Thesis (051111)

RESPONSE OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata L) GENOTYPES TO NITROGEN APPLICATIONS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES
Muhammad Nasir and Habib Akbar, Department of Agronomy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, November, 2011 ABSTRACT
Mung bean is among the most important pulses grown in Pakistan. An experiment entitled "Response of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L) genotypes to nitrogen applications at different growth stages" was conducted at new developmental farm, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, during spring 2009, under normal irrigated conditions. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot having four replications. Different nitrogen treatments were allotted to main plots, and varieties were designated to the sub plots. Three varieties of Mung bean (KM 1, AZRI 2006, and NIAB 2006) were sown with eight levels of nitrogen (T0: 0 Nitrogen, T1: 30 kg N ha-1 at time of sowing, T2: 30 kg ha1 at 30 DAS, T3: 30 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS , T4: 15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, T5: 15 kg ha-1 at sowing, 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS, T6: 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS, T7: 10 kg ha-1 at sowing, 10 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS). Varieties had a significant (P < 0.05) on pods plant-1, biomass yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%). The effect of varieties were non-significant (P > 0.05) on emergence m-2 (m-2), days to flowering, LAI before flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), seed pod-1 and 1000-grain weight (g). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (P < 0.05) increased emergence m-2 (m-2), days to flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1, seed pod1 , 1000-grain weight (g), biomass yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%). Throughout, variety KM 1 produced maximum pod plant -1 (14.8), highest biomass yield (2941 kg ha-1), maximum grain yield (672.8 kg ha-1), maximum harvest index (21.60 %). Overall, nitrogen fertilizer treatment T4 enhances emergence m-2 (19.13 m-2), days to flowering (43.17), LAI after flowering (0.03558), CGR 15 DAS (0.007667 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (0.03208 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (0.05050 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (0.2097 g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1 (22.17), seed pod-1 (15.75), 1000-grain weight (61.42 g), biomass yield (4424 kg ha-1), grain yield (1175 kg ha-1) and harvest index (26.53 %).To conclude, variety KM 1 ranked first, whereas, nitrogen treatment T4 showed a significant increase in the studied parameters.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) belongs to the family Leguminoseae and sub family papilonaceae. It is one of the important pulse crops cultivated during summer through in majority of Asian Countries and through out Pakistan. In Pakistan, mung bean was cropped on about 217.8 thousand hectares, with a total production of 138.5 thousand tones and an average yield of 636 kg ha-1 during 2006-07. In N.W.F.P. mung bean was cropped on about 9.5 thousand hectares, with a total production of 6.3 thousand tones and average yield of 663 kg ha-1 (Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2006-07). The crop is potentially useful in improving cropping pattern as it can be grown as a catch crop and inter crop due to its rapid growth and early maturing characteristics. It can also fix atmospheric nitrogen through the symbiotic relationship with rhizobia that have economical and environmental benefit (BBS, 2005). Mung bean is one of an important and cheap source of vegetable proteins, containing 25 - 28 % protein. In many countries it is used as source of protein in cereal based diets. The seeds may be cooked and eaten as whole or split; fermented or parched; milled or ground into flour. Whole or split are used to make soups and curries; added to various spiced or fried dishes. The flour is used to make noodles and biscuits. Immature green fruits are sometimes used as vegetables. Plants residues are used either as animal fodder or chopped in to the soil as a green manure. Mung bean is also used as forage or as a green manure. Experimental work on varietal trials is continuously required for increasing yield. Similarly research work on the application of nitrogen to mung bean especially during different stages is very limited to base on. Literature on mung bean or other crops have generated idea for the present study, is reviewed. Ling et al. (1987) studied various genotypes of mung bean for their physiological efficiency to select the most desirable genotypes. Significant difference was found in grain and biological yield of different genotypes. Similarly Miah, 1981; Razaq, 1995; Hussain, 1996; Saeed, 1997 have found differences for yield and yield components in different mung bean varieties. Asaduzzaman et al. (2008) evaluated the effect of nitrogen on yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cv. BARI mung-5 during the period from March to May 2006. The study revealed that application of 30 kg N ha-1 at flower initiation stage (35 DAS) significantly improved dry matter accumulation. This greater dry matter production
eventually partitioned to pods per plant, seeds per plant and 1000-seed weight and positive relationship was observed in pods per plant and seeds per plant. Ardeshana et al. (1993) studied that, the management of fertilizer is the important one that greatly affects the growth, development and yield of this crop. Pulses although fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, it is evident that application of nitrogenous fertilizers becomes helpful in increasing the yield. Plant growth and yield is a function of a large number of physiological processes, which are affected by environmental and genetic factors. In crop the growth parameters like optimum leaf area index (LAI) at flowering and crop growth rate (CGR) have been identified as the major determinants of yield (Sun et al., 1999). Thakur and Patel (1998) reported that dry matter production, leaf area index, leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) are ultimately reflected in higher grain yield. Meadley and Milbourn (1971) stated that the major source of dry matter for pea yield was the photosynthate produced during the post flowering period. Srivastava (1980) revealed comparatively higher CGR in podding stage than in early growth stage in different varieties. Harvest index and economic yield showed significant positive correlation value of (r = +0.595), while negative correlation value of (r = -0.435) was observed between harvest index and biological yield. Luis Lpez et al., (2000) reported that dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and leaf area duration were directly correlated. In Pakistan low yield may be attributed to lack of genetic potential of varieties and lack appropriate production technology. Hence cultivars performing better in terms of yield are required for improving the seed yield per unit area. Among the production timely nutrients especially nitrogen availability is of prime importance. In Pakistan, quantity of fertilizer nitrogen used is relatively less important than the balanced and timely use of nitrogen. For this reason the present study will be therefore carried out to investigate effect of nitrogen application at different stages on various cultivars of Vigna radiata L. under irrigated land and observe differences in growth and yield parameters that contribute to grain yield of mung bean.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A lot of varietal research has been conducted on mung bean crop in Pakistan. Similarly some experimental work has also conducted on nitrogen application to mung bean. The majority of these previous studies are related only on yield components for arid agriculture. Nearly all of that work has shown its own importance in practical life but its use for planning fertilization program and for sustainable production of mung bean is not appropriate. The experimental studies related to the present study on mung bean or its closely related crops are reviewed as follows. Braga et al. 1973 applied 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha1 in different combinations at sowing time to cowpeas. In most cases response to nitrogen was positive and linear in bean crops. Similarly application of 60 and 120 kg ha-1of P2O5 increased beans yield over the yield from control plots. There was no response to applied potash. Yazdi and Zali 1978 working with soybean cultivar Clark 63, grown with or without rhizobium japonicum and given 0-180 kg ha-1 N found that the number of days to flowering was increased by Nitrogen application. Mahmoud et al. 1979 worked with soybean cultivar Harosoy when seeds were inoculated with rhizobium japonicum strain E45 and 0-100 kg ha-1 N as ammonium nitrate (31% N) or 0-500 kg ha-1 super phosphate were applied. Plants from uninoculated seed with or with out fertilizers, formed no nodules. Inoculation + 75 kg ha-1 N resulted in high nodulation and increased seed yield, and N content. Higher N rates adversely affected N fixation and decreased yields. Shahidullah and Hossain 1980 worked on different N fertilizer rates from 0 to 90 kg ha-1 and reported that 40 kg ha-1 N with no inoculation gave the greatest number of pod plant-1 (57.5), number of branches plant-1 (3.4) number of pods plant-1 (5.94) and seed yield of 749 g/3 x 1.25 m2 plot. Plant height was greatest (77.1 cm) with inoculum + 30 kg ha-1 N. Chitrev et al. 1982 conducted a field trial on the effect of N fertilization of green gram on symbiotic efficiency of Rhizobium inoculants. He used 14 Rhizobial strains for inoculating the mung crop. Symbiotic efficiency in terms increased plant
