CONCEPTUAL ERROR ON THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF LIGHT- PHENOMENON IN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS, LED TO THE COMPLEXITIES IN QUANTUM PHYSICS Paramhamasa

Tewari, B.Sc. Engg. *

Introduction

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) had theoretically concluded that the oscillations of electric current in a straight conductor, or circulation in a loop of wire, radiates away energy, which is lost from the oscillating charges constituting the current. This concept, later, conflicted with the atoms model of Rutherford in which electrons moved around the nucleus in closed orbits; and the question arose that like any other vibrating or revolving charge, the electrons should lose energy by emitting electromagnetic waves as per the classical electrodynamics, eventually falling into the nucleus. The quantum theory of light by Planck and Einstein had accepted the possibility of emission and absorption of light by electron; the atomic model of Bohr attempted partial solution to the aforesaid problem. However, it is shown in this paper through the space-vortex structure of electron, which provides deeper insight into the basic nature of mass, inertia, energy, electrical charge and light; that during vibration, or revolution around a center , an electron does not lose either its structural or kinetic energy; though it produces electromagnet field (light), which is shown to be created due to mere cyclic changes in the magnitudes of its electrostatic and gravitational potentials in space; on account of to-and-fro displacement of the electrons center(discussed further). Thus, if loss of energy from the orbital electrons in an atom can be shown to be non existent, similar to the solar system in the Rutherfords model of atom, the revolving electrons will have stable elliptical orbits; and this would lead to the right course of development of the atomic physics, provided an alternative explanation for the production of light from the vibrating atoms (rather than the orbital electrons) is given. The physical aspects of the process of electrons creation and annihilation, wave length and frequency of light, briefly outlined in this paper (from authors earlier works), enable drawing comparison with the corresponding ideas of quantum physics and, thereby, tracing down those phenomena of quantum theory that led to digressions, one after the other, from reality in the early years of this century. 2 Space-Vortex Structure of Electron A hypothesis on the basic nature of the medium of space and the structure of electron, namely The Substantial Space and Void-nature of Elementary Material Particles, [1] was framed in mid seventies to introduce a new concept that the electron, rather than being a point-mass or a point-charge according to the models of contemporary physics has, at its center, a spherical void, which is field less and energy less, that is, within which the fields are discontinuous as shown in Fig .1a. The medium

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Former Executive Director (Nuclear Projects), Nuclear Power Corporation, India

of space was postulated to be a dynamic fluid substratum with its properties totally opposed to matter, that is, non material, where non material was defined as mass less, non viscous, continuous, and incompressible. Basic equations establishing relationships between the parameters of the space-vortex and mass, charge, and angular momentum of electron were derived from its structure (fig.1a). The other postulated property of space was, that its flow breaks down if its circulation around a point reaches a limiting velocity gradient, that is, angular velocity , where = c / re , c being the constant speed of light (electromagnetic field) in vacuum (static space) and relative to it; and re is the radius of the above mentioned spherical void at electrons center; this aspect of the limiting speed of the flow of the fluid space (Figs.1a, 1b) was shown to be the process, and also the cause, for creation of electron as an irrotational vortex in the medium of the non viscous space .( In view of comprehensive explanations, at fundamental levels, for the basic and hitherto unexplained phenomena covered under classical as well as quantum physics, coming forth from the above works, the same was subsequently named as Space Vortex Theory (SVT ) [2]. The actual motion of space is termed velocity field, abbreviated as vf, which has opposite directions in the two vortices (fig.2a) identified as electron and positron, due to which the concepts of positive and negative charges arise. The radius of the void, determined [2] from the experimentally obtained value of the electrons charge and the charge- equation (fig.1a), comes to about 4x 10-11 cm. The creation of the spherical void and its dynamic stability [2] leaves only one entity as the sole reality in the universe the dynamic and primordial plenum of space defined as the most basic state of cosmic energy which existed prior to the creation of any matter in the universe. The existence of the central void combined with the linear vf of the non viscous and mass less medium of space impart a moving electron [2] with the