Unit 1

PAST TENSE A verb tense (the second principal part of a verb) indicating action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present. Structure Person + auxiliary past + verb present + complement

For positive (+) Be I, he, she, and it: was You, we, they: were Go Eat Play I went I ate I played

for negative (-) wasnt werent I didnt go I didnt eat I didnt play

for question (?) where were you born?

did I go did I eat did I play

Exercises: 1. A: could you tell me a little about yourself? Where were you born? B: I was born in Korea. A: Did you grow up there? B: no, I didnt. I grew up in Canada. 2. - A: where did you go to high school? B: I went to high school in Ecuador. A: and when did you graduate? B: I graduated last year. Now I work as a salesperson. USED TO Used to refers to something that you regularly did in the past but dont do anymore. Structure: Person + used to + verb + complement (+) I used to eat squid every Friday. (-) I didnt use to eat squid every Friday

(?) Did you use to eat squid every Friday? (?) How often did you use to eat squid? Exercises:

Complete the sentences using used to.

1. - In the summer, Kate and Peter sometimes: used to play in their tree house.

2. - They also used to ride a bicycle their dog Bruno always used to follow them.

3. - And every year they used o go to the beach.

4. - During the winter, Peter used to play the violin.

5. - Kate and Peter both used to read.

Unit 2 ADVERBS OF QUANTITY Structure: The adverbs are invariable words that complement the verb. They indicate time, place, manner and quantity. They can be placed anywhere in the sentence: With Count Nouns There are too many cars. There should be fewer cars. We need more subway lines. Here arent enough buses. With Noncount Nouns There is too much traffic. There should be less pollution. We need more public transportation. There isnt enough parking.

Exercises: Complete these statements about transportation problems. 1. - There arent enough police officers. 2. There should be fewer cars in the city. 3. - There isnt enough public transportation. 4. - The government needs to build more highways. 5. - There should be less noise. INDIRECT QUESTIONS FROM WH-QUESTIONS Structure: To change wh-questions with do, does, or did into indirect questions, the do, does, or did is left out (omitted). We then add one of the following expressions, could you tell me, would you mind telling me, in front of the wh-question word. 1. What do you do?
2. What time does the store open? 3. What time does the train leave?

Can you tell me what you do?

Could you tell me what time the store opens? Would you mind telling me what time the train leaves?
Can you tell me how many cups of coffee you drink in a day?

4. How many cups of coffee do you drink in a day?

5. Why did she go home? home?

Do you know why she went

Exercises: Rewrite these sentences. 1. - There are too many cars in this city. (Fewer) R: there should be fewer cars in this city. 2. - We need fewer buses and cars downtown. (Traffic) R: there need less traffic downtown. 3. - Wheres the subway station? (Could you) R: could you tell me where the subway station is? 4. - There isnt enough public parking. (Parking garages) R: There arent enough parking garages. 5. - How often does the bus come? (Do you) R: do you know how often the bus comes?

Unit 3. EVALUATION AND COMPARISONS.

Structure: NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH The bathrooms aren't modern enough. Evaluation with adjective IS / ARE + TOO + ADJECTIVE The bathroom is too old. evaluation with noun

Apartments arent big enough for families. Apartments dont have enough parking spaces. Apartments are too small for pets. Houses cost too much money.

Comparisons with adjectives

Houses arent as convenient as apartment. Houses are just as convenient as apartment.

comparisons with nouns

Apartments have just as many rooms as houses. Apartments dont have as much privacy as houses.

Exercises: Complete the sentences. 1) The blue car is as fast as the red car. 2) Peter is not as tall as Fred. 3) The violin is not as low as the cello. 4) This copy is as bad as the other one. 5) Oliver is as optimistic as Peter. 6) Today it's not as windy as yesterday. 7) The tomato soup was as delicious as the mushroom soup. 8) Grapefruit juice is not as sweet as lemonade. 9) Nick is as brave as Kevin. 10) Silver is not as heavy as gold.

WISH Structure: Use wish + past tense to refer to present wishes. Positive I wish I had my own apartment. I wish I were easier.
She wishes she could wear contact lenses.

negative I wish I didnt live with my parents. I wish it werent so difficult.

My parents wont stop worrying about me.

Exercises:

1. - I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I understood it better. 2. - It never stops raining here. I wish it would stop raining. 3. - I should never have said that. I wish I hadn't said that. 4 . - I miss my friends. I wish my friends were here right now. 5. - I speak terrible English. I wish I spoke English well.

Unit 4 SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT Use the simple past for completed events at a definite time in the past. Use the present perfect for events within a time period up to the present. Structure:
Have you ever eaten snails? Yes, I have. I tried them last month. Did you like them? Yes, I did. They were delicious. Have you ever been to a Vietnamese Restaurant? No, I havent. But I ate a Thai restaurant last night Did you go alone? No, I went with some friends.

