o t t o provide a b a s i s f o r addit i o n a l procurement o r t o "freeze" a l o t pending i n v e s t i g a t i o n of an anomaly r e l a t e d t o t h a t l o t o r p a r t . Engineering s t u d i e s of s p e c i f i c variations

performance parameters can be made t o i n v e s t i g a t e l o t - t o - l o t and t r e n d s .

PYROTECHNIC FUNCTIONS ON A NORMAL MISSION

Pyrotechnic devices perform many and varied functions on a s p a c e c r a f t .
A

t o t a l of 218 explosively loaded p a r t s , including 143 c a r t r i d g e s , a r e i n s t a l l e d on each s p a c e c r a f t . The f i r s t pyrotechnic function i n a normal mission, j e t t i -

son of t h e launch escape system (US), occurs approximately 3 minutes after launch, and t h e last pyrotechnic function, main parachute disconnect, occurs

a f t e r splashdown.
shown i n f i g u r e

The pyrotechnic devices and l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t are I n t h i s paper, the devices are discussed f i r s t as used i n a

6.

normal lunar landing mission ( f i g . 1) and then as used i n aborted missions. Launch Escape System (LES) J e t t i s o n I n a normal mission, t h e LES i s not used and i s j e t t i s o n e d immediately a f t e r second-stage booster (S-11) i g n i t i o n ( f i g . 7 ) . Simultaneously with

i g n i t i o n of t h e tower-jettison motor by dual i g n i t e r c a r t r i d g e s , a frang i b l e nut i n t h e base of each tower leg (used t o secure t h e tower t o t h e command module s t r u c t u r e ) i s f r a c t u r e d by dual detonators ( f i g . 8 ) .
CSM- Launch Vehi c l e Separat i on

The next pyrotechnic event, CSM separation from t h e launch v e h i c l e , occurs a f t e r t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n by t h e t h i r d (S-IVB) s t a g e of t h e launch v e h i c l e (fig. 9 ) . The four SLA panels a r e separated by redundant explosive t r a i n s on t h e Pyrotechnic

forward, a f t , and inner and outer longitudinal s p l i c e p l a t e s ( f i g . 1 0 ) .

t h r u s t e r s powered by dual c a r t r i d g e s r o t a t e each panel outwardly around a c e n t e r

Y

hinge.

A f t e r a r o t a t i o n of approximately 45O, t h e panel hinges s e p a r a t e and

A t t h e t i m e of s p l i c e - p l a t e s e p a r a t i o n , a

s p r i n g t h r u s t e r s j e t t i s o n t h e panel.

high-explosive-operated

g u i l l o t i n e severs an umbilical between t h e IM and one

SLA panel, a spring r e e l then r e t r a c t s t h e umbilical arm t o t h e panel f o r j e t t i son with t h e panel, and a high-explosive charge i n a f r a n g i b l e - l i n k disconnect s e p a r a t e s t h e SM-SLA umbilical j u s t a f t of t h e SM. The e n t i r e system i s explo-

s i v e l y interconnected, with dual detonators i n i t i a t i n g t h e s e p a r a t i o n t r a i n s and confined detonating cords connecting t h e s e t r a i n s t o t h e SM-SLA umbilical disconnect and t o t h e LM-SLA g u i l l o t i n e .
LM-SLA Separation

After separation from t h e S-IVB, t h e CM r e t u r n s and docks w i t h t h e LM, an S e l e c t r i c a l umbilical i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e LM s e p a r a t i o n f i r i n g c i r c u i t s through t h e docking i n t e r f a c e , and t h e f o u r f r a n g i b l e l i n k s t h a t a t t a c h t h e LM t o t h e f i x e d p o r t i o n of t h e SLA a r e f i r e d ( f i g s . 1 and 1 2 ) . 1 Because t h e d e t o n a t o r s

i n t h e l i n k s are l o c a t e d on t h e SLA s i d e of t h e LM-SLA i n t e r f a c e , a highexplosive g u i l l o t i n e severs t h i s umbilical bundle 30 milliseconds a f t e r t h e frangible-link detonators are f i r e d .

LM Pyrotechnics
All

LM pyrotechnic functions occur during t h e next phases of t h e

The LM devices

mission which involve lunar descent, landing, and a s c e n t . and l o c a t i o n s a r e shown i n figure 13.

"he r e l a t i v e l y new explosive

M h e x a n i t r o s t i l b e n e ( H N S ) i s used i n a l l L high-explosive devices and i n

t h e docking r i n g s e p a r a t i o n system of t h e CM.

I n a l l o t h e r CSM and SLA

high-explosive a p p l i c a t i o n s , cyclotrimethylene t r i n i t r a m i n e ( R D X ) i s used because, a t the time of i n i t i a l system development, r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e information on HNS w a s a v a i l a b l e and t h e supply of H S w a s l i m i t e d . N

LM Landing Gear Deployment

I n l u n a r o r b i t and p r i o r t o s e p a r a t i o n of t h e LM from t h e CSM, t h e LM landing gear i s deployed by f i r i n g g u i l l o t i n e s ( f i g . 1 4 ) which sever t e n s i o n s t r a p s t h a t hold t h e gear i n t h e r e t r a c t e d p o s i t i o n . When t h e s t r a p s a r e sev-

e r e d , springs deploy t h e g e a r t o t h e downlocked p o s i t i o n .

b

LM Main Propulsion and Reaction Control Systems

(MPS and RCS) P r e s s u r i z a t i o n
A number of normally closed explosive valves ( f i g . 15) a r e used i n t h e L M

main propulsion system and i n t h e r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system (RCS).

