Describe single and multiple camera setups?

The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, or multicam is a method of shooting films and television programs. Several cameraseither film or videoare employed on the set and simultaneously record or/and broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. Generally, the two outer cameras shoot close shots or "crosses" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider master shot to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and stop the action. This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent editing the footage. It is also a virtual necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. Apart from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no need for re-lighting and the set-up of alternate camera angles for the scene to be shot again from the different angle. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles. It is an essential part of live television. The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, is a method of shooting films and television programs. A single cameraeither film or videois employed on the set and each shot to make up a scene is taken individually. An alternative production method is the multiple-camera setup, which uses two or more cameras running simultaneously, and the film scene is run through from start to finish, usually with minimal interruption.

Advantages and disadvantages of Single camera production and multiple camera production
A single camera production is when only one camera is used to shoot a film or television programme. A huge difference between single camera set-ups and multiple camera set-ups is the order that theyre shot in, for example multiple camera set-ups are filmed chronologically whereas single camera set-ups mean that the shots will be shot in the order of flexibility and will be put in order during editing. An advantage of using a single-camera set-up as opposed to a multiple-camera set-up would be that it is cheaper and this is what makes it popular with producers who are working with a low budget; this is the case because you only need one camera as opposed to three or four like a multiple camera set-up. Another advantage of a single camera set-up is that with using one camera you dont have to worry about other cameras being in shot. However if you use multiple cameras it is less flexible because you have to take into consideration where the other camera are positioned. Using a single camera set-up means you will spend less time editing because all the footage is on one camera. Programmes like The Office, Ugly Betty and Scrubs all are shot by a single camera set-up. Multiple Camera set-ups are generally used by bigger studios for example Eastenders is shot with multiple camera set-up. There is one big disadvantage to filming with one camera and that is that it takes a lot longer because the cameraman needs to film the same scene over and over again from different aspects, however with a multiple set-up this is not the case. Multiple camera set-ups are usually used in soaps this is because single camera set-ups are much more difficult to film conversations with, this is because it is hard to catch all the characters reactions.

What is TRP in media?

It is a measure of the purchased television points representing an estimate of the component of the target audience within the gross audience. Similar to GRP (short for Gross Rating Point) it is measured as the sum of ratings achieved by a specific media vehicle of the target audience reached by an advertisement. For example, if an advertisement appears more than once, reaching the entire gross audience, the TRP figure the sum of each individual GRP multiplied by the estimated target audience in the gross audience. In the case of a TV advertisement that is aired 5 times reaching 50% of the gross audience with only 60% in the target audience, it would have 250 GRPs (= 5 x 50) -- i.e., GRPs = reach x frequency - TRP in this case should be 60% out of 250 GRPs = 150 TRPs - this is the rating point in the target, 60% of the gross rating. Both of these metrics are critical components to determine the marketing effectiveness of a particular advertisement. Target Rating Points - TRP is the criterion that indicates the popularity of a channel or programme and this data is very useful for the advertisers Presently, INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measure) basis of its sample homes readings. But there is a drawback in the technique, as cable operators frequently change the frequencies of the different channels before sending signals to the homes. It may be very misleading to read a channel according to a particular frequency even if the down linking frequency is same all over India.

PTC (Piece to camera) done by reporter

A typical OB Van is usually divided into 5 parts.

The first and largest part is the production area where the director, technical director, assistant director, character generator operator and producers usually sit in front of a wall of monitors. This area is very similar to a Production control room. The technical director sits in front of the video switcher. The monitors show all the video feeds from various sources, including computer graphics, cameras, video tapes,video servers and slow motion replay machines. The wall of monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next source on air (does not have to be depending on how the video switcher is set up) and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to air or being recorded. The dirty feed (feed with graphics) is what is actually transmitted back to the central studio that is controlling the outside broadcast. A clean feed (without the graphics) could be being sent to other trucks for use in their production. Thevideo switcher is usually operated by 1 person called the Technical Director or Vision Mixer in Europe. That person is responsible for putting all the video sources to air as directed to. Behind the directors there is usually a desk with monitors for the editors to operate. It is essential that the directors and editor are in connection with each other during events, so that replays and slow-motion shots can be selected and aired. The second part of a van is for the audio engineer; it has a sound mixer (being fed with all the various audio feeds: reporters. commentary, on-field microphones, etc. The audio engineer can control which channels are added to the output and will follow instructions from the director. The audio engineer normally also has a dirty feed monitor to help with the synchronization of sound and video. The 3rd part of the van is video tape. The tape area has a collection of video tape machines (VTRs) and may also house additional power supplies or computer equipment. The 4th part is the video control area where the cameras are controlled by 1 or 2 people to make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all the cameras look the same. The 5th part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered for quality control purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.