growth and seed yield of 14 Rhizobial strains used for Vigna radiata seed inoculation as affected by soil application of 25 kg ha-1 N, was studied. The strains were divided in to three groups. Efficiency was increased in the respective strains, was not affected in the adaptive strains and was decreased in sensitive strains. Nagre 1982 conducted studies on seed inoculation and application of 10 or 20 kg N ha-1 for both green gram (Vigna radiata) and black gram (V.mungo). No significant differences for yield were observed due to Nitrogen rates. Srivastava and Rama 1982 reported that application of 15 kg ha-1 N to the soil or seed inoculated with Rhizobium and applied with or without 0.5 kg Na molybdate ha-1 increased plant dry weight, number of green leaves and branches plant-1 and seed protein content of green gram with no effect on nodule weight. Raju and Varma 1984 observed that seed inoculation and or application of 1560 kg ha-1 N significantly increased nodulation and seed yield of V.radiata. Inoculation + 15 kg ha-1 was the most effective treatment. Patel and Parmar 1986 observed that increasing N application to Vigna radiata cv. Gujrat 1 from 0 to 45 kg ha-1 increased average seed yield from 0.83 to 0.94 tons ha-1, and increased protein content, plant height, number of branches and pods plant1
and seed pod-1, pod length and 1000 grain weight. Ling et al. 1987 studied the performance of 19 AVRDC varieties tested in
Jiangsu province during 1984-86. Most of the AVRDC varieties were earlier than the controls, Yongning and Sihong, with VC 2719A, VC 1973, VCI 562A, VC1000C and VC 3729 among the earliest. All the AVRDC varieties had larger seeds than the controls. The largest seeds (a 1000-seed weight 76 g) were produced by VC 2775A and the highest yield by VC 27688 (1520 kg ha-1) followed by VC 2768A (1411 kg ha-1). No fertilizer was necessary on fertile soils but on soils with low fertility or in case of late sowing or for high density of plants ha-1 application of 15.20 kg ha-1 of quick acting nitrogen fertilizers during flowering and pod setting gave the best results. Mand and Chahal 1987 found that inoculation at all levels of nitrate application 0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm N as KNO3 significantly increased nitrate reductase activity in V.
radiata. Shoot length and N uptake plant-1 were maximum at 40 ppm N, whereas number and dry weight of nodules plant-1 as well as nodule nitrogenase activity were maximum at 20 ppm N. Buttery et al. 1987 studied that, nitrogen fertilization is sometimes needed to achieve a substantial yield of legumes (e.g., soybean) when the symbiotic N2 fixation is unable to provide enough nitrogen. However, fertilizer rates exceeding those exerting a starter nitrogen effect generally reduce nodulation and N2 fixation. Mahadkar and Saraf 1988 obtained results from field experiments during the spring/summers and kharif seasons of 1984-85 and showed that both Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata gave a significant response to N and P and rhizobium inoculation. Maiti et al. 1988 worked on green gram and lentils and found that nitrogen and seed inoculation increased the V.radiata seed yield by 15-20% and 5-10% respectively, but had no significant effect on lentil seed yields. Kucey 1989 studied the response of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis to added nitrogen fertilizer is definitely determined by time of application (growth stage), level and form of N, and the legume species. Basu and Bandyopadhyay 1990 inoculated Vigna radiata with Rhizobium strain M-10 or JCa-1 applied with 0-40 kg ha-1 N. Inoculation increased number of pods plant1
, seed pod-1 and 1000 grain weight and N uptake increased with increasing N rates up
to 30 kg ha-1 N. Kaushik et al. 1995 studied the root system of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) was poorly developed after application of fertilizer-N (up to 60 kg of N ha-1), and this also affected other N2-fixing parameters, e.g., nodule number, nitrogenase activity, nodule dry weight, shoot weight, and root and shoot nitrogen. Muller et al. 1995 studied that nitrates are more inhibitory to nodulation than is ammonia, especially if added shortly after planting. Application of fertilizer-N (25 mg of N kg-1 of soil during sowing was less detrimental to N2 fixation by P. svulgaris than during vegetative growth. Eaglesham have demonstrated Experiments to know that NO3- inhibits nodule formation on legumes primarily as a root-localized effect rather 6
than as a function of whole-plant N nutrition. When NO3- levels were sufficiently high to completely suppress nodulation on the original root (primary root), there were profuse nodulation and significant nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) on the adventitious roots of soybean and nodules were formed on the lateral roots of V. faba and P. sativum. Ayub et al. 1999 studied the response of two mung bean cultivars namely NM54 and NM-92 to nitrogen levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 under field conditions. The cultivar NM-92 gave significantly higher seed yield than cultivar NM-54 due to higher number of pod bearing branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1. Yield and yield components were also influenced significantly by nitrogen levels. The application of nitrogen at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 significantly depressed the seed yield and yield components except number of pods plant-1 which were statistically similar with nitrogen application of 40 kg ha-1. Maximum increase in seed yield, recorded at 40 kg N ha-1, was about 31 percent higher of control. The increase in seed yield with nitrogen application was related to higher number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000-grain weight. Protein contents were also influenced significantly by nitrogen application, being maximum (26.18%) at nitrogen level of 40 kg ha-1. Nitrogen application at the rate of 40 kg ha-1 seems to be the optimum level for harvesting higher yield of mung bean. Elahi et al. 2004 compared two mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) cultivars, NM-51 and NM-92, for plant growth and root nodulation during development at different nitrogen regimes (0, 2, 5 and 10 mM) in sand cultures. Dry weight of plants, after 5, 8 and 10 weeks of sowing, increased in both cultivars at all the nitrate levels. The maximum increase in dry weight, however, occurred at 5 mM nitrate for NM-51 and at 2 mM nitrate for NM-92. The two cultivars were comparable in reproductive growth since number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant and fresh weight of pods per plant generally increased with increasing nitrogen levels. Nodule development in both the cultivars was stimulated in the presence of 2 mM nitrate but was increasingly depressed by the higher levels of nitrate. Nitrate levels of 5 and 10 mM decreased nodule number and nodule fresh weight. Cultivar NM-92 showed increased growth and nodulation at all nitrate levels compared to NM-51. Also, nodulation of NM-92 was more tolerant to nitrate compared with NM-51.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment on response of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to nitrogen application at different stages was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, during fall 2009 under normal irrigated condition. A basal dose of 60 kg ha-1 of P was applied while N will be applied according to treatments. Source of fertilizer for N and P was urea and triple super phosphate respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCB design with split plot arrangements having four replications with a net plot size of 2.4 x 5 m 2. Each subplot consisted of 8 rows 5 m long, with row to row spacing of 30 cm. The nitrogen treatments and varieties will be as follows; I. Nitrogen Treatments (Main plots) T0 = 0 Nitrogen T1 = 30 kg N ha-1 at time of sowing T2 = 30 kg ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 kg ha-1 at 60 days after sowing (DAS) T4 = 15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 kg ha-1 at sowing, 10 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS II. Varieties (Sub plots) 1. KM 1 2. Nayab 2006 3. Azri 2006 The following data will be recorded during the growth of crop; 1. 2. 3. 4. Emergence m-2 Days to flowering LAI at flowering stage CGR for 15 days interval till maturity
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Pods Plant-1 Seeds Pod-1 1000 grain weight Biomass yield Grain yield Harvest Index
Emergence m-2 Emergence will be recorded when no further emergence will be observed. For this 2-5 representative sampling units will be selected with the help of length measuring tape. Area = # of rows x row length x row to row distance Emergence-2 = [# of plants] / [Area (in m2)] Days to flowering Mean number of days to flowering will be recorded from date of sowing to time of flowering. Leaf Area Index (LAI) at start of flowering and end of flowering stages Leaf area will be measured at above mentioned stages through leaf area machine and then LAI will be calculated as follows. LAI = LA GA
Crop Growth Rate (CGR) CGR = 1/Ground area * ( weight/ t) Pods per plant Number of pods per plant will be counted on five random selected plants in each sub-plot and average will be worked out.
Seeds per pod Seeds per pod will be recorded at maturity, taking 20 pods, randomly selected from each sub-plot and dividing their sum by 20. Grain yield (kg ha-1) Four central rows (6 m2) in each subplot will be harvested, sun dried, threshed and converted into grain yield per hectare according to the following formula: Grain yield (kg ha-1) = Biological Yield (kg ha-1) Two central rows will be harvested from each sub-plot; sun dried, weighed and converted to hectare by procedure mentioned above for grain yield. 1000 grain weight 1000 grains will be taken from each sub-plot, weighed on electronic balance in grams in the laboratory. Harvest index Harvest index will be calculated by dividing grain yield on biological yield obtained from each sub-plot and multiplying with 100 according to formula as follows. Harves t index = Grain yield x 100 Biological yield GY/6 m2 X 10000 m2
10
ANOVA TABLE
Source of Variation Replication (R) Nitrogen Treatment (N) Error (R-1)(N-1) Varieties (V) NxV Error N(R-1)(V-1) Total ( RxNxV-1) Degree of Freedom 4-1 = 3 8-1 = 7 3x7 = 21 3-1 = 2 7x2 = 14 48 96 .
