Renewable Energy, Non-conventional Energy, Solar Energy, Biofuel, Biomass

India is said to be one of the seven largest consumers of energy, but the growing gap between consumption and domestic output is a cause of concern. Indias share in global oil reserves is about 0.5 per cent, whereas its share in global consumption is about 3 per cent. India is still dependent to the extent of 30 to 35 per cent on non-commercial fuel sources like cowdung, firewood, agricultural waste, etc. The growing energy needs of the emerging economics, specifically India, risks enhanced environmental demage from conventional carbon based sources of energy. The pressure on petrol is mounting and we have to concentrate on conservation of petroleum. Towards conservation of petroleum consumption, the government has to ration supplies of cooking gas, kerosene and petrol; improve power generation; focus on alternative source of energy such as solar, wind and bio-fuels; setup energy standards for all vehicles and a mass awareness for conservation. As the countrys petroleum bill grows, and future supplies look volatile or insecure, alternatives need to be explored. Ethanol is an environment-friendly oxidant additive to gasoline. There is a growing interest in biodiesel or ethanol blend. Energy majors are determined to tap biofuels. Special attention is being paid to jatropha cultivation. The corporate sector too is focusing on the biofuels sector. It is estimated that globally about one million hectares would cater to biofuels over the next four years, with an estimated 300,000 hectares contributing each year to biofuels in South East Asia, India and Southern African countries. India will itself produce 2 million tones of biodiesel by 2012. Power and Energy sector is in a positive mood and is leaving no missed opportunity to make hay of it, while the sun shines. India has set up a target of 20000 MW of installed capacity by 2022 for harnessing solar energy. It is leaving no stone unturned to become a solar hub in the world. With such earnest efforts, Indias mission to tap solar energy is not a pipe dream. Renewable Energy technologies like solar, biomass, hydro, etc are deployed both in rural and urban areas to curb the growing gap between the demand and supply of power, which is due to increase in the per capita energy consumption and importantly, the much hyped climate change concerns. At 10464 MW, India presently ranks fifth in the world in wind power generations. The future of solar photovoltaic development in India seems to be very bright. Indias solar mission envisages the promotion of solar energy to harness and distribute environment-friendly power, available with high scalability, for sustainable economic growth by empowering national energy security. Indian clean development mechanism projects broadly cover a range of sectors viz power generation from renewable energy, particularly wind and hydro power, biomass applications, waste heat and energy recycling. Accelerated growth is expected in renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy sector, solar energy sector, biofuels sector .etc with favourable conditions in terms of potential, technical support facilities, policy framework and regulatory environment, robust manufacturing base, and investors confidence in the country.

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Ethanol as Biofuel
Ethanol has been known as fuel for many decades. Production of ethanol in the world is increasing very rapidly and has grown. There is a vast scope to use it as Automobile fuel. There is proposal come from the government agencies as well as from the public agencies also. This is good project provided with sound cost effective technology. Plant capacity: 100000Ltrs./Day Working capital: Rs. 11 Crores Return: 13.08% Plant & machinery: Rs. 50 Crores T.C.I: Rs. 68 Crores Break even: 77.17%

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Wind Mill
Non-conventional and renewable sources of energy have come to assume tremendous significance both as alternative or substitute and also as viable supplement to conventional sources of energy. The need for development of non-conventional sources has been strengthened in view of the increasing population, faster pace of economic development and industrialization and gradual depletion of the conventional fossil based energy sources. Along with it the growing concern of the environmental activities has forced governments all over the world to think of ways to tap and generate additional sources of energy to meet the growing demands of the teeming millions. There is good scope of wind mill. A new strategy to attract private investment in commercial projects was adopted. Plant capacity: 30 Nos./Day Working capital: Rs. 86 Lakhs Return: 52.70% Plant & machinery: Rs. 17 Lakhs T.C.I: Rs. 137.0 Lakhs Break even: 40.81%

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Jatropha Plantation and Oil Extraction (Used As Bio Fuel)

Jatropha curcus is a drought-resistant perennial, growing well in marginal/poor soil. It is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and lives, producing seeds for 50 years. Jatropha the wonder plant produces seeds with an oil content of 37%. The oil can be combusted as fuel without being refined. It burns with clear

smoke-free flame, tested successfully as fuel for simple diesel engine. The by-products are press cake a good organic fertilizer, oil contains also insecticide. It is found to be growing in many parts of the country, rugged in nature and can survive with minimum inputs and easy to propagate. Medically it is used for diseases like cancer, piles, snakebite, paralysis, dropsy etc. Jatropha grows wild in many areas of India and even thrives on infertile soil. A good crop can be obtained with little effort. Depending on soil quality and rainfall, oil can be extracted from the jatropha nuts after two to five years. The annual nut yield ranges from 0.5 to 12 tons. The kernels consist of oil to about 60 percent; this can be transformed into biodiesel fuel through esterification. Family: Euphorbiaceae Synonyms: Curcas purgans Medic. Vernacular/common names: English- physic nut, purging nut; Hindi - Ratanjyot Jangli erandi; Malayalam ? Katamanak; Tamil ? Kattamanakku; Telugu ? Pepalam; Kannada ? Kadaharalu; Gujarathi ? Jepal; Sanskrit ? Kanana randa. Distribution and habitat It is still uncertain where the centre of origin is, but it is believed to be Mexico and Central America. It has been introduced to Africa and Asia and is now cultivated world-wide. This highly drought-resistant species is adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. The current distribution shows that introduction has been most successful in the drier regions of the tropics with annual rainfall of 300-1000 mm. It occurs mainly at lower altitudes (0-500 m) in areas with average annual temperatures well above 20C but can grow at higher altitudes and tolerates slight frost. It grows on well-drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. Botanical Features It is a small tree or shrub with smooth gray bark, which exudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. Normally, it grows between three and five meters in height, but can attain a height of up to eight or ten meters under favourable conditions. Leaves It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. Flowers The petiole length ranges between 6-23 mm. The inflorescence is formed in the leaf axil. Flowers are formed terminally, individually, with female flowers usually slightly larger and occurs in the hot seasons. In conditions where continuous growth occurs, an unbalance of pistillate or staminate flower production results in a higher number of female flowers. Fruits Fruits are produced in winter when the shrub is leafless, or it may produce several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Each inflorescence yields a bunch of approximately 10 or more ovoid fruits. A three, bi-valved cocci is formed after the seeds mature and the fleshy exocarp dries. Seeds The seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two to four months Flowering and fruiting habit The trees are deciduous, shedding the leaves in the dry season.