The valves

p r e s s u r i z e p r o p e l l a n t tanks by opening t h e l i n e s t o ambient and s u p e r c r i t i c a l helium s t o r a g e v e s s e l s , provide f o r p r o p e l l a n t tank venting, and perform cornp a t i b i l i t y functions. The valves a r e used s i n g l y or i n p a i r s

depending on
A

t h e i r function; redundant c a r t r i d g e s are used when valves a r e not redundant. t o t a l of 16 valves and 22 c a r t r i d g e s are used f o r t h e s e functions.

The explosive valves i n t h e descent propulsion system (DPS) and i n t h e RCS a r e functioned and 'the systems a r e checked out p r i o r t o undocking of t h e LM f o r descent t o t h e lunar s u r f a c e . The valves i n t h e ascent propulsion system ( U S )

are f i r e d during preparation f o r launch from t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e .

IM Stagin@;
O t h e l u n a r surface and p r i o r t o launch of t h e ascent s t a g e , t h e IM s t a g e s n
c'

are s e p a r a t e d by an explosive nut and b o l t ( f i g . 16) at each s t r u c t u r a l a t t a c h ment p o i n t . The i n t e r s t a g e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s a r e deadfaced by two e l e c t r i c a l -

c i r c u i t i n t e r r u p t e r s ( f i g . 17) and t h e i n t e r s t a g e umbilical ( e l e c t r i c a l and f l u i d l i n e s ) i s severed by a g u i l l o t i n e ( f i g . 18).

I n an abort during descent t o t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e , a c t u a t i o n of t h e "Abort Stage" switch i n i t i a t e s t h e s t a g i n g and t h e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e ascent s e c t i o n of t h e main propulsion system i n an e l e c t r i c a l l y timed sequence, t h e descent

stage i s j e t t i s o n e d , and t h e ascent s t a g e then r e t u r n s t o l u n a r o r b i t t o rendezvous with t h e CM.

IM J e t t i s o n
After rendezvous, docking, and IM crew t r a n s f e r t o t h e CM i n l u n a r o r b i t , t h e IM i s j e t t i s o n e d by severing t h e docking-tunnel s t r u c t u r e with redundant explosive t r a i n s ( f i g . 19). The docking-ring s e p a r a t i o n charges and a s s o c i a t e d

S long-reach detonators are t h e only CM devices which use HNS high explosive. C - M Separation and SM J e t t i s o n MS Before the s p a c e c r a f t e n t e r s t h e atmosphere of t h e e a r t h at approximately 400 000 f e e t , t h e CM RCS p r o p e l l a n t tanks a r e pressurized by helium which i s r e l e a s e d by explosive valves of t h e same configuration as t h a t S shown i n f i g u r e 15. By using t h e RCS, t h e crew t h e n o r i e n t s t h e CM t o separation a t t i t u d e .
A t separation ( f i g . 20) , t h e c r i t i c a l e l e c t r i c a l

c i r c u i t s between t h e CM and t h e SM a r e deadfaced by e l e c t r i c a l - c i r c u i t i n t e r r u p t e r s ( f i g . 2 1 ) , t h e CM-SM umbilical i s severed by a high-explosiveoperated g u i l l o t i n e ( f i g . 5 ) , and s t r u c t u r a l s e p a r a t i o n i s accomplished by dual linear-shaped charges ( f i g . 22) on each of t h e t h r e e t e n s i o n t i e s between t h e modules. The SM backs away from t h e CM using t h e +X t h r u s t e r s

10

Earth Landing System (ELS) Operation Approximately 8 minutes a f t e r atmospheric e n t r y ( f i g . 23) , t h e s p a c e c r a f t has descended t o approximately 24 000 f e e t where t h e CM apex cover i s j e t t i s o n e d by a redundant t h r u s t e r system ( f i g . 24).
As t h e cover s e p a r a t e s from t h e

CM,

a lanyard-operated switch f i r e s a drag parachute mortar i n t h e cover.

The para-

chute prevents t h e cover from recontacting t h e C o r i n t e r f e r i n g with drogue M parachute deployment. Two seconds a f t e r cover j e t t i s o n , t h e two reefed drogue parachutes a r e deployed by mortars ( f i g . 2 5 ) .
A t " l i n e s t r e t c h , " t h e time-delay r e e f i n g - l i n e

c u t t e r s i n each parachute ( f i g . 26) are actuated and d i s r e e f t h e drogues 10 seconds l a t e r . Approximately 40 seconds after deployment, t h e drogues a r e disconnected by s e v e r i n g t h e r i s e r s with propellent-gas-operated g u i l l o t i n e s ( f i g . 27) and t h e The

t h r e e p i l o t parachutes a r e deployed simultaneously by mortars ( f i g . 2 5 ) .

p i l o t parachutes deploy t h e main parachutes, which i n f l a t e t o a f u l l - r e e f e d condition. Main parachute r i s e r deployment a c t u a t e s s i x 8-second-delay l i n e c u t t e r s

which r e l e a s e spring-loaded deployment mechanisms on two VHF antennas and on a f l a s h i n g beacon l i g h t t o assist i n recovery operations.
A t l i n e s t r e t c h of t h e

main parachutes , f o u r 6-second and t w o 10-second-delay r e e f i n g - l i n e c u t t e r s a r e a c t u a t e d on each parachute, e f f e c t i n g d i s r e e f i n two s t a g e s t o lower t h e i n f l a t i o n shock loading on t h e parachutes. Immediately a f t e r splashdown, the t h r e e main parachutes a r e disconnected by g u i l l o t i n e s i n t h e parachute disconnect assembly ( t h e "flowerpot") ( f i g . 2 7 ) .