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SOWING PLAN
2.41m
T4
T6
T2
T5
T3
T7
T0
5m
V2
R1
V1 V2 V3
V3 V1 V2
V2 V3 V1
V1 V2 V3
V3 V1 V2
V2 V3 V1
V1 V2 V3
V3 V1
T2
T0
T3
1m T
6
T4
T1
T5
T7
R2
V1 V2 V3
T6
V2 V3 V1
T7
V3 V1 V2
T1
V2 V3 V1
T5
V3 V2 V1
T4
V2 V1 V3
T2
V3 V2 V1
T3
V2 V1 V3
T0
R3
V2 V3 V1
T5
V3 V1 V2
T0
V1 V2 V3
T2
V2 V3 V1
T4
V1 V2 V3
T3
V3 V1 V2
T1
V2 V3 V1
T7
V1 V2 V3
T5
R4
V1 V2 V3
V2 V3 V1
V3 V1 V2
V2 V3 V1
V1 V2 V3
V3 V2 V1
V2 V1 V3
V2 V1 V3
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1. Emergence m-2 Data concerning emergence m-2 as affected by varieties and nitrogen levels is shown in table 1. Nitrogen levels showed significant influence (P < 0.05) on emergence m-2. T1 (30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing) bore best results yielding 20.76 plantlets m2 . Whereas, T0 (0 Kg N ha-1) yielded lowest (13.73) number of plantlets m-2. Nonsignificant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for varieties as well as varietal interaction with nitrogen levels. Table 1. Effect of different nitrogen levels on emergence m-2 of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean (Kg ha-1) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 14.50 13.70 12.97 13.73d
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
21.50 17.20 17.17 19.55 19.50 17.22 17.92
20.62 15.47 14.87 19.32 19.40 16.55 17.75
20.15 15.92 15.90 18.50 18.22 16.22 17.50
20.76a 16.20cd 15.98cd 19.13ab 19.04ab 16.67bc 17.73bc
Mean 18.07 17.21 16.92 LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 2.703 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
2. Days to flowering The influence of N levels on days to flowering is presented in table 2. Statistical analysis of data showed that days to flowering were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by N levels. T2 (30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) took maximum days to flowering (43.67), whereas, T1 (30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing) took least days to flowering (41.67). However, varietal differences and their interaction with N levels showed nonsignificant (P > 0.05) differences with regard to days to flowering. 13
Table 2. Effect of different nitrogen levels on days to flowering of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 43.00 42.50 42.50 42.67bc
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
41.00 44.00 43.00 43.25 42.50 43.50 43.25
41.50 43.50 43.00 43.25 42.25 43.25 43.25
42.50 43.50 42.50 43.00 43.50 43.25 43.00
41.67d 43.67a 42.83abc 43.17abc 42.42cd 43.42ab 43.17abc
3. Leaf area index before flowering The impact of nitrogen levels on leaf area index (LAI) regarding different varieties is presented in table 3. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that LAI was nonsignificantly (P > 0.05) affected by different nitrogen levels and varieties.
Table 3. Effect of different nitrogen levels on leaf area index before flowering of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.038 0.037 0.037 0.037
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.041 0.040 0.038 0.042 0.041 0.039 0.042
0.041 0.040 0.038 0.042 0.041 0.039 0.041
0.041 0.039 0.040 0.041 0.040 0.038 0.041
0.041 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.042
Mean 0.040 0.040 0.040 -1 T0 = 0 Kg N ha T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
4. Leaf area index after flowering Data regarding LAI after flowering as affected by varieties and nitrogen levels is shown in Table 4. Nitrogen levels had significant (P < 0.05) effect on LAI after flowering. Mean values of the data revealed that maximum LAI after flowering was observed both for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) and T7 (10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS) that is 0.03558 and 0.03542, respectively. However, lowest LAI after flowering was observed for T0 (0 Kg N ha-1) bearing 0.03225 value. Varietal differences showed no statistical significant (P > 0.05) variation towards LAI after flowering. Table 4. Effect of different nitrogen levels on leaf area index after flowering of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.033 0.032 0.031 0.03225e
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
0.035 0.034 0.033 0.036 0.035
0.035 0.034 0.033 0.036 0.034
0.034 0.033 0.033 0.035 0.034
0.03475ab 0.03358cd 0.03308de 0.03558a 0.03425bc
15
T6 T7
0.034 0.035
0.033 0.036
0.033 0.035
0.03333d 0.03542a
5. Crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 15 days after sowing The influence of varieties and N levels on CGR 15 DAS has been shown in Table 5. Analysis of the data exhibited that CGR 15 DAS was significantly (P < 0.05) different for N levels. However, non-significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed for varieties. Mean values of the data indicated that maximum (0.007667 g cm-1 day-1) data was observed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), whereas, minimum (0.006333 g cm-1 day-1) data was observed for T0 (0 Kg N ha1 ). Table 5. Effect of different nitrogen levels on crop growth rate (g cm -1 day-1) 15 days after sowing of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean (Kg ha-1) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006333c
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Mean
0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.007
0.007 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007
0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.007
0.006750bc 0.007250ab 0.006833abc 0.007667a 0.007667a 0.006750bc 0.007500ab
16
LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 0.0008490 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
6. Crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 30 days after sowing Data regarding CGR 30 DAS as affected by varieties and N levels has been shown in Table 6. Analysis of the data revealed that CGR 30 DAS was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by N levels, whereas, varieties were non-significantly (P > 0.05) affected. Maximum CGR 30 DAS was observed in case of T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS). However, T0 (0 Kg N ha-1) and T3 (30 Kg N ha1 at 60 DAS) showed least CGR 30 DAS.
Table 6. Effect of different nitrogen levels on crop growth rate (g cm -1 day-1) 30 days after sowing of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.02092e
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.024 0.023 0.021 0.034 0.029 0.023 0.029
0.024 0.023 0.021 0.032 0.29 0.022 0.027
0.024 0.023 0.021 0.031 0.028 0.023 0.028
0.02425c 0.02300d 0.02117e 0.03208a 0.02858b 0.02283d 0.02775b
Mean 0.026 0.025 0.025 LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 0.0008490 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing
17
T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS 7. Crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 45 days after sowing The effect of varieties and N levels on CGR 45 DAS is given in Table 7. Analysis of the data showed that different N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on CGR 45 DAS. Maximum value (0.05050 g cm-1 day-1) CGR at 45 DAS was obtained from T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), whereas, minimum value (0.03142 g cm-1 day-1) was obtained from T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). The varietal impact regarding CGR 45 DAS was found as non-significant (P > 0.05). Table 7. Effect of different nitrogen levels on crop growth rate (g cm -1 day-1) 45 days after sowing of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean (Kg ha-1) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.034 0.030 0.030 0.03142h
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.41 0.040 0.037 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.043
0.040 0.039 0.036 0.050 0.044 0.038 0.042
0.040 0.038 0.034 0.049 0.044 0.037 0.041
0.04050d 0.03917e 0.03600g 0.05050a 0.04425b 0.03817f 0.04233c
18
8. Crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 60 days after sowing Data concerning CGR 60 DAS as affected by varieties and N levels is shown in Table 8. Statistical analysis revealed that N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on CGR 60 DAS. Mean values of the data showed that highest value (0.2097 g cm-1 day-1) was produced from the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), whereas, lowest mean value (0.09500 g cm-1 day-1) was taken from T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). Varieties regarding CGR 60 DAS were observed as non-significant (P > 0.05). Table 8. Effect of different nitrogen levels on crop growth rate (g cm -1 day-1) 60 days after sowing of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 0.110 0.093 0.082 0.09500e
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.164 0.147 0.138 0.215 0.192 0.141 0.171
0.154 0.144 0.128 0.210 0.192 0.137 0.170
0.147 0.144 0.117 0.204 0.181 0.132 0.164
0.1551bcd 0.1450cd 0.1279de 0.2097a 0.1885ab 0.1367cd 0.1683bc
9. Pods plant-1 Data pertaining to pods plant-1 as affected by varieties and N levels is expressed in Table 9. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that both varieties and N levels had
19
a significant (P < 0.05) effect on pods plant-1. Means values of the data indicated that maximum pods plant-1 (22.17) was observed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), whereas, minimum pods plant-1 (7.083) was observed for T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). Similarly, regarding varieties maximum pods plant-1 was recorded for KM 1 variety, whereas, AZRI 2006 produced least (13.63) pods plant-1. The combined effect of varieties and N levels were observed as non-significant (P > 0.05) for pods plant-1.
Table 9. Effect of different nitrogen levels on pods plant-1 of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean (Kg ha-1) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 7.75 7.00 6.50 7.083g
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
15.50 13.50 9.75 22.75 20.50 11.50 17.75
14.75 13.00 9.25 22.25 20.00 11.00 17.25
13.75 12.50 8.50 21.50 19.00 10.50 16.75
14.67d 13.00de 9.167fg 22.17a 19.83b 11.00ef 17.25c
Mean 14.88a 14.31ab 13.63b LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 2.319 LSD value at 5% for varieties = 0.7598 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