Flowering occurs during the wet season and two flowering peaks are often seen. In permanently hu-mid regions, flowering occurs throughout the year. The seeds mature about three months after flowering. Early growth is fast and with good rainfall conditions nursery plants may bear fruits after the first rainy season, direct sown plants after the second rainy season. The flowers are pollinated by insects especially honey bees. Ecological Requirements Jatropha curcas grows almost anywhere , even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil. It can grow even in the crevices of rocks. The leaves shed during the winter months form mulch around the base of the plant. The organic matter from shed leaves enhance earth-worm activity in the soil around the root-zone of the plants, which improves the fertility of the soil. Regarding climate, Jatropha curcas is found in the tropics and subtropics and likes heat, although it does well even in lower temperatures and can withstand a light frost. Its water requirement is extremely low and it can stand long periods of drought by shedding most of its leaves to reduce transpiration loss. Jatropha is also suitable for preventing soil erosion and shifting of sand dunes. Biophysical limits Altitude: 0-500 m, Mean annual temperature: 20-28 deg. C, Mean annual rainfall: 300-1000 mm or more. Soil type: Grows on well-drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. On heavy soils, root formation is reduced. Jatropha is a highly adaptable species, but its strength as a crop comes from its ability to grow on very poor and dry sites. A large genus of herbs, shrubs and trees distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world, chiefly in Africa and America. About 9 species have been recorded in India; some of them are grown in gardens for their ornamental foliage and flowers. These plants has various uses, one use is as medicinal plant and another use is for extraction of different alkaloids. There is another most important part of the plants i.e. seeds oil. The seed oil can be used as biofuel. The plants are cultivated largely in the South America, France, and Africa. It is cultivated in the rainy season and fruits or seed yielded in the winter season. Leaves and plants are used for the extraction of different alkoloids, which is largely used for the preparation of different medicinal value products. The Jatropha seed available has 94% oil content. Jatropha oil has different use of which it can be used as biofuel. After extraction of oil seed waste can be used for making organic waste. In India it can be largely produced in the Assam, Orissa and Goa hills. As a whole Jatropha cultivation in India may open the new way of medicinal plant cultivation and the new way of starting the sources of bio fuel. Anybody may enter into this field will be successful. Plant capacity: 24000.00 Kgs/Annum Plant & machinery: Rs 30 Lakhs

Working capital: Rs 8 Lakhs Return: 16.00%

T.C.I: Rs 92 Lakhs Break even: 66.00%

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BIOGAS PRODUCTION
An effective biogas programme leads to efficient use of cow dung for gas recovery and partial supplement to plant nutrient requirement. Biogas programme leads to improvement in rural living including rural sanitation. Biogas fermentation a process occurring widely in nature can be defined as a biological process, in which biomass or organic matter, in the absence of oxygen, is converted into methane and carbon dioxide. It is characterized by low nutrient requirement, low production of methane as a useful end product. Waste materials like cow dung, buffalo dung, horse dung, sheep droppings, camel dung, goat droppings, piggery waste and poultry droppings have been observed to exhibit varying gas production behavior. Poultry droppings have been found to be the quickest and the highest gas producing material, whereas the cow dung as the lowest. There is a good scope for new entrants to invest in this project. Plant capacity: 450 KGS/day Working capital: Return: 40.00% Plant & machinery: Rs. 6 lakhs T.C.I: Rs. 29 lakhs Break even: 35.00%

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Biogas Power Plant from Cow Dung

Biogas plants have the ability to accept a wide variety of organic residues as primary fuel input. This includes Cow dung, agricultural residue, effluent discharge, food residue etc. Most agricultural / food production processes have significant amount of organic residues output as by-product. Traditionally, there residues are buried in landfills or discharged, which cause negative environmental impact. In some places, institutions have to pay a fee to dispose off such residues. A biogas plant solves this residue disposal problem by converting residues into usable energy. Biogas is created by bacteria in the process of biodegradation of organic material under anaerobic (without air) conditions. Methanogens material and return the decomposed products to the environment. In this process biogas (methane) is generated, which is a

source of renewable energy. There is a good scope for new entrants. Plant capacity: 1000 KWh or 1 MWh Working capital: Return: 22.00% Plant & machinery: Rs. 485 Lakhs T.C.I: Rs. 1245 Lakhs Break even: 45.00%

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Solar Pump
The energy consumption per capita throughout the world is rapidly increasing. Solar energy is considered to be unlimited source of energy. Energy is a key ingredient for the overall development of an economy. Pumps are known for their preferential use in transportation of water, liquid chemicals, slurry and similar other fluids of varying viscosity. The pumps are generally driven by electric motors. Increasing shortages of electricity, frequent power cuts and problem of setting of nuclear energy plants, have necessitated the use of some non-conventional energy in various equipments and appliances. Solar energy is an answer to all the energy related problems. It can be concluded that there is a good scope for any new entrepreneur. Plant capacity: 12 Nos. / day Working capital: Return: 47.00% Plant & machinery: Rs. 17 Lakhs T.C.I: Rs. 288 Lakhs Break even: 28.00%

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BIO MASS GASIFICATION POWER PLANT

Bio-gas power plant is one of the sources of non-conventional energy. The biomass fuels are solid carbonaceous materials derived from living plants and animals. There is availability of waste material in our country, producer gas can be easily converted to energy. It can be used for providing electricity in nearer or furthest area. It can also be used to run plant and machineries in the industry. Economic development results in both qualitative and quantitative increase in the use of energy. In India, it is estimated that of the 68.3 million tonnes of carbon released annually due to biomass burning, fuel wood accounts for 82.3%. It will be profitable for any new entrant to invest in this field.