properties of inertia, momentum, and kinetic energy during its motion relative to space; the central void, also enables its annihilation with positron , as discussed further. The limiting speed of rotation of space around the electron center, endows it with the behavior of the hardest, impenetrable particle, whereas, the fluid space- vortex enclosing the electron, and extending through out space, results in wave- behavior during its motion; the wave and particle aspects of electron are thus combined in its very structure. That an electron can possess some kind of void ness at its center, had been speculated [4] earlier too. Around 1892, Sir J.Larmor suggested that gravitation between electrons might be explained if the electrons are vacuous and have free periods of vibration in the fluid ether, the explanation following the hydro dynamical pulsatory theory of Bjerknes. He had also imagined electric charge to be represented as an intrinsic rotational aspect of ether. At that time, however, the mass and charge of electron were not precisely known; nor was the phenomenon of annihilation (early 1930s) ever imagined; and above all, the limiting aspect of the speed of light (that plays a crucial role in the creation of electron in SVT) was postulated by Einstein in Special Theory of Relativity (STR) only in 1905. Thus, it appears that the time was not ripe enough for a compressive unitary theory of 3 Generation of Fields associated with Electron The process of creation of electron (fig.2b) takes place (within the stars and galactic centers) with the circulation of the fluid space reaching the limiting angular velocity , which is the maximum possible velocity gradient c/re in the non viscous (zero rigidity) space. Due to the maximum possible outward acceleration field c2 /re , the space breaks down (Fig.2b) into a dynamically stable spherical void [2]; and since there is an
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space

and

absence of any energy within the void, the acceleration field reverses its direction, into an inward acceleration field, thus exerting proportionate pressure from space on to the voidspace interface. This acceleration field is of the order of (2.25) .10 31 cm / s2, which is the highest possible field in the universe, because c is the limiting velocity of space , and re is the minimum possible void-radius. (It has been elsewhere [5] shown that similar acceleration field leads to proportionate pressure from space on the surface of the cosmic bodies like planets, stars, etc; it is produced on account of space circulation around these bodies, and appears as the free fall acceleration; derivation of the free fall acceleration for the earth and the other planets have provided decisive proof to the existence of basic spatial reality as a non viscous fluid). The inward acceleration field tends to crush the void which, however, maintains its size because any reduction in its radius re, increases the velocity gradient c/re which, in turn, increases the outward acceleration field, thus restoring the radius to its original value [2]. Consequent to the creation of the void in the incompressible fluid space (Figs.2b,3a), a compressive spherical front is transmitted out at speed c relative to space medium, and energizing it gravitationally as well as creating electrostatic field in the whole universe. As shown in fig.1a, mass of electron is defined proportional to c and the void-volume; whereas, charge is defined proportional to the surface of the void-space interface and c. The gravitational field (Fig.3a) at a distance r from the electron has been derived [2] as (1/4c) me / r 2, and electrostatic field as (c/ 4 ) q e / r 2; these expressions show that the gravitational constant for electron is 1/ 4 c, and Coulomb constant is c/ 4; both these constants are seen to be proportional to c. Now, referring to the electron structure (fig.1a), it is observed that its entire energy is located in space, in its velocity field, from which the equations for above mentioned fields have been derived [2]; and that the fields originate from the void-space interface, leaving the void field less. During the motion of the electron, the electrostatic field at each point in space changes to magnetic field; there exists cause-effect relation ship between them [2]. It is to be noted that the inward acceleration field, and the spherical void in the above electron structure, remain undetected both in classical as well as quantum physics, leading to speculative theories as to why an electron does not split due to its own charge, or the self action of electron; also, the difficulty of infinite energy in the integration for the electrostatic potential of a point-charge, stands removed by the field less central void. 4 Annihilation Phenomenon and Fundamental nature of Light In Fig.2a, between the two particles (space vortices of electron and positron) vf is unidirectional; this causes an electrical attraction [2], due to which the particles are drawn closer till their oppositely directed vf s are superposed. The space circulation around the voids ceases, the voids collapse, the fluid space flows along the radii into the void at speed c; and thus the