10. Seeds pod-1 Data concerning seed pod-1 as affected by varieties and N levels is presented in Table 10. Statistical analysis revealed that N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on seed pod-1. Mean values of the data showed that highest seed pod -1 of 15.75 was 20
produced from the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS). Minimum seed pod-1 (6.667) was observed was recorded for the treatment T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). Varieties and their interactive effect with N levels had non-significant (P > 0.05) differences concerning seed pod-1.
Table 10. Effect of different nitrogen levels on seeds pod-1 of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 7.50 7.00 5.50 6.667e
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
13.00 12.50 8.00 16.75 15.00 9.75 14.25
13.00 11.00 7.75 15.50 14.75 9.00 14.25
12.50 10.25 7.75 15.00 14.25 8.50 13.50
12.83bc 11.25cd 7.833e 15.75a 14.67ab 9.083de 14.00ab
11. 1000-grain weight (g) The effect of varieties and nitrogen on 1000-grain weight is expressed in Table 11. Analysis of the data revealed that N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on 1000-grain weight. Maximum 1000-grain weight of 61.42 g, 60.92 g, and 59.58 was observed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), T5 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha -1 at 60 DAS) and T7 (10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS),
21
respectively. Minimum 1000-grain weight (49.42 g) was observed for control treatment. Effect of varieties was found non-significant (P > 0.05) regarding 1000-grain weight.
Table 11. Effect of different nitrogen levels on 1000-grain weight (g) of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 50.75 50.50 47.00 49.42e
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
60.25 57.75 54.00 61.50 61.25 56.25 60.25
58.00 56.50 53.50 61.50 61.00 55.50 59.25
57.25 56.50 52.00 61.25 60.50 54.25 59.25
58.50abc 56.92bcd 53.17de 61.42a 60.92a 55.33cd 59.58ab
12. Biomass yield (kg ha-1) Data pertaining Biomass yield as affected by varieties and N levels has been explored in Table 12. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that both varieties and N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on biomass yield. Mean value of the data indicated that maximum biomass yield (4424 kg ha-1) was produced from the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha -1 at 30 DAS) in comparison with control treatment producing least (1665 kg ha-1) biomass yield. Similarly, KM 1
22
produced highest biomass yield of 2941 kg ha-1, whereas, AZRI 2006 produced lowest (2704 kg ha-1) biomass yield.
Table 12. Effect of different nitrogen levels on biomass yield (kg ha-1) of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 1679n 1660n 1657n 1665g
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
2983h 2241j 1738mn 4858a 4145bcd 1937kl 3946e
2860h 2150j 1709n 4218b 4047cde 1907l 3766f
2692i 2077jk 1679n 4197bc 4022de 1896lm 3409g
2845d 2156e 1709g 4424a 4071b 1913f 3707c
Mean 2941a 2790b 2704c LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 84.15 LSD value at 5% for varieties = 58.38 LSD value at 5% for interaction = 165.1 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
13. Grain Yield (Kg ha-1) Data concerning grain yield as affected by varieties and N levels has been shown in Table 13. Statistical analysis revealed that varieties and N levels have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on grain yield. Mean value of the data showed that highest
23
grain yield of 1175 kg ha-1 has been reported for treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), when compared to the lowest (321 kg ha-1) grain yield from control treatment. Similarly, KM 1 produced maximum (672.8 kg ha-1) and AZRI 2006 produced the lowest (588.4 kg ha-1) grain yield.
Table 13. Effect of different nitrogen levels on grain yield (Kg ha -1) of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 324.8lm 322.8lm 315.5lm 321.0f
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
651.3g 445.3i 310.8lm 1321a 1064c 344.5klm 920.8e
613.3gh 419.3ij 282.3mn 1132b 1015cd 356.0jkl 875.0e
566.3h 399.8ijk 227.8n 1073bc 993.5d 351.0kl 780.5f
610.3d 421.4e 273.6g 1175.0a 1024.0b 350.5f 858.8c
Mean 672.8a 626.9b 588.4c LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 36.36 LSD value at 5% for varieties = 23.11 LSD value at 5% for interaction = 65.37 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
14. Harvest index (%)
24
Data regarding harvest index as affected by varieties and N levels is presented in Table 14. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that varieties and N levels had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on harvest index. Mean values of the data showed that maximum harvest index (26.53 %) was observed for treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), while minimum harvest index (15.97 %) was observed for treatment T3 (30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS). Similarly, KM 1 showed maximum (21.60) while AZRI 2006 showed minimum (20.58 %) harvest index.
Table 14. Effect of different nitrogen levels on harvest index of mung bean varieties Nitrogen Levels Varieties Mean -1 (Kg ha ) KM 1 NIAB 2006 AZRI 2006 T0 19.34hi 19.43hi 19.04hij 19.27ef
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
21.83ef 19.88gh 17.89j 27.16a 25.15c 18.21ij 23.34d
21.39f 19.50hi 16.50k 26.82ab 25.01c 18.66hij 23.23d
21.03fg 19.25hi 13.53l 25.60bc 24.69c 18.51ij 22.99de
21.41d 19.54e 15.97g 26.53a 24.95b 18.46f 23.18c
Mean 21.60a 21.32a 20.58b LSD value at 5% for nitrogen levels = 1.077 LSD value at 5% for varieties = 0.4683 LSD value at 5% for interaction = 1.325 Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability. T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
V. DISCUSSION
25
The results obtained on different parameters of the research under study presented in the previous chapter are briefly discussed in the preceding paragraphs. Emergence m-2 (Table 1.) revealed it was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by Nitrogen levels. The probable reason may be the need for nitrogen to keep the soil conditions optimum for germination. Varieties and their combined interaction with Nitrogen levels have no significant effect on emergence m -2. This may be assumed that, varietal differences show no preferences for the different N levels or on the other hand N levels are not genotype specific. Our results regarding N application are in contrary with the findings of Ashraf et al. (2003) who reported non-significant differences for mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) plant population per unit area. Days to flowering (Table 2) was significantly affected by N levels. T 4 (30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) took maximum days to flowering (43.17), whereas, T1 (30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing) took least days to flowering (41.67). This might be due to the differences in the application of nitrogen that generally enhance the vegetative growth thereby the delay in flowering. However, varieties and their combinatorial effect with nitrogen showed non-significant differences (P > 0.05) that might be evidence that nitrogen application affect non-specifically with respect to genetic makeup. LAI before flowering showed non-significant differences (P > 0.05) both for nitrogen levels and varieties (Table 3). Mean values of the data revealed that maximum LAI after flowering (Table 4) was observed both for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) and T7 (10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS) that is 0.03558 and 0.03542, respectively. It can be inferred from the data in Table 4 that N applications split into doses from the time of sowing till harvest. N application at the time of sowing and 30 DAS has maximum output regarding LAI after flowering. Data concerning CGR 15 DAS (Table 5.) were non-significantly (P > 0.05) affected by varieties and their interaction with N levels. In the case of N levels a 26
significant (P < 0.05) effect was observed for the parameter. Mean values of the data indicated that maximum (0.007667 g cm-1 day-1) data was noticed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha -1 at 30 DAS), and T5 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS) followed by T7 (10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS). However, minimum (0.006333 g cm-1 day-1) data were observed for T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). It can be accomplished from the data regarding CGR 15 DAS (Table 5) that N application at the time of sowing has favorable effects with respect to 0 N applications. CGR 30 DAS was significantly affected by N levels (Table 6). Maximum data was observed for the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS). Conversely, T0 (0 Kg N ha-1) and T3 (30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS) showed least CGR 30 DAS. It can be extracted from the data in Table 6 that N application split at the time of sowing and 30 DAS (i.e. T4) improves the growth well in comparison with zero application till the data been taken (i.e. T0 and T3). Maximum value (0.05050 g cm-1 day-1) CGR at 45 DAS was obtained from T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha -1 at 30 DAS), whereas, minimum value (0.03142 g cm-1 day-1) was obtained from T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). This may be due to the reason that N applied in split doses has a positive effect leading towards good CGR in comparison with zero N application. Data collected on CGR 60 DAS showed significant (P < 0.05) variation due to application of urea fertilizer as a N source. Genotypic variation (varieties) bears no statistical differences with respect to CGR 60 DAS. It was observed that the effect of 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS (T4) was higher as compared to control treatment. Data regarding Pods plant-1 (Table 9) was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by varieties as well as N levels. It can be seen from the data that maximum pods plant -1 (22.17) was observed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), whereas, minimum pods plant-1 (7.083) was observed for T0 (0 Kg N ha-1). Similarly, regarding varieties maximum pods plant-1 was recorded for KM 1 variety, whereas, AZRI 2006 produced least (13.63) pods plant-1. The probable reason might be 27