Plant capacity: 1000 KWh or 1 MW. Working capital: Return: 12.00%

Plant & machinery: 475 Lakhs T.C.I: 691 Lakhs (W/c. One Month) Break even: 66.00%

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Solar Power Plant

Solar thermal systems for generating electricity use tracking mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight on to a receiver, where, it is converted to high temperature thermal energy. The high-temperature heat in the receiver is then used to drive a heat engine and electric generator to produce electricity. The solar energy ultimately heats a fluid powering a small engine / generator operating at about 8000C, a single dish module can generate up to 50 KW of electric power. Many dishes can be grouped together to produce more power. Most of the processes involve a lot of capital as well as recurring expenditure. Solar power has an edge over all the other non-conventional forms of energy sources as it is non-polluting. The solar energy is abundant and is available at all parts of the world through out the year. There is a good scope for new entrants. Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: T.C.I: Break even: N/A

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BIOFERTILIZERS FROM COTTON SEED CAKE

Cotton seeds are one of the oil producing seeds. The cotton seed cake is the residue left after the extraction of cotton seed oil from the seeds. This residue is also very useful from many aspects, for producing biofertilizer it is used as an essential raw material. Now-a-days bio-fertilizers are capturing the field of chemical fertilizers due to cheap availability, low cost & no side effect on land. So the use of cotton seed cake is also increasing in bio-fertilizer industries. As the rate of use of biofertilizers is increasing the future of this industry is very bright. Plant capacity: 3000 MT / Annum Plant & machinery: 30 Lakhs

Working capital: Return: 42.00%

T.C.I: Cost of Project 128 Lakhs Break even: 46.00%

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CO-GENERATION POWER PLANT BASED ON BAGASSE

Co-generation plant based on Bagasse is the need of the hour in the perspective of the power generation required and its demand is increasing considerably. There stands an imperative need for the setting up of power plant based on bagasse, which is a waste product from sugar industries. Co-generation is the simultaneous production of process heat and electric power using single fuel. Biomass fuel can also be used in co-generation plants for enhancing their efficiency. Co-generation facilities increase economic viability and profitability of an industry. In sugarcane industries it is most popular environment friendly way of producing electricity using sugarcane bagasse. Co-generation projects based on agro waste like rice husk, bagasse etc. as fuel result is lowering the cost of energy generation, low capital investment, higher profitability of plant. It is a lucrative project with very bright future prospects. A new entrepreneur can venture into this field. Plant capacity: 15 MW Working capital: Return: 53.00% Plant & machinery: 850 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 1746 Lakhs Break even: 46.00%

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One Lac / Lakh / Lakhs is equivalent to one hundred thousand (100,000) One Crore is equivalent to ten million (10,000,000) T.C.I is Total Capital Investment We can modify the project capacity and project cost as per your requirement. We can also prepare project report on any subject as per your requirement. Caution: The project's cost, capacity and return are subject to change without any notice. Future projects may have different values of project cost, capacity or return.

CO-GENERATION POWER PLANT BASED ON BAGASSE

Co-generation plant based on Bagasse is the need of the hour in the perspective of the power generation required and its demand is increasing considerably. There stands an imperative need for the setting up of power plant based on bagasse, which is a waste product from sugar industries. Co-generation is the simultaneous production of process heat and electric power using single fuel. Biomass fuel can also be used in co-generation plants for enhancing their efficiency. Co-generation facilities increase economic viability and profitability of an industry. In sugarcane industries it is most popular environment friendly way of producing electricity using sugarcane bagasse. Co-generation projects based on agro waste like rice husk, bagasse etc. as fuel result is lowering the cost of energy generation, low capital investment, higher profitability of plant. It is a lucrative project with very bright future prospects. A new entrepreneur can venture into this field. Plant capacity: 15 M W Working capital: Return: 53.00% Plant & machinery: 850 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 1746 Lakhs Break even: 46.00%

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Solar Power Plant

Direct conversion of daylight into electricity by photovoltaic or solar-thermal conversion system is the most promising renewable energy options that have emerged in the recent years. The earth receiver about 75,000 trillion KW of energy from the sun every day. Just 0.1 percent of this is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of the world. Putting this in a different way, at noon, the solar energy striking an area of 70 miles long by 70 mile wide, if converted into photovoltaic electricity, would equal to the peak capacity of all existing power plant in the world. With the ever growing demand for electric power and continuously depleting fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas various alternative sources of energy have been resorted to by advanced nations. While wind, geothermal and water power are safe to use, they can not be tapped at all times in all places. Ocean and tidal power generation are yet to take off as viable alternatives. Tapping nuclear power poses problems of waste disposal and safety aspects. Most of the processes involve a lot of capital as well as recurring expenditure. Solar power has an edge over all the other non-conventional forms

of energy sources as it is non-polluting. The solar energy is abundant and is available at all parts of the world through out the year. Although no alternative energy sources can compete with plentiful, low cost fossil fuel, the days when we can rely on the availability of such fuels are limited. There seems to be no reasons why the solar thermal electricity option should not be pursued aggressively, and if it is, this option can begin to impact our energy requirement in the coming years. Using sunlight to create electrical and thermal energy remains the most promising source of clean renewable energy, and projections as to how quickly solar power takes off could be grossly understated. The challenge however lies in just how much energy solar power would have to displace if it were to become the dominant source of energy in the world. In 2006, according to the International Energy Agency, 80.3% of the world's energy came from fossil fuel: Oil (34.3%), coal (25.1%) and gas (20.9%). Fully 90.9% of the world's energy came from combustion, because alongside these fossil fuels in 4th place are "combustible renewables," mostly wood (10.6%). Include nuclear power (6.5%) and hydroelectric power (2.2%), and you have accounted for 99.5% of the world's energy. So where does solar fit into this equation? Most of this last half-percent of one percent of the world's energy, .41%, is provided from geothermal sources. The energy we love so much, wind and solar, currently only provide .064% and .039% of the world's power requirements. Put another way, for solar energy achieve its potential and replace all other sources of energy in the world, this .039% would have to increase 2,500 times. Moreover, since nations such as India and China have only begun to industrialize, and since the industrialized nations only comprise approximately 20% of the world's population yet consume over 50% of the world's energy production, it is unlikely that global energy production will not have to increase. It is these sobering realities that should inform any reading of the potential of solar power. Using sunlight to create electrical and thermal energy remains the most promising source of clean renewable energy, and projections as to how quickly solar power takes off could be grossly understated. The challenge however lies in just how much energy solar power would have to displace if it were to become the dominant source of energy in the world. In 2006, according to the International Energy Agency, 80.3% of the world's energy came from fossil fuel: Oil (34.3%), coal (25.1%) and gas (20.9%). Fully 90.9% of the world's energy came from combustion, because alongside these fossil fuels in 4th place are "combustible renewables," mostly wood (10.6%). Include nuclear power (6.5%) and hydro-electric power (2.2%), and you have accounted for 99.5% of the world's energy! So where does solar fit into this equation? Most of this last half-percent of one percent of the world's energy, .41%, is provided from