particles are annihilated nullifying each others velocity fields starting from the void-space interface of the particles. The duration of collapse of the void will be re /c, since all the fields are postulated to be transmitted in space, and relative to it, at speed c; during this period, a shell of radial width (re /c) c, that is re will be created (fig.3b); the shell will transmit outwards at speed c, thus, de- energizing the whole universal space in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields were created at the time following the electrons creation. This spherical shell, that nullifies the already existing fields of electron within it, during its motion relative to the medium of space, and produced consequent to the annihilation of the electron and positron, is the fundamental single pulse of light; the wave- length is equal to re, and is maintained constant through out its transmission. Quite similar to the wave- model of light in
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classical physics, the energy is uniformly distributed on the spherical shell. The angular momentum L of the electron (Fig.1a), arising due to the spinning of the void-space interface, is calculated as (4/5) me c re . The annihilation of electron reduces L to zero in time interval re /c, producing energy L / (re /c), that is, (4/5) me c re / (re / c), or (4/5) me c2; this positive energy flows into the void as space motion. The medium of space in a static condition is defined [2] as zero state of energy; when it circulates around a point or flows linearly, it becomes a positive state of energy; while the field- less void is a negative state of energy. According to these definitions, the annihilation of electron results in the flow of positive energy (4/5) me c 2 into the negative energy zone of the void, thus restoring the zero energy state at the center of the now non- existent electron, since it has been derived elsewhere [2], that the energy required to create the void is also (4/5) me c2 . The energy flowing into the void is recovered from the collapsing fields at the space-void interface from within the first de energizing shell; however, the field energy available there is a negligible fraction of the requirement, (4/5) me c2, since the creation energy of the same magnitude was distributed as fields in the whole universal space when the electron was created. The first shell of light is, therefore, depleted of energy or rather negatively energized to an energy state of, (4/5) me c2, due to which, during its outward transmission, the fields of electron in space continue to be erased, or reduced to zero in magnitude within the shell; the light shell energy is thus made less and less negative as it traverses at constant speed c merely to equalize potentials (of the now non existent electron) due to self action of the fluid medium of space, requiring no energy for its transmission. The potential of space at electrons center, after annihilation, reduces to zero as stated earlier; and hence a potential gradient appears across the shell of the light produced. As earlier stated, during annihilation, on account of reduction of the angular momentum of electron to zero, in a time interval re / c, the energy produced is E = (4/5) me c re / (re/c) = (4/5) me c re (c/re ) . (1)

Since re was defined as the wavelength of the light produced during annihilation, the numbers of shells appearing in succession in unit time during the transmission in space will be c/re which, numerically, is also the frequency fe of this light. It has elsewhere [2] been derived (fig.1a) that the angular momentum of electron, (4/5) me c re , basically, is the Plancks constant he for electron and, also, that the value of the Plancks constant differs from atom to atom; with these definitions (1) becomes, E = he fe (2)

The light-shell described above has an essential difference from the photon of the quantum theory, if one is allowed to picture at all, at least the center of the photon for the sake of comparison. The difference is this: The center of a photon changes its position during its transmission in space; whereas, the center of the light-shell coincides with the point of annihilation, or the center of an oscillating atom (that also produces light-shells, discussed further). The association of frequency with the photon can, therefore, at best be pictured in a form no different than that of transverse vibrations of the photon itself, while moving linearly at velocity of light. For instance, the current quantum view of radiation is best represented [6] in the statement: Electromagnetic radiation oscillating f times a second turns out to be made up of a whole number of packets of energy, each of amount hf, where h is Plancks celebrated constant. The above statement defines f as the nos. of oscillations per second; whereas, as per the earlier definition (of SVT), f is the