due to the fact that N application split in doses applied at the time of sowing and 30 DAS has very promising effect on pods plant-1. Similarly, genetic makeup also imparts its role paving towards statistical significance. Assaduzaman et al. (2008), Ashraf et al. (2003), Ali et al. (2000) and Malik et al. (1990) reported same results on pods plant-1. Similar results were also reported by Paikera et al. (1989) regarding N application on different growth parameters of soybean (Glycine max L.). Data concerning seed pod-1 (Table 10) were non-significantly (P > 0.05) affected by varieties. In case of N levels a significant (P < 0.05) effect was observed on seed pod-1. Maximum seed pod-1 of 15.75 was produced from the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) when compared with control treatment that produced minimum seed pod-1 (6.667). Our significant N application effect on seed pod-1 is in contrary to the findings of Asaduzzaman et al. (2008) who reported no impact of N application. Effect of varieties was found non-significant (P > 0.05), whereas, N levels has significant (P < 0.05) differences, regarding 1000-grain weight (Table 11). Maximum 1000-grain weight of 61.42 g was observed for T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS). Minimum 1000-grain weight (49.42 g) was observed for control treatment. Our results were also confirmed by Patel et al. (1988) who reported increased Mung bean grain-weight with the application of N application. Data regarding biomass yield (Table 12) was significantly affected by varieties and N levels. It can be observed from the data that maximum biomass yield (4424 kg ha-1) was produced from the treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS) in comparison with control treatment producing least (1665 kg ha -1) biomass yield. Similarly, KM 1 produced highest biomass yield of 2941 kg ha-1, whereas, AZRI 2006 produced lowest (2704 kg ha-1) biomass yield. The probable reason might be due to the fact that split nitrogen doses and selective genotype have positively interacted with other climatic factors to enhance photosynthesis, thereby producing more vegetative growth. And, thus results in more biomass yield. Grain yield (Table 13) was recorded from the plot sown with KM 1, NIAB 2006 and AZRI 2006. KM 1 produced maximum (672.8 kg ha-1) and AZRI 2006 produced 28
the lowest (588.4 kg ha-1) grain yield. The data also showed that highest grain yield of 1175 kg ha-1 has been reported for treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), when compared to the lowest (321 kg ha-1) grain yield from plot with no nitrogen application. Our results are in parity with the results Basu and Bandyopadhyay (1990) who reported that N application increases the grain yield in comparison with zero N application. Data presented in Table 14 indicated N levels and varieties had a significant effect on harvest index. Mean values of the data showed that maximum harvest index (26.53 %) was observed for treatment T4 (15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS), while minimum harvest index (15.97 %) was observed for treatment T3 (30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS). Similarly, KM 1 showed maximum (21.60) while AZRI 2006 showed minimum (20.58 %) harvest index. This could be due to the differences in the genetic makeup of these varieties and the differences in N levels that contribute towards grain yield which increased the harvest index.
VI. SUMMARY
The results presented and discussed in the earlier chapters are summarized as follows: To study the response of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L) genotypes to nitrogen applications at different growth stages, an experiment was conducted at New Developmental Farm, KPK Agricultural University Peshawar, during fall 2009, under normal irrigated conditions. Three varieties of Mung bean (KM 1, AZRI 2006, and NIAB 2006) were sown with eight levels of nitrogen (T0: 0 Nitrogen, T1: 30 kg N ha-1 at time of sowing, T2: 30 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, T3: 30 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS , T4: 15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, T5: 15 kg ha-1 at sowing, 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS, T6: 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS, T7: 10 kg ha-1 at sowing, 10 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS). The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot having four replications. Different nitrogen treatments were allotted to main plots, and varieties were designated to the sub plots. Observations were recorded on emergence m-2 (m-2), days to flowering, LAI before flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (g
29
cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1, seed pod-1, 1000-grain weight (g), biomass yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%). Statistical analysis of the data showed that emergence m-2 (m-2), days to flowering, LAI before flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), seed pod-1 and 1000-grain weight (g) showed non-significant (P > 0.05) regarding varieties. However, genotypic (varietal) significant (P < 0.05) effect was observed on pods plant-1, biomass yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%). Mean values of the data showed that variety KM 1 produced maximum pod plant
-1
(14.8),
highest biomass yield (2941 kg ha-1), maximum grain yield (672.8 kg ha-1), and maximum harvest index (21.60 %). However, AZRI 2006 was found to be least promising variety producing minimum pod plant -1 (13.63), lowest biomass yield (2704 kg ha-1), minimum grain yield (5884 kg ha-1), and minimal harvest index (20.58 %), as revealed by least significant data. Similarly, nitrogen fertilizer non-significantly (P > 0.05) affected LAI before flowering, however, it significantly (P < 0.05) affected emergence m-2 (m-2), days to flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (g cm-1 day1
), CGR 45 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1, seed pod-1,
1000-grain weight (g), biomass yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%). Nitrogen fertilizer treatment T4 enhances emergence m-2 (19.13 m-2), days to flowering (43.17), LAI after flowering (0.03558), CGR 15 DAS (0.007667 g cm-1 day1
), CGR 30 DAS (0.03208 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (0.05050 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60
DAS (0.2097 g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1 (22.17), seed pod-1 (15.75), 1000-grain weight (61.42 g), biomass yield (4424 kg ha-1), grain yield (1175 kg ha-1) and harvest index (26.53 %). Minimal emergence m-2 (13.73 m-2), LAI after flowering (0.03225), CGR 15 DAS (0.00633 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 30 DAS (0.02092 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 45 DAS (0.03142 g cm-1 day-1), CGR 60 DAS (0.09500 g cm-1 day-1), pods plant-1 (7.083), seed pod-1 (6.667), 1000-grain weight (49.42 g), and biomass yield (1665 kg ha-1) were recorded in the plot with zero nitrogen application (T0). Minimum days to flowering (41.67) were recorded for nitrogen application treatment T1. However, minimum grain yield (273.6 kg ha-1), and harvest index (15.97 %) was observed for T3. To sum up in the light of above statements, variety KM 1 ranked first, whereas, nitrogen treatment T 4 showed a significant increase in the studied parameters. 30
VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of findings obtained in this research study, it is concluded that: 1. Variety KM 1 produced maximum pod plant -1, biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index. 2. Nitrogen treatment T4 (15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS) produced maximum emergence m-2, days to flowering, LAI after flowering, CGR 15 DAS, CGR 30 DAS, CGR 45 DAS, CGR 60 DAS, pods plant -1, seed pod-1, 1000-grain weight, biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index.
Recommendations On the basis of results discussed above, the following recommendations can be endorsed: 1. Mung bean variety KM 1 may be ranked first, and recommended for promising expression. 2. Nitrogen doze T4 (15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS) showed better response. 3. For promising results, KM 1 variety with nitrogen application with 15 kg ha-1 at sowing and 15 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS may be recommended.
VIII. LITERATURE CITED
31
Ali, A., M.A. Chaudhry, and A. Tanveer. 2000. Response of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes of Rhizobium culture. Pak. J. Agril. Sci. 37: 80-82. Ardeshana, R.B., M.M. Modhwadia, V.D. Khanparal and J.C. Patel, 1993. Response of greengram (Phaseoulus radiatus) to nitrogen, phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation. Indian J. Agron., 38(3): 490-492. Asaduzzaman M., M. Fazlul Karim, M.J. Ullah and M. Hasanuzzaman. 2008. Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) to nitrogen and irrigation management. American-Eurasian J. Sci. Research 3 (1): 40-43. Ashraf, M., M. Mueen-ud-din, and N.H. Warraich. 2003. Production efficiency of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) as affected by seed inoculation and NPK application. Int. J. Agril. and Biol. 5 (2): 179-180. Ayub, M., A. Tanveer, M.A. Choudhry, M.M.Z. Amin, and G. Murtaza 1999. Growth and yield response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars to varying levels of nitrogen. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2(4): 1378-1380. BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). 2005. Monthly Statistical Bulletin. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning. Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka., pp: 57. Basu, TK and S. Bandyopadhyay. 1990. Effect of rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen application on some yield attributes of moong. Enviroment and Ecology. 8: 2, 650-654. Braga, J.M., B.V. Defilipo, C. Vieira, and L.A.N. Fontes. 1973. Twenty trails of NPK application to bean crop, in Zona da mata revistacers. Pesquessa Agropeccuria Brassilectra Agronmica 20(3):370-380. Field Crop Abst. 27(11): 5754-1974. Buttery, B.R., and V.A. Dirks. 1987. The effect of soybean cultivar, Rhizobium strain and nitrate on plant growth, nodule mass and acetylene reduction rate. Pl. Soil 98:285293.