1 1

PYROTECHNIC FUNCTIONS F R ABORTS O Missions m a y be aborted a t any t i m e . However, s p e c i a l pyrotechnic f u n c t i o n s

or sequences are involved only i n t h e a b o r t s occurring between crew i n s e r t i o n (manning of t h e s p a c e c r a f t on t h e pad) and o r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Aborts

from t h e launch pad and a t low a l t i t u d e s r e q u i r e h i g h l y complex sequences of pyrot e c h n i c events ; t h e combination and sequence of events are f u n c t i o n s of a l t i t u d e . To minimize r i s k t o t h e crew, onboard automatic c o n t r o l , onboard manual c o n t r o l , and graund c o n t r o l of a b o r t i n i t i a t i o n i s provided. From t h e pad t o approximately 30 000 f e e t ( f i g . 2 8 ) , a b o r t begins w i t h t h e following e s s e n t i a l l y simultaneous pyrotechnic f u n c t i o n s ( T = 0 ) .
,

1 C - M e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t deadfacing ( f o u r c i r c u i t i n t e r r u p t e r s ) . MS
2.

CM R S p r o p e l l a n t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n ( f o u r explosive v a l v e s ) C
CM R S helium, f u e l , and o x i d i z e r i n t e r c o n n e c t s ( f o u r e x p l o s i v e v a l v e s ) C CM RCS o x i d i z e r dump (two explosive v a l v e s )

3.

4. 5.

C - M s t r u c t u r a l s e p a r a t i o n ( t h r e e d u a l linear-shaped charges) KS C - M u m b i l i c a l s e p a r a t i o n (one g u i l l o t i n e ) M S Launch escape motor i g n i t i o n (two c a r t r i d g e s ) P i t c h c o n t r o l motor i g n i t i o n (two c a r t r i d g e s )

6.
7.
8.

A t T + 5 seconds, t h e CM RCS f u e l dump i s i n i t i a t e d by f i r i n g two more ex-

p l o s i v e valves.

At T

+ 11 seconds,

a t h r u s t e r deploys canards i n t h e U S t o reI

verse t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e CM f o r LES j e t t i s o n and parachute deployment ( f i g . 29) , and a t T + 1 4 seconds, t h e docking r i n g i s e x p l o s i v e l y s e p a r a t e d and j e t t i s o n e d with t h e launch escape tower t o which i t i s a t t a c h e d by a t e n s i o n t i e .

12

A t approximately T + 14.5 seconds, t h e apex cover i s j e t t i s o n e d as i n nor-

m a l landing, and a t T + 16 seconds, the drogues a r e deployed.

A t T + 18 seconds,

t h e RCS f u e l and o x i d i z e r l i n e s are purged, and t h e r e s i d u a l helium pressurant

i s dumped through four explosive valves.

The drogues d i s r e e f a t approximately T + 27 seconds and a r e disconnected simultaneously w i t h main parachute deployment a t T + 28 seconds. Recovery-aid

deployment, descent, and landing are the same as i n a normal mission.

30 000 Feet t o Normal LES J e t t i s o n

I n an abort from 30 000 feet. t o I E S j e t t i s o n , t h e pyrotechnic functions are s i m i l a r t o t h e a b o r t described previously. However, r a p i d j e t t i s o n of RCS pro-

p e l l a n t i s i n h i b i t e d , and t h e propellants a r e disposed of as i n a normal mission. The time i n t e r v a l between events is changed s l i g h t l y , and above 100 000 f e e t , t h e crewmen may e l e c t t o j e t t i s o n t h e LES and follow normal landing procedures.
LES J e t t i s o n t o Normal CSM Launch Vehicle Separation

A f t e r tower j e t t i s o n and p r i o r t o normal CM s e p a r a t i o n from t h e launch veS

h i c l e , missions are aborted by using t h e S s e r v i c e propulsion system ( S P S ) . M "he CM i s s e p a r a t e d from t h e launch vehicle as i n a normal mission and, a t crew S o p t i o n , e i t h e r normal e n t r y and landing procedures a r e followed o r t h e CM aborts S i n t o o r b i t with t h e SPS.
EED AND CARTRIDGE ASSEMBLIES

Three general types of c a r t r i d g e s a r e used i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t :

i g n i t e r car-

tridges i n rocket motors , pressure c a r t r i d g e s i n mechanical devices, and detonator

13

c a r t r i d g e s i n high-explosive systems.

The number of special-purpose c a r t r i d g e s

has been minimized, and a l l b u t one type of c a r t r i d g e e l e c t r i c a l l y i n i t i a t e d .

To achieve high confidence i n t h e c r i t i c a l e l e c t r o e x p l o s i v e i n t e r f a c e , a

standard EED, t h e SBASI, was developed and q u a l i f i e d as an independent module. By adding booster modules containing various types of charges, special-purpose c a r t r i d g e assemblies are obtained. The r e s u l t i n g s p a c e c r a f t c a r t r i d g e family

i s shown i n f i g u r e 30.

The only n o n e l e c t r i c c a r t r i d g e , t h a t used t o operate

t h e SLA panel t h r u s t e r s i s f i r e d by confined detonating cords t o minimize t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t r y and t o ensure s i m u l t a n e i t y i n SLA panel separation. The EED Module The h e a r t of t h e Apollo spacecraft pyrotechnic systems i s t h e SBASI. Early i n t h e Apollo program, a dual-bridgewire four-pin i n i t i a t o r was developed as t h e standard u n i t and w a s used i n t h e e a r l y development and q u a l i f i c a t i o n of CSM and LM pyrotechnic systems. During t h e develop-

ment of t h e device and system, t h e following l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e dualbridgewire i n i t i a t o r became apparent.