Exercises: Complete the conversation. 1. - A: have you ever been (be) to a picnic at the beach? B: yes, I have. We cooked (cook) hamburgers. 2. - A: have you tried (try) sushi? B: no. I havent, but Id like to. 3. - A: did you have (have) breakfast today? B: yes, I did. I ate (eat) a huge breakfast. SEQUENCE ADVERBS. Structure: Used to accommodate a recipe or steps of some instructions.

Exercises:

FIRST, spread peanut butter on two slices of bread.

THEN, cut a banana into small pieces.

NEXT, put the pieces of banana on one slice of bread.

AFTER THAT, pour honey over the bananas.

FINALLY, put the other slice of bread on top.

Unit 5 FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO AND WILL Structure: Use be going to + verb for plans youve decided on.
What are you going to do? Im going to relax at the beach. Were going to go surfing every day. Im not going to do anything special.

use will + verb for possible plans before youve made a decision.
What are you going to do? Im not sure. I guess Ill just stay home Maybe Ill watch a few DVDs. I probably wont go anywhere.

Exercises:

1) Philipp will be 15 next Wednesday. 2) They are going to get a new computer. 3) I think, my mother will like this CD. 4) Paul's sister is going to have a baby. 5) They will arrive at about 4 in the afternoon. 6) Just a moment. I will help you with the bags. 7) In 2020 people will buy more hybrid cars. 8) Marvin is going to throw a party next week. 9) We will fly to Venice in June. 10) Look at the clouds! It is going to rain soon.

1) Philipp 15 next Wednesday. (to be) 2) They a new computer. (to get) 3) I think, my mother this CD. (to like) 4) Paul's sister a baby. (to have) 5) They at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive) 6) Just a moment. I you with the bags. (to help) 7) In 2020 people more hybrid cars. (to buy) 8) Marvin a party next week. (to throw) 9) We to Venice in June. (to fly) 10) Look at the clouds! It soon. (to rain)

MODALS FOR NECESSITY AND SUGGESTION.

Describing necessity
You must have a drivers license. You need to make a reservation. You have to get a passport. You dont have to get a visa.

Giving suggestions
Youd better avoid the stalls on the street. You ought to pack a first-aid kit. You should try some local specialties. You shouldnt carry a lot of cash.

Exercises:

1. You ought 2. You should never 3. You need 4. You have 5. You should 6. You'd better not 7. You must 8. You don't have

to check the weather. leave cash in your hotel room.

to take your credit card with you. to pay an airport tax. let your family know your hotel phone number. go get out alone late at night.

a vaccination if you go to some countries. to get a visa for many countries nowadays.

Unit 6 Two-part verbs; will for responding to requests. With nouns responses Turn down the TV. Turn the TV down. Pick up your things. Pick your things up. Exercises: with pronouns requests and

Turn it down. Pick them up.

Please turn down the music. Ok, Ill turn it down. Pick up your clothes, please. All right. Ill pick them up.

REQUESTS WITH MODALS AND WOULD YOU MIND...?

Structure: MODAL + simple form of the verb WOULD YOU MIND + gerund (ing)

Would you mind turning the stereo down? Can you turn the stereo down? Could you leave the door open, please? Would you mind not closing the door, Would you please keep the noise down? please? Would you mind keeping the noise down?

Exercises:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Oh, Snoppy is crying. , please. (the dog) You are reading and your material is all over the room!! Please, (your magazines) I gave you 200 dollars last month, but I need the money now. Please, (my money) Electricity costs money!! , please. (the light) You cannot smoke in this room. Please,
put your cigarette Turn the light o pay my money ba put your magazines aw Take the dog o

(your cigarette)

Unit 7

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS FOR USES AND PURPOSES.

Structure:

INFINITIVES
A modem is used to connect computers to phones. Computers are often used to write letters. I can use the World Wide Web to find information. Exercises:

GERUNDS
It's used for connecting computers to phones. They're often used for writing letters. I can use it for finding information.

IMPERATIVES AND INFINITIVES FOR GIVING SUGGESTIONS.

Unit 8

RELATIVE CLAUSES OF TIME.

Structure:

Thanksgiving is a day. February 14 is the day. New Year s Eve is a night.

When North Americans celebrate the harvest. When people give cards to the ones they love. When I have fun with my parents.

Exercises:

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

Structure:

When

He was talking on the phone when I arrived. When she called, he had already eaten lunch. I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep. We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.

'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause. Before

We will finish before he arrives. She (had) left before I telephoned.

'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present. After

We will finish after he comes. She ate after I (had) left.

'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.