geothermal sources. The energy we love so much, wind and solar, currently only provide .064% and .039% of the world's power requirements. Put another way, for solar energy achieve its potential and replace all other sources of energy in the world, this .039% would have to increase 2,500 times. Moreover, since nations such as India and China have only begun to industrialize, and since the industrialized nations only comprise approximately 20% of the world's population yet consume over 50% of the world's energy production, it is unlikely that global energy production will not have to increase. It is these sobering realities that should inform any reading of the potential of solar power. India's power sector has a total installed capacity of approximately 102,000 MW of which 60% is coal-based, 25% hydro, and the balance gas and nuclear-based. Power shortages are estimated at about 11% of total energy and 15% of peak capacity requirements and are likely to increase in the coming years. In the next 10 years, another 10,000 MW of capacity is required. The bulk of capacity additions involve coal thermal stations supplemented by hydroelectric plant development. Coal-based power involve environmental concerns relating to emissions of suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane and other gases. On the other hand, large hydro plants can lead to soil degradation and erosion, loss of forests, wildlife habitat and species diversity and most importantly, the displacement of people. To promote environmentally sound energy investments as well as help mitigate the acute shortfall in power supply, the Government of India is promoting the accelerated development of the country's renewable energy resources and has made it a priority thrust area under India's National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). The Indian government estimates that a potential of 50,000 MW of power capacity can be harnessed from new and renewable energy sources but due to relatively high development cost experienced in the past these were not tapped as aggressively as conventional sources. Nevertheless, development of alternate energy has been part of India's strategy for expanding energy supply and meeting decentralized energy needs of the rural sector. The program, considered one of the largest among developing countries, is administered through India's Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), energy development agencies in the various States, and the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA). Throughout the 1990's, India's private sector interest in renewable energy increased due to several factors: (i) India opened the power sector to private sector participation in 1991; (ii) tax incentives are now offered to developers of renewable energy systems; (iii) there has been a heightened awareness of the environmental benefits of renewable energy relative to conventional forms and of the short-gestation

period for developing alternate energy schemes. Recognizing the opportunities afforded by private sector participation, the Indian Government revised its priorities in July 1993 by giving greater emphasis on promoting renewable energy technologies for power generation. To date, over 1,500 MW of windfarm capacity has been commissioned and about 1,423 MW capacity of small hydro installed. India is located in the equatorial sun belt of the earth, thereby receiving abundant radiant energy from the sun. The India Meteorological Department maintains a nationwide network of radiation stations, which measure solar radiation, and also the daily duration of sunshine. In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is experienced 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq. m. which is comparable with radiation received in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. The equivalent energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. The highest annual global radiation is received in Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. In Rajasthan, large areas of land are barren and sparsely populated, making these areas suitable as locations for large central power stations based on solar energy. The main objectives of the project are these: (i) To demonstrate the operational viability of parabolic trough solar thermal power generation in India; (ii) support solar power technology development to help lead to a reduction in production cost; and (iii) help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) global emissions in the longer term. Specifically, operational viability will be demonstrated through operation of a solar thermal plant with commercial power sales and delivery arrangements with the grid. Technology development would be supported through technical assistance and training. The project would be pursued under The World Bank's Global Environment Fund (GEF) -- which has a leading program objective focused on climate change. This project is envisaged as the first step of a long term program for promoting solar thermal power in India that would lead to a phased deployment of similar systems in the country and possibly in other developing nations. India supports development of both solar thermal and solar photovoltaics (PV) power generation. To demonstrate and commercialize solar thermal technology in India, MNES is promoting megawatt scale projects such as the proposed 35MW solar thermal plant in Rajasthan and is encouraging private sector projects by providing financial assistance from the Ministry. One of the prime objectives of the demonstration project is to ensure capacity build-up through 'hands on' experience in the design, operation and management of such projects under actual field conditions. Involvement in the project of various players in the energy sector, such as local industries, the private construction and operations contractors, Rajasthan State Power Corporation Limited (RSPCL), Rajasthan State Electricity Board (RSEB), Rajasthan

Energy Development Agency (REDA), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), MNES and others, will help to increase the capacity and capability of local technical expertise and further sustain the development of solar power in India in the longer term. Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: T.C.I: Break even: N/A

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DAIRY FARMING WITH POWER PLANT BASED ON DUNG

The importance of milk in human diet especially for children and expectant and nursing matters is vital. To meet the demand of the increasing population milk production in India has to be increased upto about 70 million tonnes by 2008 AD. More than 60% of the families involved in dairying belong to the small or marginal farmers or even agricultural labourers. The term power plant is often used loosely to designate any plant in which steam is generated regardless of whether power is produced. Power generated by cow dung makes the project more viable. Milk and milk products play a vital role in the countrys agricultural economy. The milk production is expected to surge forward in the coming years. The annual milk production has more than doubled in the last two decades. As much 90% of this production comes from only 12 states. New comers may successfully venture into this field. Plant capacity: 27000 Kgs. Milk / Day, 5 MW Power Plant & machinery: 4 Crores Plant Based on Cow Dung Working capital: Return: 43.00% T.C.I: 25 Crores Break even: 32.00%

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GOOD OPPORTUNITY IN SOLAR POWER PLANT

In case of Photovoltaic or direct conversion of sunlight to electricity via solar cell, the efficiencies limited to about 20 percent of the absorbed sunlight. Solar thermal conversion involves the production of shaft power and of electricity via a thermodynamic cycle. In this cycle, a heat engine is driven by energy absorbed from

sunlight. The heat engine is the principal feature that distinguishes the discipline of solar-thermal electricity from photovoltaic or home heating and cooling. All heat engines are limited in performance by the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. To achieve the higher temperature associated with heat engine efficiency places special requirement on the solar collector used. The collector must be designed either to suppress normal loses that is, those due to radiation, convection or conduction-or to enhance the intensity of the incident solar energy by optical concentration. Finally, to provide a useful quantity of energy at a central location, some degree of power concentration is often required. Solar thermal systems for generating electricity use tracking mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight on to a receiver, where it is converted to high temperature thermal energy. The high-temperature heat in the receiver is then used to drive a heat engine and electric generator to produce electricity. Currently, three architectures for Solar Thermal Systems show promise for generating; parabolic troughs, central receivers, and parabolic dishes. In parabolic trough systems, sunlight is focused on to a receiver tube that runs along the focal line of the collector. Through collectors typically track the sun in one axis. A central receiver system uses a field of heliostats, or sun-tracking mirrors, to focus sunlight on to a tower-mounted receiver. And in a parabolic dish system, both the parabolic mirror and receiver track the sun. Many system configurations are possible. However, the architectures and optical characteristics of solar thermal systems influence the choice of receiver, power conversion equipment, and scale of systems. In typical trough systems, the relatively low concentration ratios (typically 20X - 100X), as well as the inherent economics of scale of steam-Rankine power conversion equipment have led to a large-scale power plants which use a heat transfer oil to collect solar heat in the receiver tube. Central receivers because of higher concentration ratios, typically a few hundred times, and the centrally located receiver have evolved towards molten-salt systems with thermal storage capabilities. Steam-Rankine central receiver systems are also cost effective at large scales, Dishengine systems, in which the concentrator and receiver track the sun, achieve concentration ratios over 1000 X, and require small eternally heated power converters that are efficient and low cost. Sterling engines located at the focus of the dish have shown the most promise for producing competitively priced electric. The use of hundreds of modular dish-sterling systems at an installation, similar to wind farms that are being considered for utility applications. The earth receives about 75,000 trillion KW of energy from the sun every day. Just 0.1 percent of this is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of the world. Putting this in a different way, at noon, the solar energy striking an area of 70 miles long by 70 mile wide, if