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nos. of successive shells formed in a second. It is this haziness, on the physical aspects of the wavelength and frequency of photon, that has led to a serious error (discussed ahead in Section-6) in the interpretation of the Plancks energy equation, which defines hf as the emitted and absorbed, indivisible energy quanta . In fact, the classical model as per which light progresses through space by the propagation of electric (and magnetic) field vectors, is closure to the shell-nature of annihilation light. 5 Einsteins Mass-Energy Equation The energy required to create an electron has been derived [2] as (4/5) me c2; the coefficient 4/5 appears because the space-void vortex has axial symmetry (Fig.1a), rather than having spherical symmetry; also, appearance of c in mass-energy equation is precisely due to the circulation or spin of space at speed c; ( it also appears in massequation derived in fig.1a).It has been shown above that this energy flows into the void towards electrons center, rather than being emitted out as photons as believed by the adherents of the photon theory; further, the light produced is a shell with negative energy in it; it has a wave front ( due to the circular streamlines of the space vortex) that shows wave property, and also a definite quantity of negative energy that at the start of the shell is - (4/5) me c2, and can be likened to a circular energy quanta; an expanding shell rather than some queer kind of particle. During annihilation, only one shell is produced and transmitted out; at one instant (Fig.3b), the effect of light is only within the shell and no where else. Therefore, in this sense, f in Eq.2 is not to be mistaken as the numbers of successive shells produced in unit time from the point of annihilation of the electron; here, in (2), 1/f means the time duration of the formation of the shell, which remains constant in all the successive shells formed after the preceding ones are erased. The mass- energy equation is applicable during the creation ( of electron ) and annihilation processes only; during creation, it signifies the energy quantity from space that goes in the structure and the fields of electron; whereas, in annihilation, the inflow of energy from the fields to fill up the void of electron is quantified. Another significant aspect of the light shell, formed during annihilation, is the creation of radial acceleration field along the wavelength: The radial flow of space at speed c, and in duration re / c, creates a radial acceleration field c2 / re . Since the lightshell expands spherically, though the quantity of the fluid- space flowing through the shells surface along its radii will fall off in inverse proportion to the square of the radius, the speed at which the equalization of potential takes place across the shell by the self action of the non viscous continuous space is at speed of light, thereby maintaining the above acceleration field constant in the shell through out its transmission. (In view of the fact that there exists an acceleration field across the wavelength pointing towards the center of the shell, and the fact that the acceleration field is directly proportional to energy; though, light is a negative energy phenomenon as earlier stated, yet, in subsequent pages, for clarity of the descriptions, the word negative will be dropped while indicating energy of the light-shell). Running ahead, it is remarked that if from an oscillating atom the wavelength of light produced is , then the acceleration field in its wavelength will be c2 / -- a quantity independent of the distance from the source, unlike the intensity of light that falls as inverse square of the distance from the source. 6 Plancks Energy Equation The production of light from an oscillating electron or atom has been shown [2] to be due to their time varying potential (electromagnetic in case of electron, and gravitational in case of neutral atom) in space consequent to the to-and-fro displacement
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of the centers of these particles during oscillations (figs.4a, 4b). In the following section, it has been shown that the orbiting electron in Hydrogen atom is carried round by the non viscous atomic vortex, such that it has no acceleration with respect to space; it can not, therefore, be the source of light from the atoms. The velocity fields in the vortices of the orbital electrons and the atomic vortex, have opposite directions; consequently, an atom behaves neutral to all out side interactions. The resultant field, outside the shield of the orbital electrons in an atom, is only the gravity field. For an average atom, considering gravitational potential on the surface of the nucleus, and its time variation due to oscillations, Plancks constant determined else where [2], briefly stated, is as follows: The average period of atomic vibration t = 10 -15 s; mass of an average atom m a = 22 g ; average nuclear radius r = 2 x 10 9 cm; time duration of production of one 2 x 10 n wave length of light is shown [2] to be (1/2) t. The gravitational potential at the nuclear surface P. E. = G m a2 / r n (3)

where, G is the gravitational constant 6.67 x 10 8 g 1 cm 3 s 2. Substituting the above values in (3), P. E. works out to 13.34 x 10 43 erg. The most fundamental value of Plancks constant was identified to be the angular momentum of electron, as given earlier in Section-4; the average value of Plancks constant was also derived [2] considering the changing gravitational potential of an oscillating electron as: h = (3 / k) d(P.E) / dt (4)