32
Chitrev, A.J., P.D.Vengikas, and G. Bombe. 1982. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on green gram (Vigna radiata wilczek) on symbiotic efficiency of Rhizobium inoculants. Indian J. Agron. 15(3): 280-84, India. Eaglesham, A.R.J. 1989. Nitrate inhibition of root nodule symbiosis in doubly rooted soybean plants. Crop Sci. 29:115119. Elahi, N.N., W. Akhtar and J.I. Mirza. 2004. Effect of combined nitrogen on growth and nodulation of two mungbean (vigna radiata Wilczek) cultivars. J. Res. Sc.15(1): 67-72. Hussain, T. 1996. Effect of sowing dates on growth and yield of four spring sown cultivars of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Agron. Univ. Agric., Faisalabad. Kaushik, U.K., R.C. Dogra, and S.S. Dudeja. 1995. Effects of fertilizer N on nodulation, acetylene-reducing activity, and N uptake in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Trop. Agric. 72:7679. Kucey, R.M.N. 1989. The influence of rate and time of mineral N application on yield and N fixation by field bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69:427436. Ling, Y.L., H.P. Gu., C.L. Liu, and L.Y. Sun. 1987. Mung bean production in China and AVRDCS variety performance in Jiangsu province. In Mung bean Proceeding of the Second International Symposium held at Bangkok Shamugasundaram, Mclean, B.T. Tapei, Taiwn AVRDC 580-585. Luis L.B., F. Mariano and E.C. Juan. 2000. Growth and yield of white lupin under mediterranean conditions. Agron. J. 92: 200-205. Mahadkar, and Araf. 1988. Effect of various inputs on fertilizer nitrogen utilization and yield of black gram and green gram and their residual effect on succeeding fodder sorghum. Fertilizer News, 33(2): 43-46. Maiti, S.C.L., D.B.N. Chatterjee, and K. Sengupta. 1988. Response of green gram and lentil to rhizobium inoculation. Indian J. Agron. 33(1): 92 -94.
33
Malik, M.A., A. Tanvir, A. Ali, and M.A. Hayee. 1990. Yield and Quality of Mash been (Vigna Mungo) as influenced by seed inoculation and NPK application. Pak. J. Agril. Res. 27: 273-275. Mand, S., and V.I. Chahal. 1987. Effect of nitrate application and rhizobium inoculation on symbiosis effectively in Vigna radiata. Annals of Biology 3(1): 92-96. Mahmoud, S.A.Z, A.A.M. Makwi, and A.M. Naseer. 1979. Studies on nodulation of soybean in Egypt. Inoculation and application of fertilizers. Egyptian J. Microbiol. 14 (1-2): 71-77. Meadley, J.T., and G.M. Milbourn. 1971. The growth of vining peas III. The effect of shading on abscission of flowers and pods. J. Agric. Sci. 77(1): 103-108. Miah, M.Z.I., and V.R. Carangal. 1981. Yield of 10 mungbean cultivars evaluated in intensive rice based cropping system. Intl. Rice Res. Newsl. 6(4): 27. Muller, S.H., and P.A.A. Pereira. 1995. Nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by mineral nitrogen supply at different growth stages. Plant Soil 177: 5561. Nagre K.T. (1982). Effect of rhizobium and nitrogen on the yield of green gram and black gram. Agril. Sci. Digest 2(1): 27-28. Patel, J.S., and M.T. Parmar 1986. Response of green gram to varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Madras Agril. J. 73(6): 355-356. Patel, R.R., V.V. Sonani, and Sasani. 1988. Effect of inoculation, N and P fertilization on yield and yield attributes of green gram var. Gujrat Agril. Univ. Res. J. 14 (1): 17-22. Paikera, A., M. Mishra, and S.N. Mishra. 1989. A note on effect of varying levels of N and P on yield attributes and yield of soybean. Orissa J. Agril. Res. 2 (1): 68-69. Razaq, M. 1995. Effect of sowing dates on growth and yield of fou r Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. Agron., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad. 34
Raju, M.S. and S.C. Varma. 1984. Response of green gram to rhizobium inoculation in relation to fertilizer nitrogen. Legume Res. Banaras Hindu Univ. India 7(2): 7376. Saeed, F. 1997. Response of spring and autumn sown Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to different dozes of nitrogen. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Agron. Univ. Agric., Faisalabad. Shahullah, M and M.T. Hossain 1980. Effect of inoculum and nitrogen on soybean. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 5 (2): 9-12. Srivastava, B.K., and R.P. Singh. 1980. Morpho-physiological response of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) to sowing dates. II- Growth analysis. Indian J. of Hort. Pp: 382-389. Srivastava, S.N.L., and S.C. Varma. 1982. Effect of bacterial and inorganic fertilization on the growth nodulation and quality of green gram. Indian J. Agril. Res. 16(4): 223-229. Sun Y.F., J.M. Liang, J. Ye, and W.Y. Zhu. 1999. Cultivation of super-high yielding rice plants. China Rice. 5: 3839. Thakur D.S., and S.R. Patel. 1998 Growth and sink potential of rice as influenced by the split application of potassium with FYM in inceptisols of Eastern Central India. J. Potassium Res. 14(1/4): 7377. Yazdi Samadi, B, and A.A. Zali. 1978. Effect of nitrogen and inoculum on soybean. Iranian J. Agril. Res. 6(2): 117-121.
35
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Table 15. Analysis of variance for emergence m-2 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels (N) Error A Varieties (V) NxV 14 3 7 21 2 11.557 302.406 414.540 212.850 22.789 0.826 6.841 100.802 59.220 10.136 11.395 0.1207 1.6658 0.0543 0.1998 9.9452 5.8427 0.0003 0.0007
Error B 48 328.347 Total 95 1292.489 Coefficient of variation = 15.03 %
Table 16. Analysis of variance for days to flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties NxV 14 3 7 21 2 7.083 234.750 33.667 22.083 0.250 0.506 1.306 78.250 4.180 1.052 0.125 0.3875 0.0957 74.4113 4.5736 0.000 0.0031
36
Table 17. Analysis of variance for leaf area index before flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties NxV 14 3 7 21 2 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.5546 0.6236 0.0851 40.3090 1.9660 0.0000 0.1090
Table 18. Analysis of variance for leaf area index after flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.1759 1.7347 0.1873 92.3690 3.3634 0.0000 0.0100
Table 19. Analysis of variance for crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 15 days after sowing as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels 3 7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.2477 3.1822 0.0171 0.0186
37
Error A Varieties NxV 14
21 2 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 1.5394 0.000 1.2243 0.1332 0.3030
Table 20. Analysis of variance for crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 30 days after sowing as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.1099 0.5211 14.2732 4.9304 0.0000 0.0020
Table 21. Analysis of variance for crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 45 days after sowing as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN Error B Total 14 95 3 7 21 2 0.000 48 0.079 0.007 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0698 1.1953 0.3115 8.4133 6.5231 0.0007 0.0004
38
Coefficient of variation = 13.87 % Table 22. Analysis of variance for crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 60 days after sowing as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 0.001 0.002 0.108 0.035 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.015 0.002 0.001 0.0575 1.0791 0.3480 0.4361 9.2999 0.0000
Table 23. Analysis of variance for pods plant-1 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 1.250 88.209 2308.125 156.625 25.083 0.089 2.285 29.403 329.732 7.458 12.542 0.0391 5.4894 0.0071 3.9423 44.2099 0.0224 0.0000
39
Table 24. Analysis of variance for seed pod-1 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 9.750 29.365 945.906 180.052 22.583 0.696 6.049 9.788 135.129 8.574 11.292 0.1151 1.8668 0.1657 1.1416 15.7605 0.3553 0.0000
Table 25. Analysis of variance for 1000-grain weight as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 30.479 100.115 1424.240 439.802 49.188 2.177 18.674 33.372 203.463 20.943 24594 0.1166 1.3170 0.2774 1.5934 9.7151 0.2209 0.0000
40
Table 26. Analysis of variance for biomass yield as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties NxV 14 3 7 21 2 79374.031 26458.010 2.6929 0.0722 0.0000
105086473.823 15012353.403 1527.9856 206323.552 922703.250 9824.931 461351.625 5.7041 34.2006 0.0000
0.0000
1077249.583 76946.399
Error B 48 647499.167 13489.566 Total 95 108019623.406 Coefficient of variation = 4.13 % Table 27. Analysis of variance for grain yield (kg ha-1) as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties NxV 14 3 7 21 2 1273.208 424.403 0.2313 0.0000
10192839.458 1456119.923 793.7533 38523.958 114186.583 1834.474 57093.292 3.5309 27.0034 0.0005
0.0000
104516.417
7465.458
2114.299
41
Table 28. Analysis of variance for harvest index as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties S.O.V. D.F S.S M.S F.value Prob Replication Nitrogen levels Error A Varieties VxN 14 3 7 21 2 30.719 6.187 1052.407 33.793 17.672 2.194 0.868 2.062 150.344 1.609 8.836 2.5278 10.1793 0.0087 0.0002 1.2817 93.4293 0.3065 0.0000
42
APPENDIX B Table 29. Original replicated data on emergence m-2 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 09.7 14.5 19.6 14.2 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 25.9 19.1 23.3 17.7 T2 17.6 14.2 19.4 17.1 T3 14.8 17.4 18.9 17.6 T4 17.0 18.2 23.2 19.8 T5 23.8 18.6 16.1 19.5 T6 13.1 17.4 20.8 17.6 T7 16.8 21.1 16.1 17.7
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 11.3 18.6 13.7
11.2 19.4 24.1 18.1
20.9 8.6 22.5 15.1
15.7 15.8 18.5 14.6
10.6 17.2 24.1 16.8
19.2 17.1 20.2 19.2
21.1 20.1 18.4 16.5
11.2 19.4 19.6 17.6
14.4
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 13.5 15.4
09.8 15.3 22.2
22.6 19.1 16.1
12.8 14.1 19.6
14.2 19.9 20.8
17.2 18.6 21.6
14.6 12.9 24.5
11.1 16.6 25.2
10.6
