225 Review Sheet

1st order differentials: Separable differential equations 1. Can be written explicitly with x on 1 side and y on the other 2. Organize the x's and y's 3. Integrate both sides
1st Order Linear 1. Get the equation into the form

2. Find (x):
3. Multiply everything by (x) - this makes the left side Dx[y(x)(x)] 4. Integrate both sides: left side becomes y(x)(x)

5. Divide by (x) 2nd and Higher Order Linear Equations Homogeneous Equations With Constant Coefficients e.g. y" - y' + 2y = 0 1. Find the characteristic equation of the problem (i.e. change the y" into r2, y' into r, and y into 1) r2 - r - 2 = 0 2. Factor the characteristic equation: (r - 2)(r + 1) = 0 r1 = 2, r2 = -1 3. The general solution will have the form: 4. If there are repeated roots, (e.g. there is an r 2 somewhere) then these roots will take the form , where n is the multiplicityof r (e.g. r2 has n = 2) 5. If there are complex roots where then their solution will be Nonhomogeneous Equations e.g. - Made up of a particular solution and a complementary solution, - To solve the complementary solution, set the right side to zero and solve as a homogeneous eq'n: - For the particular solution, turn the function on the right into a function of undetermined coefficients. f(x) = xn becomes Axn + Bxn-1+ f(x) = eax becomes Ceax f(x) = cos(kx) becomes Acos(kx) + Bsin(kx)

- Differentiate these functions to find y', y'', y (n) - Plug the values of y, y', and y'' into the original nonhomogeneous equation. - Rearrange coefficients into like powers. e.g. (6Ax + 2Bx3) +4(Ax3 + Bx2 + Bx) becomes (4A + 2B)x3 + 4Bx2 (6A+4B)x - Equate these powers with the function on the right (i.e. if there is no x 2 value on the right, then 4Bx2 = 0) - Solve for coefficients and plug them into the general equation for Yp.

Mechanical Vibrations - Take the form Where k is the spring constant, f(x) is a force acting on the mass (if there is one) and c is a damping constant if there is a damper on the system. - To solve, find - Solution will be in the form - Can be rearranged into the form:
- And is found using: Where

Laplace Transforms Solving Initial Value Problems e.g. x'' + 4x = 3sin(t) , x(0) = x'(0) = 0 1. Transform all functions in the problem:
2. Isolate X(s) . 3. You will probably have to use partial fractions to break up this solution into to solvable functions 4. Perform inverse transforms on the above functions to find x(t).

.Useful Transform Properties - The derivative F'(s) can be found by multiplying by -t before transforming. - Convolution can be used on transforms that can't be separated. e.g.

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Matrices Using the Eigenvalue Method e.g. for the system 1. Convert the given equations into matrix form: x'= 2. Subtract I and take the determinant, set this equal to zero.

3. The resulting values of are the eigenvalues. For each eigenvalue: 4. Subtract I from the original matrix. Set this matrix equal to the zero vector. this becomes an augmented matrix: 5. Solve this augmented matrix NOTE: There is ALWAYS at least 1 trivial solution in this matrix 6. The resulting vector is the eigenvector for that particular eigenvalue v 7. Repeat for all eigenvalues, and the final solution will have the form 8. If initial values are given, plug them into the general solution above to get another matrix that can be used to solve for c values. Complex Eigenvalues 1. If the eigenvalues found in step 2 above are complex with Continue to step 3 to find the corresponding eigenvector 2. The solution will have the form:

then the general solution will be different. . Again, one of the solutions will be trivial.

3. Which can be broken up into its real and imaginary parts: Real:

Imaginary:

Trig Identities

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