where, k = 1 / s 2 in CGS unit. Applying the above basic relation also for atomic oscillations , and substituting the calculated value of P.E. from (3), duration of the change of this potential (1/2) t, as given above; the Plancks constant for an average atom calculated from (4) is : 8 x 10 27 erg . s , which is close to the experimentally determined value 6.67 x 10 27 erg .s. The frequency f of light is defined as the numbers of shells produced in unit time (fig.4b), which is the same as the vibrations of the atom in unit time. If the atom makes N oscillations in unit time, say in one second, then from Planck Energy equation, E= h f = h (N/s) = ( h /s ) N Or, E/N=h/s (3) which shows that the energy contained in one shell of light is h / s, that is 6.62 x 10 - 27 erg; this result is in contrast with the Plancks concept that each photon possesses an indivisible energy hf. Here is a misconception on the true nature of h, and the physical aspects of frequency, made at the very founding level of the quantum theory, that has led to an erroneous explanation of the photoelectric effect (discussed further); which, in turn, substantiated photon nature of light, leading to a wrong conclusion that light possesses an inherent dual behavior. 7 Space Vortex Structure of Hydrogen Atom In SVT, the creation and stable existence of only one fundamental particle, electron, follows from the postulates of the limiting speed of the non material fluid space. The positron was earlier stated to be the oppositely spinning electron. The electrons through the interactions of their vf, [2] will repel each other electrically and, when in
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motion, will magnetically attract; also an electron will attract a positron electrically, and repel magnetically when in motion. With such forces of interaction, electrons and positrons in dynamic state (Fig.5) can assemble into a neutron, which as per SVT, is the core of the Hydrogen atom. When this neutron core assembled out of 1836 nos. of electrons (918 of them are positrons) is enclosed within a vortex of space circulation, it develops an electric charge and is termed as a proton; the vf around the nucleus produces an inward acceleration field which is: (c /12) 2 / 12 re , that is 12 3 times smaller than the inward acceleration field on electrons void-space interface. The vortex of proton attracts an electron through the interaction between their vortices, thus building a Hydrogen atom (fig.5). The spacing between the centers of the orbiting electron and the proton is determined by the common velocity field at the spinning surface of the proton; the vf of electron being oppositely (relatively) oriented with the protons vf, the Hydrogen atom behaves neutral to all outside interactions. The region around the nucleus is a vortex of space with the speed of space rotation c /12 , falling off in the inverse ratio of the distance from the nuclear center. The bond between the electron and the proton is provided by the common vf between these particles which occurs at the inter spacing of 24 re, the electron will have electrical attraction with the proton and also a fixed orbit, with no possibility of its falling on to the nucleus, since, the zero viscosity space forming the vortex does not reduce its vf with time. With this vortex structure, the atom too like electron has no possibility of either emitting or absorbing energy except for the kinetic energy [2] which gets associated with it as linear velocity field when set in motion relative to space; this velocity field also enables transfer of momentum when particles moving at different speeds collide. It has been worked out [2] that nuclei of atoms larger than Hydrogen are built out of neutrons and protons that, as stated above, contain only electrons; however, the neutrons and protons assembly in the nucleus is enclosed within the space circulation that exerts inward force against the splitting force in the nucleus on account of the presence of the protons there. Because quantum theory considers space (without fields) to be a void extension, and the energy fields in the structure of the particles to be continuous till their centers, it can not postulate generation of inward pressure on the nuclei from space circulation. Further, the excited states of atoms, (described by some as the atom in which the orbits of the electrons are increased), is an impossibility in the atomic structure with space vortex; nor can the electrons change their orbits from outer to inner and vice versa. 8 Constancy of the Speed of Light Fig.6 shows a source S from which a single spherical shell of light, produced consequent to the annihilation of electron, is transmitted at a constant speed c relative to the static space. When the wave front of the shell meets the eye of an observer O, who is stationary relative to the static space, let him record this instant assuming that his time is the same as the universal time of any other observer who may be even in motion relative to space. He also records the instant at the tail end of the light- shell. If is the radial width of the light- shell (wave length of this light is re ), then, from the ratio of and the time difference between the two instants, say t1, the observer can calculate the speed of light from the relation: Speed = wave length x frequency, (4) or c = / t1 , because light- effect is postulated to be transmitted within the wave length at speed c