converted into photovoltaic electricity, would equal to the peak capacity of all existing power plant in the world. With the ever growing demand for electric power and continuously depleting fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas various alternative sources of energy have been resorted to by advanced nations. While wind, geothermal and water power are safe to use, they can not be tapped at all times in all places. Ocean and tidal power generation are yet to take off as viable alternatives. Tapping nuclear power poses problems of waste disposal and safety aspects. Most of the processes involve a lot of capital as well as recurring expenditure. Solar power has an edge over all the other non-conventional forms of energy sources as it is non-polluting. The solar energy is abundant and is available at all parts of the world throughout the year. Although no alternative energy sources can compete with plentiful, low cost fossil fuel, the days when we can rely on the availability of such fuels are limited. There seems to be no reasons why the solar thermal electricity option should not be pursued aggressively, and if it is, this option can begin to impact our energy requirement in the coming years. Using sunlight to create electrical and thermal energy remains the most promising source of clean renewable energy, and projections as to how quickly solar power takes off could be grossly understated. The Indian government estimates that a potential of 50,000 MW of power capacity can be harnessed from new and renewable energy sources but due to relatively high development cost experienced in the past these were not tapped as aggressively as conventional sources. Nevertheless, development of alternate energy has been part of India's strategy for expanding energy supply and meeting decentralized energy needs of the rural sector. The program, considered one of the largest among developing countries, is administered through India's Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), energy development agencies in the various States, and the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA). India is located in the equatorial sun belt of the earth, thereby receiving abundant radiant energy from the sun. The India Meteorological Department maintains a nationwide network of radiation stations, which measure solar radiation, and also the daily duration of sunshine. In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is experienced 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq. m. which is comparable with radiation received in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. The equivalent energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. The highest annual global radiation is received in Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. In Rajasthan, large areas of land are barren and sparsely populated, making these areas suitable as locations for large central power stations based on solar energy. India supports development of both solar thermal and solar photovoltaics (PV) power

generation. To demonstrate and commercialize solar thermal technology in India, MNES is promoting megawatt scale projects such as the proposed 35MW solar thermal plant in Rajasthan and is encouraging private sector projects by providing financial assistance from the Ministry. Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: T.C.I: Break even: N/A

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Solar Cell
Solar cell comprises by two words. Solar means sunlight & cell is the device to provide the current supply and as the whole solar cell is device, which converts light/solar energy into electric energy. Market of solar cell show that solar cell is largely used in small scale units having power requirement about some hundred killo-watts in rural, remote & un approachable areas having no normal power supply. The biggest advantage of solar cell is it does not require any maintenance cost & more economic to use. Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd has proposed to manufacture solar cell for TV in coming 3 to 4 years. In Africa cost per television programme (new) higher with solar cells come out about US$0.12 as against US$ 0.96 with chemical batteries. The demand for solar cell will definitely increase from use in calculators, wrist watches and other consumer items. Plant capacity: 10000 Nos. / Day Working capital: Return: 45.00% Plant & machinery: 49 Lakhs T.C.I: 358 Lakhs Break even: 39.00%

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COMPRESSED BIOGAS
The term biogases refer to gases created by the anaerobic fermentation of biological materials. Their main constituents are methane and carbon dioxide. Considerable quantities of biogases are produced by anaerobic fermentation of agricultural and organic waste (biogas), sludge digestion in the tanks of sewage treatment plants (sewage gas) and organic residues in garbage tips (land fill gas). Biogas can be utilized

for electricity production, cooking, space heating and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel cell. Compressed bio-gas is becoming widely used in Sweden, Switzerland and Germany. A bio-gas powered train has been in service in Sweden. In India also compressed biogas is used in bus and car to save environment from pollution. The demand of compressed bio-gas is increasing very rapidly, so there is wide scope for new entrepreneurs to venture into this project. Plant capacity: 1200 MT/Annum Working capital: Return: 43.00% Plant & machinery: 204 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 447 Lakhs Break even: 33.00%

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Dairy Farming , Milk Products With Cow Urine Processing and Biogas Plant
DAIRY FARMING AND MILK PRODUCTS (Ghee, Pasturised Milk in Poly Pack), Cow Urine Processing and Packing in Ltr. Glass Bottles with Biogas Plant Dairy farming is class of agricultural or an animal husbandry, enterprise, for long terms production of milk, which may be either processed on site or transported to a dairy factory for processing and eventual retail sale. Dairying plays a dynamic role in Indias agro based economy. Milk production alone involves more than 70 million producers, each raising one or two cows/buffaloes primarily for milk production. The dairy involves processing raw milk into products such as consumer milk, butter, ghee, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, skimmed milk powder and ice cream etc. Biogas production is one of the best methods for waste disposal and utilization and extensively exploited in India. Cattle dung and other organic matters are the best source for producing biogas. Cow urine or goumutra is considered sacred in Hindu mythology. It is used for various purposes for its medicinal values. The cow urine can cure anything from skin diseases, kidney and liver ailments to obesity and heart ailments. Having all the facts in mind it can be predicted that dairy farming with processing unit and biogas plant is very lucrative for new entrants. Cost Estimation: Capacity : Buffalo Milk 7230 Kls/Annum Cow Milk 720 Kls/Annum Skimmed Milk 324 Kls/Annum Ghee 18000 Kg/Annum Processed Cow Urine 4380000 Bottle No./Annum Bio Gas 31000 Kg/Annum

Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: 47.00%

Plant & machinery: 162 Lakhs T.C.I: 1665 Lakhs Break even: 32.00%

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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES ASSEMBLING PLANT (10 MW)