1. Low i n t e r b r i d g e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e ( c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of conductive
mixes) imposed l i m i t a t i o n s on e l e c t r i c a l systems design.
2.

The body m a t e r i a l (17-4PH s t e e l ) had inadequate impact r e s i s t a n c e i n det-65O

onator a p p l i c a t i o n s a t low temperatures (below

F).

3.

I n the detonator and i n some high-pressure c a r t r i d g e a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e

e l e c t r i c a l pins i n t h e EED could be blown out.

4.

I n the c i r c u i t - t o - c i r c u i t mode, t h e i n i t i a t o r had high s e n s i t i v i t y t o

e l e c t r o s t a t i c discharge.

14

It a l s o became apparent t h a t t h e dual-bridgewire f e a t u r e of t h e

device w a s not required because t h e necessary redundancy could be b e t t e r achieved a t higher l e v e l s of assembly and, as a r e s u l t , it w a s p o s s i b l e t o e l i m i n a t e one bridgewire. Thus, the SBASI came i n t o e x i s t e n c e . The

SBASI r e t a i n s t h e performance and d e s i r a b l e e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of t h e o r i g i n a l u n i t and incorporates the following improvements.

1. The body m a t e r i a l was changed t o Inconel 718 f o r improved impact
r e s i s t a n c e a t cryogenic temperatures.

2.

The w a l l thickness was increased f o r higher i n t e r n a l pressure

capability.

3.

The e l e c t r o s t a t i c discharge s u r v i v a l c a p a b i l i t y w a s increased

from 9000 t o 25 000 v o l t s , and t h e spark gap providing t h i s c a p a b i l i t y

was moved t o t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e u n i t f o r environmental and contamination

protection.

4.

A stepped Inconel 718 header w a s incorporated, with t h e contact

p i n s glassed t o t h e header and t h e header welded t o t h e body.

This

design, together with t h e increased w a l l t h i c k n e s s , r a i s e d t h e i n t e r n a l pressure c a p a b i l i t y t o over 35 000 p s i .

5.

The technique f o r postmanufacture indexing of t h e connector w a s

incorporated. I n development of t h e SLiASI, the body-header assembly w a s h y d r o s t a t i c a l l y t e s t e d , a f t e r repeated thermal shocks fram -320 F t o 500' F, t o over 100 000 p s i without f a i l u r e . I n production, all units a r e t e s t e d t o 35 000 p s i .

All produc-

t i o n u n i t s are a l s o t e s t e d f o r e l e c t r o s t a t i c s u r v i v a l c a p a b i l i t y and leak t e s t e d with helium t o ensure proper h e m e t i c s e a l i n g . t h e SBASI are shown i n f i g u r e 31. Sectioned and exploded views of

The t e c h n i c a l requirements and the p h y s i c a l

15

c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e SBASI and t h e component p a r t s are d e f i n e d i n NASA/MSC documents which comprise t h e SBASI procurement package. Space Ordnance Systems, Subsequently, H i Shear

I n c . , developed t h e dual-bridgewire u n i t and t h e SBASI.

Corporation w a s q u a l i f i e d as a second source o f t h e SBASI. The u n i t s produced by t h e s e two manufacturers have been t e s t e d e x t e n s i v e l y t o ensure complete interchangeability. The c a p a b i l i t y of indexing t h e connector end o f t h e SBASI a f t e r manufacture

i s a unique and important feature which permits manufacture and s t o c k i n g o f t h e

u n i t i n a general-use c o n f i g u r a t i o n and subsequently configuring any u n i t t o any of nine s p e c i a l keyway combinations t o meet s p e c i a l requirements. This

technique eliminates t h e need f o r s t o c k i n g t h e various indexed c o n f i g u r a t i o n s which

mw

be needed on s h o r t n o t i c e .

With t h i s technique, indexed SBASI can b e

reconfigured i f r e q u i r e d . The indexing technique c o n s i s t s of broaching two ( o r more) a d d i t i o n a l keyways i n t h e connector a t t h e t i m e of manufacture. I n t h e SBASI, t h e two addi-

t i o n a l keyways are i n t h e 1 o'clock and 1 o ' c l o c k p o s i t i o n with t h e master 1 keyway a t 12 o'clock and t h e o t h e r f o u r ways a t t h e normal p o s i t i o n s o f 3, 5 ,

7 , and 8 o'clock ( f i g . 3 2 ) .

SBASI are procured and stocked i n U.S. governmentHowever, no SBASI may be

bonded s t o r a g e i n t h e " a l l open'' (xx0) c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

shipped i n t h a t c o n f i g u r a t i o n without s p e c i a l MSC a u t h o r i z a t i o n because such a u n i t w i l l mate w i t h any connector. P r i o r t o shipment, two keyways are blocked

by s t a k i n g appropriate keyways inwardly t o w i t h i n 0.001 i n c h o f t h e i n n e r surf a c e of t h e connector. Configuration xxl i s normally found on i n i t i a t o r s , b u t

t h a t c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d on t h e Apollo s p a c e c r a f t ; it i s r e s e r v e d f o r developmental, experimental, n o n f l i g h t , and r e j e c t e d f l i g h t u n i t s .

SBASI which

are r e j e c t e d a t any t i m e can be r e s t a k e d t o t h i s nonspacecraft x x l configurat i o n t o prevent mating of any f i r i n g c i r c u i t on t h e s p a c e c r a f t i f a r e j e c t e d

16

u n i t i s i n s t a l l e d by mistake.