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relative to the static space. Let the source S produce similar shells in succession, such that the tail-end of each shell coincides with the front of the following shell. If the nos. of shells received by O in unit time be f, he will calculate the distance covered by the f shells as f , and time duration as f t1.; with the ratio of these two quantities, he will get the value of c same as before. It is seen that the measurement of light speed across one wavelength is the same as across many wavelengths provided the successive shells are similar and have no interruptions in between. Now, let O move with velocity v relative to the static space towards S, and record his timings across only one shell. Because his velocity relative to the light shell now is v + c, time duration across one wavelength will be: t2 = / (c + v) , (5) which is shorter than t1 as measured before. The moving observers eye interacts with the light within the shell for a shorter duration now, and hence he sees the wavelength as: m = distance through which the light effect is transmitted in time t2. = c /( c + v ). (6) The nos. of shells meeting the eye of this observer in unit time will be, from (4), fm = 1 / t2 = ( c + v) / . (7) The moving observer can now determine the light speed from (5) and (6) as: Speed of light = Wavelength x Frequency = m x fm = [c /(c + v )] ( c + v ) / = c. (8) It is thus seen that the observer, in the moving as well as stationary states, finds that the speed of light is constant; and he will reach this conclusion without sacrificing the traditional concept of time. The null result of Michelson-Morley experiment shows that around the surface of earth, there is no relative motion of space. It is shown elsewhere that space circulates at about 7.8 km /s at a height around the ionosphere, and reduces to zero on the earths surface, thus producing gravitational field). In the well known Sagnacs experiment, a beam of light is split into two halves, that travel around closed identical paths reflected through mirrors in opposite directions, and combined again in a detector to examine their interference pattern . The rotation of the apparatus produces shift in the interference fringes as a function of the angular velocity. As discussed during the derivation of (6) and (7), the reflecting mirrors along one path, rotating opposite to the light beam, will see shorter wavelengths and proportionately more of light- shells in unit time (frequency); while, the mirrors rotating in the same direction as the beam in the other path, will see longer wavelengths and lesser shells during the same period; on account of this, the wave length as well as the frequency of the two beams reaching the detector will be different and, consequently, a shift in the interference fringes will occur. The product of the wavelength and the corresponding frequency for each path of the light beams remaining the same, the mirrors as observers will find the same value for the velocity of light. The above conclusion is, however, based on the fact that light is transmitted across the shell at constant speed relative to the fluid medium of space. The appearance of the interference fringes should not be taken as an indication that the speeds of light of the two beams in Sagnac experiment are different. 1. 0 The transmission of the annihilation- light is independent of the motion of the electron and positron undergoing annihilation. Consider an electron with its vortex structure. At any point in the vortex, the vf and its radial distance from the vortex center will determine the magnitudes of
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the electrostatic and gravitational potentials. A displacement of electrons center will produce changes in the potentials; such changes will occur during electrons motion, either uniform or accelerating. The equalization of potentials, due to self- action of space, will take place at speed c relative to space; therefore, considering motion of an electron at ordinary velocity, it can be assumed that the field structure retains its symmetrical distribution around the electron as before. Let an electron and positron, moving at ordinary speed, under go annihilation. As discussed before, after collapse of the void of electron during annihilation, it loses mass, charge and its existence; however, the light shell produced continues its transmission relative to space, with the point of annihilation as its center , independent of the speed of the particles prior to their annihilation; the point of annihilation and the field structure get fixed in space after annihilation. On similar arguments, it will be seen that the light produced (Figs.4a, 4b), during atomic vibrations, is transmitted at speed c relative to space, by the self-action of space to achieve equalization of potentials. Further, since photons or light shells are mass-less entities (pulsation of potential changes), not emitted from within the electron (void interior), light can not carry the momentum of these particles.