Photovoltaic (PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sun energy (sunlight, including sun ultra violet radiation) directly into electricity. Due to the growing demand for clean sources of energy, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in recent years. Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years, increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002, making it the worlds fastest-growing energy technology. At the end of 2008, the cumulative global PV installations reached 15,200 megawatts. Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid-tied electrical systems. Such installations may be groundmounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building, known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics or BIPV for short Solar energy is energy transmitted from the sun. But they differ in the ways they capture and use solar energy to produce heat or electricity. Solar electric power systems transform sunlight into electricity. Every minute the sun baths the earth in as much energy as the world consumes in an entire year. An alternative technology consists of concentration solar power (CSP), where the suns energy is at first concentrated by reflective devices such as troughs or mirror panels and then the resulting concentrated heat energy is transferred to a heat-transfer medium, which is used to power a conventional turbine and produce electricity. At present the small size of the plants and the pure solar design for most of them required the existence of public economic support through investment subsidies and a special tariff for the electricity produced. Plant capacity: 1 No./Annum Working capital: Return: 60.00% Plant & machinery: 1241 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 1778 Lakhs Break even: 60.00%

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Captive Power Plant

Robust power generation and an effective delivery model determine the bullish economic growth of a country. A weak power infrastructure impedes the growth potential and pulls back the growth initiatives. Indias per capita power consumption was 490 units (Kwh) in 2004-05, one third compared with 1,500 units of China. Indias consumption stood at about 644 units in 2007-08 at an annual average growth of 10.47%. However, during the same period, Chinas consumption had grown at 12 to 13% per annum. The National Electricity Policy envisages Power for all by 2012 and the per capita availability of power to be increased to over 1,000 units, which indicates an average consumption growth of about 13.81% every year. It is easy to make such exciting projections, but very difficult to attain it, especially when the capacity addition targets of every five-year plan fall short of expectations. In this scenario, there is a need for increased private participation in the power sector to make India self-reliant in power. This Pre-feasibility Report on Captive Power (5MW) provides information on the overall power scenario in the country, sectoral segmentation and structure of the industry, demand and supply of power, captive power scenario in India, need for captive power, growth drivers, steps involved in setting up a captive power plant, capital outlay, profitability and balance sheet analysis. The details include requirement of plant and machinery, tentative cost of project, project financing, revenue and profitability projection, IRR, important financial ratios and breakeven point of the project. Over the last decade and half, India Inc has established itself as a vibrant economy with growing domestic consumption coupled with huge export potential. Stable political environment, dependable democratic fabric of the country, strong legal system, huge talent pool and cost advantage have made India a reliable business partner of the global community, attracting good foreign investment. While the growth trend is set off, there is tremendous need for building the background infrastructural support system to sustain the trend. Power being one of the most crucial needs for industrial growth finds its priority and as a result the National Electricity Policy rightly envisages Power for all by 2012. To attain this target, a total capacity addition of about 100,000MW was projected for 10th and 11th plan period. Although there has been some hectic activity in capacity addition, the possibility of attaining the target looks remote. This increases the responsibility of each industry so as to become self-reliant in power, not only to ensure reduced operational expenses but also to contribute towards making the country selfsufficient in power. Captive Power refers to generation from a unit set up by industry for its exclusive consumption. The estimates on captive power capacity in the country vary with the Central Electricity

Authority putting the figure at about 11600 MW while industry experts feel that it is much higher, close to 20000 MW. Industrial sector is one of the largest consumers of electrical energy in India. However, a number of industries are now increasingly relying on their own generation (captive and co generation) rather than on grid supply, primarily for the following reasons: Non-availability of adequate grid supply Poor quality and reliability of grid supply High tariff as a result of heavy cross- subsidization The State Governments and SEBs have been concerned about the growing importance of Captive Power Plants account of the following reasons: Captive plants may have adverse impacts on the finances of the utility, such as: Industrial load is the main source for cross-subsidizing revenue flows , Billing and collection is much more efficient for HT consumers, SEBs ability to service escrow accounts for security packages is also reduced, Non-optimal growth of the sector Problems in grid management especially in case of states with surplus power Adverse environmental impacts arising from types of fuels used and from higher emissions per unit of production, as compared to large power plants. Reliability of power supply from captive and cogen plants as a source of firm power while on the other hand the concern of the owners of captive and cogen plants stems from: Non-remunerative tariff structure for surplus power produced by them No risk sharing in case of non availability of fuel, change in variable cost due to switching of fuel after entering into power purchase agreement (PPA), etc Inadequacies in wheeling and banking facilities High contract demand charges. High level of duties and taxes on sale of power High wheeling losses assumed for power to be sold to grid by captive or cogen plant Need to devote time and energy to an activity, which is not their core business Restrictions on the minimum amount of power to be wheeled If the captive power plant (CPP) fails, charges for back-up or stand by power from the grid are twice the normal rate for captive plants No formal policy for purchase of co generated power (in most of the states) Plant capacity: 5 MW Working capital: Return: 33.00% Plant & machinery: 1733 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 2097 Lakhs Break even: 34.00%

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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS-A VIABLE FUTURE ALTERNATIVE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Solar energy is an enormous resource that is readily available in all countries throughout the world, and all the space above the earth. It can be used everywhere, and can, in principal, satisfy most of Indias energy demand from a renewable, safe and clean resources. Most of all, it reduces the impact of energy production and consumption. With a population of 683 million, living in an area of about 3.28 million sq km, India has one of the lowest energy consumption per capita in the world; the equivalent of about 315 kg of coal per annum. Approximately 40% of this energy comes from non-commercial sources such as firewood, animal dung, agricultural waste etc. The electrical energy consumption per capita is only about 172KWh compared with a world average of 1700 KWh. The recent energy crisis has predictably resulted in a search for economically viable renewable energy sources suitable for large-scale utilization. India should accelerate the use of all forms of renewable energy (photovoltaic, thermal solar, solar lamps, solar pumps, wind power, biomass, biogas, and hydro), and more proactively promote energy efficiency. India must accelerate its investment in renewable energy resources, specifically solar and wind energy. The technological maturity achieved has naturally guided the Indian planners seriously to consider solar photovoltaic energy sources, among others, as viable future alternatives. The current levels of dependence on fossil fuels, the need of reducing the carbon emissions associated with energy use and the prospects of developing a new and extremely innovative technology sector, make photovoltaics increasingly attractive. Photovoltaics are devices which directly convert sunlight into electricity. The solar cell is the elementary building block of the photovoltaic technology. Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon. One of the properties of semiconductors that makes them most useful is that their conductivity may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. Solar photovoltaic energy sources produce D.C. electricity directly from solar energy. A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a single support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage. The current produced is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the module. Several modules can be wired together to form an array. Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce direct-current electricity. They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination. There are two main types of photovoltaic system. Grid connected systems (on-grid systems) are connected to the grid and inject the electricity into the grid. For this reason, the direct current produced by the solar modules is converted into a grid-compatible alternating current. However, solar power plants can also be