The s p e c i a l indexing system on t h e Apollo space-

c r a f t may not b e used i n any system other than pyrotechnics, thus preventing p o s s i b l e mixups i n t h e connection of c i r c u i t s . The complete p a r t numbering system f o r t h e SBASI i s shown i n f i g u r e 32. The f i r s t d i g i t of t h e dash number i n d i c a t e s t h e f l i g h t s t a t u s , t h e second d i g i t i n d i c a t e s whether a weld washer i s i n s t a l l e d on t h e p a r t , and t h e t h i r d d i g i t i n d i c a t e s t h e keyway indexing combination. Another unique f e a t u r e of t h e SBASI i s t h e spanner-type torquing s e c t i o n t h a t i s used i n s t e a d of t h e usual hexagonal s e c t i o n ( f i g . 33). This f e a t u r e i s

used t o prevent applying torque t o the SBASI, with attendant damage t o t h e hermetic s e a l , when a c a r t r i d g e assembly i s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Because

a s p e c i a l t o o l i s required t o i n s t a l l o r remove a SBASI, only authorized pers o n n e l possessing t h i s t o o l can perform t h i s operation.
A t h i r d f e a t u r e i s t h e method of hermetically s e a l i n g t h e SBASI i n t o a

c a r t r i d g e assembly.

A t h i n metal washer i s welded t o t h e underside of t h e

t o r q u i n g s e c t i o n ( f i g . 33) during the preshipment configuration operations. A f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e SBASI i n t o t h e c a r t r i d g e , t h i s washer i s welded around t h e o u t e r edge t o t h e t o p of the c a r t r i d g e body. For t h e Apollo spacecraft program, t h e SBASI i s government-furnished equipment t o a l l c a r t r i d g e manufacturers upon request t o MC by North American Rockwell S Corporation and Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corporation. M C stocks t h e u n i t S

i n t h e xx0 configuration with only the b a s i c p a r t number marked on t h e u n i t ( i n a d d i t i o n t o l o t , s e r i a l , and s o f o r t h ) . P r i o r t o each shipment, t h e re-

q u i r e d q u a n t i t y of u n i t s a r e s t a k e d , f i t t e d with washers i f required, marked with t h e appropriate dash number, and t e s t e d nondestructively. Units which

17

f a i l t h e shipping t e s t s are reconfigured t o xxl, c o l o r coded as r e j e c t e d

f l i g h t u n i t s , and shipped t o MC f o r removal *om S t h e f l i g h t stock. Any

SEAS1 o r cartridge assembly which becomes nonflightworthy at m y t i m e can

be handled s i m i l a r l y .

The SBASI has a p e r f e c t r e l i a b i l i t y record t o date; t h e SRASI and

i t s predecessor unit has not been known t o have f a i l e d t o f i r e when subj e c t e d t o t h e recommended minimum a l l - f i r e c u r r e n t pulse. The Inconel 718

body and header resists high-explosive shock loading a t cryogenic tempera-

tures, and t h e a u t o i g n i t i o n (cookoff) temperature of t h e explosive mix i s

w e l l over 600 F.
The SBASI and i t s predecessor u n i t have undoubtedly undergone more exhaust i v e and extensive t e s t i n g than any o t h e r i n i t i a t o r s . More than 20 000 dual-

bridgewire u n i t s were used i n t h e Apollo s p a c e c r a f t development, followed by

perhaps 5000 t o 6000 SBASI u n i t s .

The e x t e n t of t e s t i n g and use of t h e u n i t s

i n non-MSC programs i s not known with any degree of exactness; however, it i s known t h a t t h e SBASI i s being t e s t e d and used elsewhere i n a v a r i e t y of prog r a m and i s being considered f o r even wider use. MC i s vitally i n t e r e s t e d S

i n acquiring such information, e s p e c i a l l y t e s t r e s u l t s which i n d i c a t e areas where improvements a r e desirable o r which demonstrate acceptable c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s under extended environmental conditions. The personnel of t h e MC b e l i e v e s s t r o n g l y i n t h e standard i n i t i a t o r conS cept and encourages t h e use of t h e SBASI, w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of i t s c a p a b i l i t i e s , on o t h e r programs. The advantages of s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n have been c l e a r l y demon-

s t r a t e d on t h e Apollo program where s i g n i f i c a n t reductions i n c o s t and development time were r e a l i z e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e demonstrated r e l i a b i l i t y and

confidence l e v e l i n t h e SBASI are being s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d as t h e Apollo f l i g h t program progresses because approximately 140 SBASI a r e flown on each Apollo mission.

18

The present SBASI design represents a s t a g e i n t h e evolutionary process and

w i l l undoubtedly undergo modifications a necessary improvements a r e uncovered s

f o r f u t u r e programs. Program. The present SBASI w i l l be used i n t h e Apollo Applications

Each new MC program w i l l s t a r t with t h e then-current SBASI configuS

r a t i o n , with improvements being incorporated as required.

Thus, t h e SBASI and

devices and con-

t h e AS1 concept are dynamic r a t h e r t h a n s t a t i c end-of-the-line cepts. Cartridge Assemblies

Modular c a r t r i d g e s (incorporating t h e SEMI as a component ) a r e used throughout t h e spacecraft and a r e designed f o r common-use where possible. The physical configuration, performance, and s p a c e c r a f t usage of t h e Apollo c a r t r i d g e assemblies a r e shown i n t a b l e 1. The SBASI i s included because it i s used as a pressure c a r t r i d g e i n one a p p l i c a t i o n . t h e c a r t r i d g e s i s a l s o shown. The indexing of t h e SBASI i n

Cartridges with d i f f e r e n t outputs have d i f f e r e n t

t h r e a d s where necessary t o prevent improper i n s t a l l a t i o n , and t h o s e having t h e

same output but which a r e located close t o each o t h e r i n t'ne s p a c e c r a f t and a r e

f i r e d a t d i f f e r e n t times a r e d i f f e r e n t l y indexed. Thus, t h e same t h r e a d and

indexing may be used i n various l o c a t i o n s on t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Each c a r t r i d g e assembly (except t h e SLA t h r u s t e r c a r t r i d g e ) c o n s i s t s of one

or two SBASI and a c a r t r i d g e body hermetically s e a l e d together by t h e weld

washer. The Type 100 pressure c a r t r i d g e contains no charge o t h e r than t h a t i n

t h e SBASI; t h e c a r t r i d g e module i s an adapter necessary t u i n s t a l l t h e SBASI

i n a small explosive valve.

