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1. What was the outcome when gray wolves popu lation in the Yellowstone National Park declined?
Herds of plant-browsing elk, moose, and mule deer expanded and devasted vegetation such as willow and aspen trees often found growing near streams and rivers. This increased soil erosion and threatened habitats of other wildlife species such as beavers.
2. What was the purpose of reintrodu cing Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park?
Help restore and sustain its biodiversity
3.
Why were some conservation groups against the removal of gray wolves from the list of Because only wolves in the park are protected and 6/11 of wolf packs travel outside of park boundaries every year, removing wolves from list will make it legal to kill any of these packs individuals found outside the park.
Section 10-1 | What Are the Major Threats to For est Ecosystems
1. Describe an old-growth forest. Why are old-growth forests considered as reservoirs o f biodiversity?
An uncut or regenerated primary forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200+ years. They provide ecological niches for a multitude of wildlife species.
3.
Why is a tree plantation not un sustainable even it substitutes the use of natural wood? Provide Tree plantations with only one/two tree species are less biologically diverse and less sustainable than old-growth and second-growth forests because they violate natures biodiversity principle of sustainability. Also, cycles of cutting and replanting deplete the soil.
the negative effects on the ecosystem by the tree plantations in your answer.
6. What are the negative impacts of clearing and degrading the old-growth forests?
Eliminate important ecological and economic services; such as traditional medicines (used by 80% of humans) mostly derived from natural plants, and these forests are also habitat for about 2/3 of earths terrestrial species and people depend on forests for their livelihoods.
8.
Why would clear-cut be the most efficient way for a logging operation and is the worst logging method Remove all the trees from an era, easy and efficient to do. Removing all tree cover increases runoff, los of soil nutrients, increases soil erosion, causes barren ground, pollution, habitat destruction and biodiversity loss.
when compared with selective cutt ing and strip cutt ing?
1.
Refer to Figure 10-17, use your own words to explain w h i c h solution is most likely to achieve
and which solution is mostly to encoun ter major o b s t a c l e to enforce. Relying more on selective and strip cutting easiest, plant tree plantations primarily on deforested and degraded land hardest- resistance.
3.
How does the combination of deforestation and fuel wood hamper the growth of Haitian economy Ecological disaster, only about 2% forested land, soil erosion, difficult to grow crops, leading to degradation of natural capital.
and environment?
4. How does cutt ing of canopy vines help reduce the shrinking of tropical forests?
Cutting vines before felling a tree sharply reduces damage to neighboring trees. 5. Refer to p. 228 Science Focus. In your own words, how does the Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) help with the reforestation progress? The SCS developed a list of environmentally sound practices for using timber, maintain sustainability, judges company to be good employer or not, upholds certification standards.
CHAPTER 10 | SUSTA INING THE BIODIVERSITY: THE ECOSYSTE M APPROACH REIEW QUES TIONS
Section 10-3 | How Should We Manage and Sustain Grass land s?
2. What is overgrazing and how does overgrazing negatively impact the grassland s?
Overgrazing- too many animals graze for too long and exceed carrying capacity of rangeland area, reducing grassland cover, soil erosion, and invasive species
4. What should be in control to manage the rangeland in a more sustainable mann er?
Control the number of grazing animals and duration of grazing in a given area so carrying capacity is not exceeded, rotational grazing, etc.
1. What is the major obstacle for developing coun tries to manage and protect their national parks?
People illegally search wood, cropland, game animals, natural products for survival, loggers, miners, and poachers. Mainly, park services in most countries have too little money and too few personnel to fight invasions by force or education.
2.
In your own words, describe FOUR (4) factors that are currently degrading or deteriorating the Popularity- visitors tripled to national parks in last 50 years. Noisy dirt bikes, snowmobiles, off-road vehicles , destroy or damage fragile vegetation, disturb wildlife. Etc. Native species are killed or removed illegally in almost of parks. Commercial development- mining, logging, oil drilling, coal, etc.
3. What role does the Nature Conservancy play in protecting natural reserves?
Private natural areas and wildlife sanctuaries, protected land, waterways, wetlands.
4. Why is it advantageous to establish buffer zones around the core area of natural reserves?
Protects inner core of reserve and others can extract resources sustainably in the two buffer zones without harming the inner cores. Partners in protecting a reserve.
5. How does the development of habitat corridors enhance biodiversity between isolated reserves?
Helps support species and allows migration by vertebrates that need large ranges, permit migration when environmental conditions deteriorate
6. How does Costa Rica app roach to its goal of zero carbon emission by 2021?
In 2007 &2008, played 14 million trees to preserve biodiversity and remove carbon dioxide from air, emission to zero. Section 10-5 | What Is the Ecosystem App ro ach to Su staining Biodiversity?
1. Why is it a top priority to protect the biodiversity hotspots and ecosystem services?
Best way to prevent extinction of species is to protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services, focused on biodiversity and ecosystems. Rich in plant species found nowhere else, and suffer serious ecological disruption.
Fully protected reserves are devoted to saving only about 5% of worlds terrestrial area, excluding polars. Challenge to sustain wild species in 95% of the plants terrestrial area of nature. Also, setting aside funds and regulations and passing laws to protect endangered and threatened species are essentially desperate attempts to save species in trouble, but we need to keep species away from extinction. Take a preemptive (prevention) approach.