4 13.2 20.5 15.7 15.7 16.1 18.1 16.4 17.6 -1 T0 = 0 Kg N ha T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
43
Table 30. Original replicated data on days to flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 42 43 44 43 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 35 43 45 41 T2 42 45 45 44 T3 41 43 45 43 T4 41 44 45 43 T5 42 42 44 42 T6 43 43 45 43 T7 42 43 45 43
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 44 45 42
39 42 43 41
40 44 46 43
41 44 44 43
41 44 44 43
42 43 44 42
41 44 46 43
41 44 46 43
40
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 44 44
40 45 45
38 44 44
43 44 45
39 45 43
41 44 46
37 44 46
40 44 44
41
4 42 42 43 42 43 42 43 43 -1 T0 = 0 Kg N ha T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
44
Table 31. Original replicated data on leaf area index before flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Rep(s) T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 _____________________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.046 0.043 0.041 0.045 0.051 0.047 0.044 0.051 0.037 0.041 0.041 0.036 0.042 0.041 0.038 0.039 0.033 0.037 0.037 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.041 0.039 0.038 0.042 0.041 0.039 0.042
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.043 0.048 0.045 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.043 0.051
0.034 0.039 0.041 0.036 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.033 0.035 0.034 0.035 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.036 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.041
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.041 0.049 0.039 0.041 0.051 0.048 0.041 0.052
0.035 0.038 0.045 0.041 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.032 0.037 0.033 0.033 0.032 0.036
4 0.037 0.041 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.041 0.037 0.041 T0 = 0 Kg N ha-1 T1 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing T2 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) T3 = 30 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T4 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS T5 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T6 = 15 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 15 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS T7 = 10 Kg N ha-1 at the time of sowing and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 30 DAS and 10 Kg N ha-1 at 60 DAS
45
Table 32. Original replicated data on leaf area index after flowering as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Rep(s) T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_______________________ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.037 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.045 0.043 0.037 0.044 0.034 0.034 0.032 0.032 0.031 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.028 0.031 0.028 0.031 0.031 0.028 0.032 0.029 0.033 0.035 0.033 0.032 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.035
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.035 0.039 0.043 0.039 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.043
0.031 0.035 0.031 0.031 0.036 0.033 0.031 0.033 0.031 0.031 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.034 0.034 0.033 0.036 0.034 0.033 0.036
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.038 0.041 0.034 0.038 0.042 0.035 0.036 0.043
0.029 0.034 0.038 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.028 0.028 0.027 0.032 0.031 0.032 0.028 0.028
46
Table 33. Original replicated data on crop growth rate (g cm-1 day-1) 15 days after sowing as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Rep(s) T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 _____________________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
0.007 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.008
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.007 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.006 0.006
0.006 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.011 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.007 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.008
0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.008
47
0.026 0.028 0.022 0.022 0.046 0.029 0.032 0.031 0.018 0.021 0.018 0.021 0.016 0.017 0.013 0.026 0.021 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.041 0.041 0.024 0.029 0.021 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.034 0.029 0.023 0.028
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.025 0.024 0.022 0.029 0.045 0.035 0.024 0.031
0.015 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.021 0.013 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.019 0.029 0.038 0.022 0.027 0.021 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.031 0.028 0.022 0.027
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.022 0.025 0.024 0.025 0.039 0.042 0.032 0.037
0.016 0.023 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.022 0.013 0.017 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.022 0.037 0.021 0.024 0.022
48
0.032 0.031 0.034 0.036 0.046 0.041 0.049 0.029 0.029 0.034 0.036 0.045 0.047 0.032 0.034 0.051 0.041 0.058 0.048 0.031 0.065 0.061 0.034 0.051 0.033 0.041 0.041 0.037 0.052 0.044 0.039 0.043
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.027 0.035 0.038 0.033 0.052 0.044 0.038 0.036
0.028 0.043 0.035 0.035 0.047 0.027 0.032 0.041 0.036 0.042 0.045 0.042 0.051 0.062 0.045 0.051 0.031 0.041 0.035 0.036 0.051 0.044 0.038 0.042
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.032 0.029 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.043 0.031 0.038
0.023 0.046 0.033 0.035 0.061 0.037 0.046 0.038 0.042 0.045 0.051 0.035 0.053 0.052 0.035 0.047
49
0.046 0.222 0.133 0.129 0.161 0.238 0.155 0.144 0.121 0.151 0.117 0.144 0.279 0.185 0.167 0.227 0.163 0.121 0.192 0.142 0.205 0.154 0.102 0.141 0.111 0.164 0.147 0.138 0.215 0.192 0.141 0.171
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
0.066 0.201 0.114 0.161 0.281 0.164 0.111 0.124
0.073 0.121 0.129 0.115 0.161 0.201 0.171 0.136 0.141 0.141 0.189 0.109 0.188 0.211 0.129 0.251 0.093 0.153 0.144 0.128 0.209 0.192 0.136 0.171
AZRI 2006 2 3
0.106 0.141 0.111 0.098 0.211 0.148 0.089 0.151
0.064 0.157 0.174 0.183 0.247 0.201 0.181 0.113 0.075 0.168 0.147 0.071 0.132 0.137 0.127 0.228
50
Table 37. Original replicated data on pods plant-1 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 09 08 08 06 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 20 15 16 11 T2 16 13 12 13 T3 09 10 09 11 T4 24 21 23 23 T5 21 19 22 20 T6 15 11 09 11 T7 20 20 17 14
NIAB 2006
1 2
09 07 06 06 12 11
18 18 14 12
15 11 08 10
10 09 21 21
23 24 23 18
22 17 12 11
09 12 15 15
19 20
3 4
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 09 05
07 16 12
16 14 11
12 09 06
10 22 19
24 15 22
21 11 08
11 19 19
16
51
Table 38. Original replicated data on seed pod-1 as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 11 09 07 03 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 14 19 09 10 T2 15 15 10 10 T3 09 07 07 09 T4 16 19 19 13 T5 17 12 15 16 T6 09 11 09 10 T7 16 16 12 13
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 08 07 05
08 11 12 14
15 13 11 11
09 11 09 06
05 15 16 11
20 12 18 18
11 06 11 12
07 16 12 13
16
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 06 07
04 14 11
12 13 12
07 07 09
10 12 15
17 09 13
19 06 11
11 13 12
16
52
Table 39. Original replicated data on 1000-grain weight as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 53 51 48 51 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 52 63 67 59 T2 54 64 53 60 T3 53 51 58 54 T4 57 63 65 61 T5 63 62 59 61 T6 53 53 63 56 T7 51 63 67 60
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 49 52 50
51 51 61 58
62 54 61 56
55 57 50 53
54 63 67 59
57 65 57 61
61 55 53 61
53 64 62 58
53
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 48 51
42 67 57
48 57 50
63 52 47
57 61 63
60 62 53
67 61 53
49 57 65
61
53
Table 40. Original replicated data on biomass yield as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 1651 1670 1695 1698 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 2842 3155 2944 2992 T2 2115 2403 2122 2322 T3 1754 1763 1721 1713 T4 5100 4832 4800 4701 T5 4320 4020 4245 3995 T6 1963 1823 1985 1975 T7 3960 4010 3919 3895
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 1681 1663 1653
1644 2727 2824 2795
3095 2083 2201 2097
2217 1717 1703 1695
1722 4000 4500 4370
4000 3995 4080 3990
4122 1985 1813 1822
2009 3740 3842 3692
3790
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 1643 1655
1670 2520 2723
2901 2133 2043
2021 1705 1683
1652 4031 4300
4332 4102 3982
4020 2002 1801
1975 3242 3515
3580
54
Table 41. Original replicated data on grain yield (kg ha-1) as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Replications T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 0321 0319 0323 0336 _______________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 0643 0705 0627 0630 T2 0422 0463 0425 0471 T3 0307 0310 0303 0323 T4 1444 1323 1220 1295 T5 0955 1109 1008 1085 T6 0352 0320 0369 0337 T7 0896 0927 0940 0921
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
1 0335 0322 0315
0319 0601 0614 0605
0633 0412 0422 0408
0435 0296 0273 0265
0295 1025 1198 1220
1085 1040 0920 1098
1002 0363 0343 0333
0385 0881 0891 0858
0870
AZRI 2006 2 3
1 0317 0317
0319 0523 0595
0603 0407 0382
0401 0223 0255
0213 1113 1125
0959 1059 0985
0905 0363 0340
0374 0744 0810
0823
55
Table 42. Original replicated data on harvest index (%) as affected by different nitrogen levels and mung bean varieties. Varieties Rep(s) T0 KM 1 1 2 3 4 _____________________N levels (kg ha-1)_________________ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
19.42 22.62 19.95 17.51 28.31 22.11 17.93 22.62 19.11 22.34 19.26 17.58 27.37 27.58 17.55 23.11 19.05 21.29 20.02 17.61 25.41 23.74 18.58 23.98 19.78 21.05 20.28 18.85 27.54 27.15 18.77 23.64
NIAB 2006 2 3 4
19.41 20.45 19.62 17.13 27.12 24.31 19.16 22.95
19.92 22.03 19.77 17.23 25.62 26.03 18.28 23.55 19.36 21.42 19.17 16.00 26.62 22.54 18.91 23.19 19.05 21.64 19.45 15.63 27.91 27.15 18.27 23.23
AZRI 2006 2 3
19.11 20.78 19.84 12.81 22.13 22.51 18.93 22.98
19.29 20.75 19.08 13.07 27.61 25.81 18.13 22.94 19.15 21.85 18.69 15.15 26.16 24.73 18.87 23.04
56