Right- and left-hand t h r e a d s are used on v a r i a t i o n s

of t h e s e , and o t h e r , c a r t r i d g e s because of i n s t a l l a t i o n near o t h e r c a r t r i d g e s with d i f f e r e n t functions o r d i f f e r e n t f i r i n g times.

19

The parachute disconnect assembly ( f i g s . 27 and 3 b ) , known as t h e flowerpot, provides an e x c e l l e n t example of t h e need f o r indexing i n i t i a t o r s . Because of

t h e l i m i t e d space a v a i l a b l e , only one c u t t e r blade, powered by one c a r t r i d g e , could be used f o r each of t h e f i v e risers.. The m a x i m u m a t t a i n a b l e redundancy

w a s t o i n s t a l l two SBASI i n each c a r t r i d g e , one connected t o each of t h e two

e l e c t r i c a l systems. I n f i g u r e 35, t h e connectors a r e shown mated t o t h e SBASI

and t h e f i g u r e c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e space problem o f t e n encountered i n t h e spacecraft.

I n t h i s one case, t h e space was s o l i m i t e d t h a t weld washers could

Therefore, t h e SBASI a r e epox-

not be used because t h e washers would overlap. yed i n p l a c e and lockwired together.

The n e c e s s i t y f o r c o r r e c t connection of

f i r i n g leads i s apparent because a mistake could result i n disconnecting a main parachute before deployment. To ensure c i r c u i t redundancy i n each c a r t r i d g e ,
As a result,

Eoth system A and system B m u s t b e connected t o each c a r t r i d g e .

f i v e c a r t r i d g e s with t e n .SBASI a r e i n proximity where proper c a r t r i d g e i n s t a l l a t i o n and connector mating i s mandatory. i n f i g u r e 36. The s o l u t i o n t o t h i s problem i s shown

Proper c a r t r i d g e i n s t a l l a t i o n i s ensured by d i f f e r e n t t h r e a d s

on t h e two c a r t r i d g e s , .and proper connector mating i s ensured by four d i f f e r e n t indexing combinations. CONCLUSION The Apollo s p a c e c r a f t has a pyrotechnic system which i s undoubtedly t h e most complex ever used on any f l i g h t v e h i c l e . Undoubtedly t h e g r e a t e s t innovation i n t h e Apollo s p a c e c r a f t pyrotechnic systems i s t h e use of a standardized i n i t i a t o r . This technique, with modular

c a r t r i d g e s and postmanufacture indexing of t h e - i n i t i a t o r , r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t reductions, s h o r t e r development times f o r higher assemblies, and higher demonstrated r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e most c r i t i c a l area, t h e electroexplosive interface.
20

TABLE 1 - AFQLLO SPACECRAFT CARTRIDGES .

Icoinal performance SPAS1 duh nuber Cartridge thread

(a)

b Psi Volume

b I ~ p e (b)

Use

number on each spacecraft

.
None None None 0034 0054 1034 None 0121 Type 100 Type 200 Drogue disc Main disc
u valve (

C V V Canard thruater
Droye parachute wrtu
2

216 216 216 218 216 217 216 216 212 216 252/253
(C)

1-1/2

II

12 RH

13 500

20 in3

718

14 RH
x

L4 500 52 cc
L1 200
2 2.50

4
8

11/16 15/16 15/16 15/16 1-1/16 11/16 11/16 314

x

12 RH 16 RH 16 RH 16 LH
x

8.9 cc

Pilot and drag parachute mortar

8.8 cc
0 . 8 cc

C C C V C

CM RCS propellant valve

SM circuit interrupter CM RCS propellant valve

5
4
1

2 250
2 250

0.8 cc
4.8 in3

18 RH 24 RH 24 LH

L4 500

Apex cover thruster CM and LM RCS helium valve

CM RCS helium valve CM circuit interrupter

4
12
2

9 000 0.5 cc
9 000 0.5 cc L2 900 7.0 cc

0122 None None None None None

c
C C C C C

16 LH
I

4
2

13/16

20 RH

5 800 0.9 in3

LO 500 1.9 in3

Drogue parachute disconnect Main parachute disconnect

2581259 1
(C) 216 216

16 RH 24 LH

3
22

318

1 600 10 cc
1 000 10 cc

LM propulsion system W circuit interrupter

Electrical circuit interrupter Explosive nut Explosive bolt

SEAS1
SLA thruster

7/16 = 24 R H

None None Many None

216 216 256 (d)

9/16

2L RH

6 800 2.1 cc
?3 000 650
2 . 5 cc

C C C

W interstage separation W interstage system

Docking probe retraction 5LA panel deployment

1 ,

1-1/16 3/8

) I

18 RH

24 RH
x

10 cc

4
8

1-1/16

18 RH

4 200 4 in3

Igniter cartridges
Type 1

None none

216 218

518

18 RH
x

2 100 110 cc

I I
C
C

Launch escape/ pitch control motors Tover Jettison motor

TVpe I1

3/14

16 RH

2 100 10 cc

Detonator cartridges
CSM standard

0007
0008

216 218

CSn standard End type

Long reach

None None

216 gear uplochs 216

4tH. right hand; LH. left hand.

bC. Closed; V vented. .

