HUMAN ANATOMY Greek:anatome-cutting up,Latine:dissection[tecnique].

Subdivision of anatomy:
1. Cadaveric anatomy:

1.Regional anatomy
2.

Systematic anatomy
2. Living anatomy.

3. Embryology [developmental anatomy] 4. Histology [microscopic anatomy] 5. Surface anatomy [topographic anatomy] 6. Radiographic and imaging anatomy 7. Comparative anatomy :is the study of anatomy of the other animals to explain the changes in form ,structure and function [morphology] of different parts of the human body. 8. Physical anthrophology : deals with the external features and measurements of different

races and groups of people , and with the study of the prehistoric remains. 9. Applied anatomy [clinical anatomy ] 10. Experimental anatomy 11. Genetics HISTORY OF ANATOMY 1. Hippocratus [ 400 BC ] : "Father of medicine". 2. Herophilus [300 BC ] : "Father of anatomy". BOOK : "A special treatise of the eyes". 3. Galen [130 - 200 AD ] "Princes of physicians". BOOK : "De anatomicis administrationibus". 4. Mundinus or Mondino d'Luzzi : "restorer of anatomy". BOOK : "Anathomia". 5. Leonardo da Vinci : originator of cross sectional anatomy. 6. Vesalius :"reformer of anatomy" and "founder of modern anatomy". BOOK :"De Febricia Humani Corporis".

7. William Harvey :discovered circulation of blood. BOOK :Anatomical exercise on the motion of the heart and blood in animals". 8. William Hunter :Huntering museum. 9. Formalin was used as a fixative in 1890. 10. Cooper : British surgeaon . 11. Cuvier : French naturalist. 12. Meckel : German anatomist . 13. Gray : Gray's Anatomy. ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE BNA : Basle Nomina Anatomica. BR : Birmingham Revision. JNA or INA : Jena Nomina Anatomica. IANC : International Nomenclature Committee. TERMS ANATOMY 3.-itis : inflammation . USED IN Anatomical CLINICAL

4.-ectomy : removal from the body . 5.-otomy : open and than close a hollow organ . 6.-ostomy : open hollow organ and leave it open . 7.-oma : tumour .
8.

Puberty : the age at which the 20 sexual characters develope ; 12-15yr. in girls and 13-16yr. in boys.

9.Symptoms : are subjective complaints of the patient about his disease . 10.Signs [physical sign ] : are objective finding of the doctor on the patient . 11.Diagnosis : identification of disease or determination of nature of disease . 12.Prognosis : forecasting the probable course and ultimate outcome of a disease . 13.Pyrexia : fever . 14.Lesion : injury or a circumscribed pathologic change in the tissues .

15.Inflammation : is the local reaction of the tissues to an injury or an abnormal stimulation caused by a physical ,chemical or biologic agent .It is characterized by : swelling >> pain >> redness>> warmth of heat >> loss of function . 16.Odema : swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space . 17.Thrombosis : intravascular [solidification ] of blood . coagulation

18.Embolism : occlusion of a vessel by a detached and circulating thrombus [embolus ] 19.Haemorrhage : bleeding . 20.Ulcer :a localized breach [ gap, erosion ] in the surface continuity of the skin or mucous membrane. 21.Sinus : a blind track [ open at one end ] lined by epithelium . 22.Fistula : a track open at both ends and lined by epithelium .

23.Necrosis : local death of a tissue or organ due to irreversible damage to the nucleus . 24.Degeneration : a retrogressive change causing deterioration in the structural and functional qualities. It is a reversible process , but may end in necrosis . 25.Gangrene : a form of necrosis [ death ] combined with putrefaction . 26.Infarction : death [ necrosis ] of a tissue due to sudden obstruction of its artery of supply [often an end artery ].
27.

Atrophy : diminution in the size of cells , tissues , organ , or a part due to loss of its nutrition . Dystophy : diminution in the size due to defective nutrition .

28.

29.Hypertrophy : increase in the size without any increase in the number of cells. 30.Hyperplasia : increase in the size due to increase in the number of cells . 31.Hypoplasia : incomplete development .

32.Aplasia : failure of development . 33.Syndrome : a group of diverse symptome and signs constituting together the picture of a disease. 34.Paralysis : loss of motor power [movement ] of a part of body due to denervation or primary disease of muscles .
35.

Hemiplegia : paralysis of 1/2 of the body .

36.Paraplegia : paralysis of the lower limbs . 37.Monoplegia : paralysis of any 1 limb . 38.Quadriplegia : paralysis of all 4 limbs . 39.Anaesthesia : loss of touch sensibility. 40.Analgesia : loss of pain sensibility . 41.Thermanaesthesia : loss of temperature sensibility. 42.Hyperaesthesia : abnormally increase sensibility 43.Paraesthesia sensations . : perverted feeling of

44.Coma : deep unconsciousness.

45.Tumour [neoplasm] : a circumscribed , noninflammatory, abnormal growth arising from the body tissues. 46.Benign : mild illness or growth which doesnot endanger life . 47.Malignant : severe form of illness or growth, which is resistant to treatment and ends in death. 48.Carcinoma : malignant growth arising from the epithelium [ ectoderm or endoderm ]. 49.Sarcoma : malignant growth arising from connective tissues [mesoderm ]. 50.Cancer : a general term used to indicate any malignant neoplasm which show invasiveness and results in death of the patient . 51.Metastasis : spread of a local disease [ like the cancer cells ] to distant parts of the body . 52.Convalescence : the recovery period between the end of a disease and

restoration to complete health 53.Therapy : medical treatment .