operated without the grid and are then called autonomous systems (off-grid systems). More than 90 % of photovoltaic systems worldwide are currently implemented as grid-connected systems. The power conditioning unit also monitors the functioning of the system and the grid and switches off the system in case of faults. Solar photovoltaic energy sources can be deployed either as centralized or as distributed systems. At present, the centralized schemes have little importance in the context of India. Of the three schemes of distributed sources, the community-based and the user-owned stand-alone systems are of importance to India. Although it has been recognized in India that the major impact of solar photovoltaic sources will be in lift irrigation, there are a large number of other potential areas of application where photovoltaic can make an effective contribution. These include diverse areas such as individual home lighting, rural lighting, offshore oil platforms, rural communication system, weather monitoring systems and many more. The National Solar Mission, with an ambitious target of achieving 20,000 MW capacity by 2030 under the national action plan on climate change, will also be in operation this year with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's plan budget being increased by 61% from Rs 617 crore to Rs 998 crore. The target: 200 MW grid power and 32 MW equivalent off-grid solar power to be installed in the next financial year. Custom duty has also been pegged at a low 5% on equipment for solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power. These equipments will also be exempted from central excise duties. Excise will also be reduced from 8% to 4% on LED lights. Photovoltaic technology is safe, clean, robust and proven to be efficient and highly scalable. Photovoltaics are easy to introduce and implemented all over the world, in both developed and developing countries. Thus renewable technologies are a clear opportunity for India to establish and reinforce a competitive edge in a highly innovative industrial sector. It is currently in a position to lead the worldwide effort to reduce harmful emissions from energy systems and strengthen its industrial basis, thus also creating new skilled jobs. India should begin creating a mainstream solar energy market with the goal of making solar power cost-competitive with fossil fuel-generated electricity in the near future. India will strongly prioritize the use of solar thermal energy as a solution to the climate and energy crisis. Indias solar energy holds great promise. Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: T.C.I: Break even: N/A

GOOD FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

The growing industrialization and associated use of energy have led the world to face energy crisis which is gaining serious concern day by day. In principle, solar energy can supply all the present and future energy needs of the world on a continuous basis. This makes it one of the most promising of the non-conventional energy sources. India has made marked gains in the construction of both hydro-electric and thermal power generating plants. Installed generating capacity has increased manifold since demand has increased at an even faster rate. Thus the burden of power generation is still on fossil fuels. Solar energy can play an important role in meeting energy demands in future years. Thus greater stress should be given on technical development for collection and storage of solar energy. If this solar energy is converted to electricity this can meet the growing demands. Thus Indian Industries will get a great benefit. Solar systems are powered by energy from the sun. Two generic types of solar-electric systems are solar photovoltaics and solar thermal electric. The direct utilization based on thermal and photovoltaic are of prime importance because it involves both storage and conversion into chemical as well as electrical form of energy. Solar thermal technologies convert radiant energy from the sun of thermal energy. For low-temperature applications (typically below about 200F [95C]) such as domestic water heating, concentration of the sunlight is not required. To achieve the high temperatures required for generation of electrical power, the solar energy must be concentrated. All solar thermal electric technologies include a collector, which redirects and concentrates the insolation on a receiver. In the receiver, the solar energy is absorbed, heating a fluid that powers a heat engine to generate electricity. In some systems, a heat exchanger may be used for power generation. Three principal solar thermal concentrator concepts are currently under development for power generation: parabolic trough, central receiver, and parabolic dish. The parabolic trough is the most advanced of the concentrator systems. This technology is used in the largest grid connected solar-thermal power plants in the world. A parabolic trough collector has a linear parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the sun's radiation on a linear receiver located at the focus of the parabola. The collector tracks the sun along one axis from east to west during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver. Because of its parabolic shape, a trough can focus the sun at 30 to 100 times its normal intensity (concentration ratio) on a receiver pipe located along the focal line of the trough, achieving operating temperatures over 400 degrees Celcius. A collector field consists of a large field of single-axis tracking

parabolic trough collectors. The solar field is modular in nature and is composed of many parallel rows of solar collectors aligned on a north-south horizontal axis. A working (heat transfer) fluid is heated as it circulates through the receivers and returns to a series of heat exchangers at a central location where the fluid is used to generate high-pressure superheated steam. The steam is then fed to a conventional steam turbine/generator to produce electricity. After the working fluid passes through the heat exchangers, the cooled fluid is recirculated through the solar field. The plant is usually designed to operate at full rated power using solar energy alone, given sufficient solar energy. Flat Plate Collectors are the most common type of solar water heating systems for residential and commercial applications. Flat plate collector systems are used comfort heating of a home or commercial building in the winter and for domestic hot water production throughout the year. Flat plate collectors usually heat water to temperatures ranging from 150 to 200 F (66 to 93 C). The efficiency of flat plate collectors varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, and system to system, but usually ranges from as low as 20% to as high as 80%. Solar thermal power is one of the most promising ways to provide renewable energy, giving the fact that it can compete in the middle/long term with conventional power plants. As a result of international cooperation and government grants, many demonstration projects have been carried out or are still in progress. India supports development of both solar thermal and solar photovoltaics (PV) power generation. To demonstrate and commercialize solar thermal technology in India, MNES is promoting megawatt scale projects such as the proposed 35MW solar thermal plant in Rajasthan and is encouraging private sector projects by providing financial assistance from the Ministry. Involvement in the project of various players in the energy sector, such as local industries, the private construction and operations contractors, Rajasthan State Power Corporation Limited (RSPCL), Rajasthan State Electricity Board (RSEB), Rajasthan Energy Development Agency (REDA), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), MNES and others, will help to increase the capacity and capability of local 5technical expertise and further sustain the development of solar power in India in the longer term. Plant capacity: Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: T.C.I: Break even: N/A

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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT

The growing industrialization and associated use of energy have led the world to face energy crisis which is gaining serious concern day by day. The development of a new energy basis for continued economic growth has therefore become an urgent necessity. With the help of solar power technology, we can tap sun energy in many ways. Solar cells, otherwise known as photovoltaic or photoelectric cells are the most popular devices that help to convert sunlight into electricity. In combination with modules, they are used to manufacture solar panels. Solar energy is also used in the functioning of solar water heaters, melting steel, creating hydrogen fuel and making electricity through solar furnaces. The reflective surfaces used in these solar furnaces helps in concentrating all of suns energy into a strategic point which in turn generates a large amount of heat and there by electricity. The majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. For more than three decades, solar power generated electricity has been dismissed as too costly. But the cost of solar generated electricity is consistently coming down, while the cost of conventional electricity is increasing. Advances in solar cell technology, conversion efficiency and system installation have allowed photovoltaic system (PV) to achieve cost structures that are competitive with other peaking power sources. PV has the unique advantage among renewable resources of being able to produce power anywhere: deserts, cities or suburbs. Though the installation cost of PV is more, but it can be selectively deployed on the grid wherever and whenever needed to reduce distribution capacity constraints and transmission congestion while producing pollution-free power. Both capital costs and operating and maintenance costs are driven by the choice of technology and the area of the solar system. The time is right for the world to adopt the clean and renewable energy source as the major electricity producer. With most part of India enjoying close to 300 sunny days a year, even if 0.5% of land area is brought under solar power, it can meet the entire energy requirement of India in 2030. The Indian government has announced its Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change in November 2009 with the goal to generate 1,000 MW of solar power by 2013 and 20,000 MW by 2020. World solar photovoltaic (PV) market installations reached a record high of 7.3 GW in 2009, representing growth of 20% over the previous year, according to the annual PV market report issued by Solarbuzz. The PV industry generated $38.5 billion in global revenues in 2009, while successfully rising over US$13.5 billion in equity and debt, up 8% on the prior year. Indian Government has taken several steps, both on the supply side and the demand side, to offer key incentives to aid the development of solar PV industry.

Currently India has 10-12 solar PV cells manufacturers producing about 100 MW of solar PV cells and about 20 manufacturers engaged in module manufacturing with installed capacity of 120 MW. Moreover, currently India has more than 200 manufacturers of solar water heaters and 40 solar cooker manufacturers, and also 5-6 manufacturers are involved in producing solar drying, cooking, process heat, and air conditioning applications. India already is witnessing a huge surge in applications for solar power, varying from street lighting to water heating. Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG) for meeting rural demand, back-up power for telecommunications, roof based captive systems for individual industries and grid interactive solar power plants are some prominent sectors offering significant market potential for solar PV in India. There is a bright future and good scope for new entrepreneurs in this sector in the coming years. Plant capacity: 1 MW Working capital: Return: 11.00% Plant & machinery: 1435 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 1871 Lakhs Break even: 93.00%

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Bagasse based Cogeneration Power Plant

Energy demand is fast increasing with rapid industrialization and urbanization in India. In a developing economy like India, generally energy demand is increasing at much faster pace than supply. Increasing demand also leads to increase in cost of energy, hence high power tariffs for consumers. Increasing price of petroleum crude and other fossil fuels, world over and in India in the last two decades, has forced us to look for cheaper, renewable sources of energy. Use of bio-mass generated from Agriculture and Agroprocess industries are the prime and readily available sources of renewable energy. Cogeneration based on Rankine Cycle is not new to the sugar industry. The term power generation in the engineering sense implies the production of mechanical or electrical power from some other source of energy e.g., thermal hydroelectric or electrochemical energy. India is the second largest producer of Sugar cane in world after Brazil. Indian Sugar mills both in the private and co-operative or joint sector have accepted the importance of implementing high efficiency grid connected cogeneration power plant for generating exportable surplus. In fact, additional revenue stream by sale of exportable power to State Electricity Boards (or third party customers), has become the only way for achieving long term sustainability, given the fiercely competitive

domestic and international sugar markets. Sugarcane Bagasse is an ideal renewable source of energy and is readily available from Sugar mills. Conventional means of power generation have used air, steam or water as a working medium for internal combustion engines reciprocating steam engines and steam and hydraulic turbines. Newer techniques such as magnetohydrodyamics, fuel-cell wind and solar power are under investigation and may eventually prove important. Per capita power consumption is a barometer of country's prosperity, economic growth and industrialization. Major portion of the additional power requirement will have to be met through thermal generation. Co-generation power plant (Power Plant) based on bagasse makes use of generation of power from bagasse as fuel. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of process heat and electric power using single fuel. Biomass fuel can also be used in cogeneration plants for enhancing their efficiency. Biomass combustion facilities that produce electricity from steam-driven-turbine generators have a conversion efficiency of nearly 17 to 25 percent. Using a boiler to produce both heat and electricity (cogeneration) improves over all system efficiency to as much as 85 percent. That is, cogeneration converts 85 percent of the fuels potential energy into useful energy in two forms; electricity and steam heat. Cogeneration facilities increase economic viability and profitability of an industry. Cogeneration projects based on agro waste, like rice husk, bagasse etc. as fuel result is lowering the cost of energy generation, low capital investment, higher profitability of plant due to substantial reduction in cost of production and enhanced productivity and less consumption of costly and scarce fuels like diesel oil. The installed power generation of the country stood at 167,077.36MW during FY2010-2011. The Indian government has set ambitious goals in the 11th plan for power sector owing to which the power sector is poised for significant expansion. In order to provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year 2012, it is estimated that, need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be required. This has resulted in massive addition plans being proposed in the subsectors of Generation, Transmission and Distribution leaving ample space for new players. There is a very good scope in the power sector and new entrepreneurs should venture into this field. Plant capacity: 10 MW Working capital: Return: N/A Plant & machinery: 1423 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 3214 Lakhs Break even: 49.00%

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Biomass Power Generation Plant

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived materials. Biomass is a plant matter used to generate electricity or produce heat, usually by direct incineration. Examples include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. In the second sense, biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants including nuscanthus thus, switch grass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane and variety of tree species ranging from eucalyptus to oil plam. Indias energy development programme has been put to serve pressure with the ever increasing demand gap and mismatch of resources coupled with nonuniform growth curve. Increase in demand for energy due to rapid industrialization and growing population, constraint of financial resources for enhancing infrastructure use facility, limited reserves of coal and fossil fuels the challenges faced by India in the management and development of the power sector. There are good scope for biomass power plant in India. So new entrepreneur entered in this field will be successful. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Agrawal Oil Extractions Ltd. Ankit Metal & Power Ltd. Davangere Sugar Co. Ltd. H P L Cogeneration Ltd. M S P Steel & Power Ltd. Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd. Parrys Sugar Industries Ltd. S R H H L Industries Ltd. Sree Metaliks Ltd. Sree Rayalaseema Alkalies & Allied Chemicals Ltd. Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. T C P Ltd. Plant capacity: 1 MW Working capital: Return: 50.00% Plant & machinery: 373 Lakhs T.C.I: Cost of Project : 543 Lakhs Break even: 51.00%