Two SBASI per cartridge. %onelectric cartridge initiated by confined detonating cord.

21

LUNAR LANDING MISSION PLAN

TRANSEARTH

ENTRY AND LANDING

LUNAR LANDING RENDEZVOUS

AND DOCKING

EARTH LAUNCH

Figure 1

APOLLO SPACECRAFT SATURN P LAUNCH VEHICLE &

LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER
COMMAND MODULE- J &

SERVICE MODULE

36

S-IPB

S-ll

LUNAR MODULE s-IC INSTRUMENT UNIT

( F I R S T STAGE)

Figure 2
22

I I I I

I
Ly

Gli

c t .

:
I
i n

v)

t
t

I I I
I I I

1
23

I I I
I

II

Figure
24

CM-SM UMBILICAL GUILLOTINE ASSEMRI Y

CM-SM UMBILICAL GUILLOTINE, (CONT)

MANIFOLD CHARGE ' 7

BOOSTER C H A R G E 7

SECTION A-A
BOOSTER CHARGE

Figure 5
25

26

TOWER SEPARATION SYSTEM

6
ANGIBLE

F R A r?! GI E?
NUT

&WASHER

PROTECTOR -SPRING

LT BODY

Figure 8

27

NORMAL CSM/LV SEPARATION

Figure 9

SEPARATION OF THE SLA PANELS

PANEL DEPLOYMENT
X
SPRING HR USTER UPPER HINGE LOWER HINGE PRIOR TO PANEL DEPLOYMENT /-SUPPORT

SPRING HRUSTER ELECTRICAL PULL-APART DISCONNECTS (EIGHT PLACES) UPPER HINGE T RU STERS H (OR DNA NCE) (EIGHT PLACES) LOWER HINGE
AFTER PANEL DEPLOYMENT START O JETTISON F

Figure lO(a)
28

SEPARATION OF THE SLA PANELS, (CONT)

PANE1 SEPARATION

SHIELD BLAST
I

SECTION A-A

42

SECTION 8-B

SECTION C-C

Figure 10(b)

SEPARATION OF THE SLA PANELS, (CONT)

EXPLOSIVE TRAINS

CONFINED DETONATING FUSE

:x;J

DETONATING CORD EXPLOSIVE TRAIN

Figure 1 O ( c )
29

SEPARATION OF THE SLA PANELS, (CONT)

ASSOCIATED DEVICES

SPRING REEL ASSEMBLY

-7

UMBILICAL (REF! PANEL THRUSTER

A -

SHIELPEXPLOSIVE TRAIN CHARGE H O L D E R 7 EXPLOSIVE

ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR

TRAIN!^?

'\
Figure 10(d)

PANEL SLA

SEPARATION OF THE SLA PANELS, (CONCL)

ASSOCIATED DEVICES, (CONCL)
S BULKHEAD M

WIRE BUNDLE

DAPTER PANEL S M - S L A ELECTRICAL UMBILICAL D I S C O N N E C T

CONNECTOR PLU

F i g u r e lO(e)
30

TRANSPOSITION, DOCKING, AND SPACECRAFT SEPARATION

CSM/LAUNCH VEHICLE SEPARATION

DOCKING PROBE RETRACTION

SPACECRAFT/LAUNCH VEHICLE SEPARATION

Figure 11

'

LM-SLA SEPARATION SYSTEM

LOWER UMBlLlCA GUILLOTINE FRANGIBLE L I N K 7 DETONATOR 7 -

y:7NNECToR

LM FIT

POLYURETHANE

A
/
SLA SEPARATION SYSTEM DETONATOR

Figure 12

31

LM PYROTECHNICS - COMPONENT LOCATION

RCS HELIUM ISOLATION VALVES (3 EXPLOSIVE DEVICE CONTROL PANEL

,-ASCENT PROPULSION COMPATIBILITY VALVES -EXPLOSIVE DEVICE RELAY BOX (DESCENT AND ASCENT STAGE) INTERSTAGE STRUCTUAL CONNECTION (FOUR PLACES)

INTERSTAGE UMBILICAL CUTTER

TWO DEADFACE CONNECTORS (CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER)

DESCENT PROPULSION HELIUM ISOLATION VALVE DEVICE BATTERY (DESCENT AND ASCENT STAGE)

LANDING GEAR UPLOCK (FOUR PLACES)

.-

F i g u r e 13

LM LANDING GEAR UPLOCK AND CUTTER ASSEMBLY

HIGH-EXPLOSIVE CUTTER BLADE

STRAP HOUSING ATTACHMENT

ESCENT STAGE INTERFACE

Figure 14
32

LM EXPLOSIVE VALVES
CLOSED HELIUM PROPELLA NT CHARGE INITIATOR VALVE CARTRIDGE -PISTON

INITIATOR CHARGE LVE CARTRIDGE FOR EACH VALVE) HELIUM LINES

RCS HELIUM ISOLATION VALVE

HELIUM ISOLATION VALVE O COMPATIBILITY VALVE R

Figure 15

INTERSTAGE STRUCTURAL CONNECTION NUT AND BOLT ASSEFvIBLY (LM)

INITIATOR NUT CARTRIDGE PROPELLANT CHARGE NUT PISTON NUT COLLET NUT ASSEMBLY BOLT ASSEMBLY

SEPARATION PLANE

- --

RUBBER DISKS BOLT PISTON

SEAL PLUG

PROPELLANT CHARGE

BOLT CARTRIDGE

Figure 16

33

L M ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER

ASCENT CONNECTOR PISTON -CLOSED-CIRCUIT LOCK DETENT POSITION

PNEUMATIC PRESSURE7

1 P.. .

-INITIATOR PORT (PARTIAL VIEW ROTATED INTO POSITION) -DETENT PORT OPEN-CIRCUIT LOCK DETENT POISITION (SPRING LOADED) DESCENT CONNECTOR