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RESPONSE OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata L) GENOTYPES TO NITROGEN APPLICATIONS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

21.50 17.20 17.17 19.55 19.50 17.22 17.92

20.62 15.47 14.87 19.32 19.40 16.55 17.75

20.15 15.92 15.90 18.50 18.22 16.22 17.50

20.76a 16.20cd 15.98cd 19.13ab 19.04ab 16.67bc 17.73bc

41.00 44.00 43.00 43.25 42.50 43.50 43.25

41.50 43.50 43.00 43.25 42.25 43.25 43.25

42.50 43.50 42.50 43.00 43.50 43.25 43.00

41.67d 43.67a 42.83abc 43.17abc 42.42cd 43.42ab 43.17abc

0.041 0.040 0.038 0.042 0.041 0.039 0.042

0.041 0.040 0.038 0.042 0.041 0.039 0.041

0.041 0.039 0.040 0.041 0.040 0.038 0.041

0.041 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.042

0.035 0.034 0.033 0.036 0.035

0.035 0.034 0.033 0.036 0.034

0.034 0.033 0.033 0.035 0.034

0.03475ab 0.03358cd 0.03308de 0.03558a 0.03425bc

0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.007

0.007 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007

0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.007

0.006750bc 0.007250ab 0.006833abc 0.007667a 0.007667a 0.006750bc 0.007500ab

0.024 0.023 0.021 0.034 0.029 0.023 0.029

0.024 0.023 0.021 0.032 0.29 0.022 0.027

0.024 0.023 0.021 0.031 0.028 0.023 0.028

0.02425c 0.02300d 0.02117e 0.03208a 0.02858b 0.02283d 0.02775b

0.41 0.040 0.037 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.043

0.040 0.039 0.036 0.050 0.044 0.038 0.042

0.040 0.038 0.034 0.049 0.044 0.037 0.041

0.04050d 0.03917e 0.03600g 0.05050a 0.04425b 0.03817f 0.04233c

0.164 0.147 0.138 0.215 0.192 0.141 0.171

0.154 0.144 0.128 0.210 0.192 0.137 0.170

0.147 0.144 0.117 0.204 0.181 0.132 0.164

0.1551bcd 0.1450cd 0.1279de 0.2097a 0.1885ab 0.1367cd 0.1683bc

15.50 13.50 9.75 22.75 20.50 11.50 17.75

14.75 13.00 9.25 22.25 20.00 11.00 17.25

13.75 12.50 8.50 21.50 19.00 10.50 16.75

14.67d 13.00de 9.167fg 22.17a 19.83b 11.00ef 17.25c

13.00 12.50 8.00 16.75 15.00 9.75 14.25

13.00 11.00 7.75 15.50 14.75 9.00 14.25

12.50 10.25 7.75 15.00 14.25 8.50 13.50

12.83bc 11.25cd 7.833e 15.75a 14.67ab 9.083de 14.00ab

60.25 57.75 54.00 61.50 61.25 56.25 60.25

58.00 56.50 53.50 61.50 61.00 55.50 59.25

57.25 56.50 52.00 61.25 60.50 54.25 59.25

58.50abc 56.92bcd 53.17de 61.42a 60.92a 55.33cd 59.58ab

2983h 2241j 1738mn 4858a 4145bcd 1937kl 3946e

2860h 2150j 1709n 4218b 4047cde 1907l 3766f

2692i 2077jk 1679n 4197bc 4022de 1896lm 3409g

2845d 2156e 1709g 4424a 4071b 1913f 3707c

651.3g 445.3i 310.8lm 1321a 1064c 344.5klm 920.8e

613.3gh 419.3ij 282.3mn 1132b 1015cd 356.0jkl 875.0e

566.3h 399.8ijk 227.8n 1073bc 993.5d 351.0kl 780.5f

610.3d 421.4e 273.6g 1175.0a 1024.0b 350.5f 858.8c

14. Harvest index (%)

21.83ef 19.88gh 17.89j 27.16a 25.15c 18.21ij 23.34d

21.39f 19.50hi 16.50k 26.82ab 25.01c 18.66hij 23.23d

21.03fg 19.25hi 13.53l 25.60bc 24.69c 18.51ij 22.99de

21.41d 19.54e 15.97g 26.53a 24.95b 18.46f 23.18c

VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

VIII. LITERATURE CITED