/
LPIN DISCONNECTED

\
Figure 17

LM INTERSTAGE GUILLOTINE ASSEMBLY

L L ; : i Z : O R CARTRIDGE

. HIGH-EXPLOSIVE
CHARGE TRANSFER BOOSTER (HIGH-EXPLOSIVE)

'

BLAST ABSORBER
MANIFOLD CROSSOVER ( HIGH-EXPLOSIVE)

.
BLADE CHARGE (HIGH-EXPLOSIVE)

Figure 18

34

LM JETTISON SYSTEM
PROBE ASSEMBLY DOCKING SYSTEM

G ASSEMBLY

CHARGE MOLDER (REF) CHARGE BACKUP RING 7

7
Figure 19

SSURE HATCH

L EXPLOSIVE TRAINS (HNS)

.
S R C S FUNCTIONS M - X TRANSLATION 5.5 SEC PLUS ROLL AFTER 2 SEC

Figure 20

35

C S M ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER

COMMAND MODULE

Figure 21(a)

C S M ELECTRICAL C I R C U I T I N T E R R U P T E R , ( C O N T )
SERVICE MODULE

SECTOR 4

SM

CONTACT PINS

Figure 21(b)

36

CM-SM STRUCTURAL SEPARATION SYSTEM

Figure 22(a)

CM-SM STRUCTURAL SEPARATION SYSTEM, (CONT)

BOOSTERED LINEAR SHAPED CHAR

L E A D AZIDE-

TENSION TIE STRAP

LEAD SPACER./

Figure

37

38

APEX COVOR JETTISON SYSTEM

THRUSTER S Y h

CARTRIDGES PLENUM

Figure 24(a)

APEX COVER JETTISON SYSTEM, (CONT)

DRAG PARACHUTE MORTAR
T U N N E L STRUCTURE (REF)

r A PA P E X C O V E R E M O R T A R A S S E MiBLY

F O R W A R D DECK PRESSURE CARTRIDGE

Figure 24(b)

39

PARACHUTE MORTAR ASSEMBLIES

APEX. COVER . -. . - -

PILOT PARACHUTE MORTAR (EXPLODED VIEW)

\\\\

DROGUE PARACHUTE AND RETENTION BAG

DROGUE PARACHUTE MORTAR (EXPLODED VIEW)

Figure 25

REEFING LINE CUTTERS (6, 8, AND 1 SECOND) 0

MOUNTING RlNQ CUTTER BLADE PROPELLANT ROUGHENED INTERFACE SUPPORT WASHER TIME DELAY COMPOUND INITIATION MIX STEPPED INTERFACE TIME DELAY T U

EXPANSION CHAMBER

SEAR RELEASE

Figure 26
40

PARACHUTE DISCONNECT (FLOWER POT)

N O T E : A L L RISERS SHOWN A R E B U N D L E S OF STEEL CABLES

D R O G U E PARACHUTE RISER

ITES

CARTRIDGE

Figure 27(a)

PARACHUTE DISCONNECT (FLOWER POT), (CONT)

MAIN PARACHUTES

DROGUE PARACHUT

BLADE

43

SECTION A-A

Figure 27(b)

41

n
Ly

c( *c( *

* 0
Q
Ly

n Ly n
v)

Lu Lu LL

0 0 0 O b
cu)

ze 0 -I e c
v)

3
U

Ly

QL
Ly

>
0
Ly

a QL a &
Ly

U 3

X Q
0

0
QL

a n

c-

n
I

a n
Lu 4
LL

sv) w
v)

3 0 m

0 w
c-

n
Ly

QL QL

LL v)

z Q z s 3 z s n
Ly

n n Ly

w 0

a 0 QL n QL c c e N n 5 a QL E ij c z a Q QL
Ly

a0

5 E 0 0 * U c V c 7 U 5 c c m V U
v)
Ly

v)

v)

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QL

v)

QL

42

CANARD DEPLOYMENT SYSTEM

CANARD THRUSTER AND MOTOR IGNITER CARTRIDGES

X\

' 6 k
IGNITERS

PITCH CONTROL MOTOR IGNITER

PITCH CONTROL MOTOR

TOWERJETTISONMOTOR--/
LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR CARTRIDGES

Figure 29(a)

CANARD DEPLOYMENT SYSTEM, (CONT)

CANARD THRUSTER

VIEW A

VIEW B

Figure 29(b)

43

SPACECRAFT CARTRIDGE FAMILY

Figure 30

SINGLE BRIDGEWIRE APOLLO STANDARD INITIATOR - EXPLODED VIEW

/INSULATING DISK

LOCKWIRE HOLE (REF)

Figure 31

44

SBASI INDEXING AND DASH NUMBERING

XX3

XX4

XXS

XX6

XX7

XX8

XX9

.
I
I

KEY W A Y

- 2xx - 8XX - XlX - XSX - XXl - xx2 - xx3 - xx4 - xx5 - XX6 - xx7 - XX8 - xx9 - xxo

4 5
1 1

6 6 2 3

Figure 32

SINGLE BRIDGEWIRE APOLLO STANDARD INITIATOR

TORQUING SECTION

WELD WASHER WELDED UNDER TORQUING SECTION)

Figure 33

45

PARACHUTE DISCONNECT CARTRIDGE INSTALLATION

F i g u r e 34

PARACHUTE DISCONNECT CARTRIDGES WITH

F i g u r e 35

46

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47