( The vf that was associated with the particles imparting them momentum before annihilation, if approaching c, will produce additional electrons). In Sagnacs experiment, the source of light, the mirrors and also the detector, move relative to space; a pulse of light produced by the source transmits in the stationary space at c, independent of the sources motion, and reaches the reflecting mirrors that, due to their motion relative to space, convert and reflect either shorter or longer wavelengths as discussed earlier. 1.1 Time Dilation Phenomenon The traditional concept of time was revised in STR. Though it has been shown above that the speed of light measured by the observers in different frames of reference will come out to be the same, and this is in support of the postulate of STR; the following thought experiment reveals the fallacy in the relativistic arguments generally provided in support of time dilation. The Fig.7 shows a platform in uniform motion with two observers A and B on it, and another stationary observer C on the ground. The relativists view is that if the observer A lights a match stick creating a flash, the observer B sitting opposite to him will think that the flash has directly come to him along the route PQ, whereas, the observer C will see the path of the flash along PQ1, since, during the time the flash has reached him, the platform has moved to a new location P1 Q1 R1 S1.The path of the flash does not look the same to the two observers, A and B. Since the flash is moving with A, it seems to B taking a longer path; and if the speed of light is to remain the same, the longer path must seem to take longer time: time must pass faster for C. The crux of this issue is: Is the flash of light really moving with the observer A? Let us suppose that A has with him an electron and a positron that undergo annihilation at some instant. As described in previous paragraph, the point of annihilation P will get fixed in space, while A and B will move on. Assuming that B can see the point of annihilation even before the light shell has reached him, he will see that P is shifting towards his left due to his own motion towards right; and by the time B reaches Q1, he will see that the light shell has taken the route PQ1 to reach him, which is the same as seen by C. The assumption of the relativist that the flash of light is moving with A is erroneous; further, if C stands at D, such that PQ1 = PD, the light shell will reach both B and C at the same instant. It is thus seen that the new concepts of time dilation and also simultaneity are superfluous aspects in STR.
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1. 2 Photo electric effect In photo electric phenomenon, the energy equation from Einstein is: hf = W + me v2 / 2 (9) where hf is the energy of the incident photon, W is the work function (energy required to remove an electron), and the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is me v2 / 2. It has been earlier shown that the energy of a single photon is h / unit time, and also that hf is the energy of all the photons produced in unit time. Further, as shown in fig.6, the electron vortex being held in the atomic vortex, and rotating around the nucleus requires that the kinetic energy of the ejected electron in (9) should be derived from the vf in the vortex of the atom , and not from the energy of the incident photon as presently believed. Since Einstein in STR considered the medium of space to be a void extension, he could not have postulated real circulation of space and presence of spatial vf around the nucleus to supply kinetic energy to the ejected electron ; and, hence, under such a circumstance, he would have been forced to imagine that the energy of a single photon should be large enough to be comparable with the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons (9) as experimentally observed. The following computation of the kinetic energy available to the electron from the atomic vortex pinpoints the error in Einsteins explanation of the photoelectric effect. The emission of photoelectrons occurs from the substances containing lighter as well as heavier atoms (sodium chloride, thorium on tungsten, etc.). The radius of a nucleus of average atomic weight is calculated [2] as 2 x 10 -9; the vf tangential to this nucleus in the diametrical plane of the nuclear vortex, considering the fact that it falls in the inverse proportion with the radial distance[2]; and the existence of the maximum vf ( 3x 1010 cm /s) in electron vortex at a radial distance of 4x 10 -11 cm, will be, v = c x re / nuclear radius = ( 3 x 1010 ) x ( 4 x 10 -11 ) / 2 x 10 - 9 = 6 x 10 8 cm / s. (10)

Therefore, if the innermost electron is released due to its interaction with the light shell, it will possess the above speed. Since the average atomic radius is of the order of 10 8 cm, substituting this value for the nuclear radius in (10), the speed of rotation of the outer orbital electrons is obtained as 1.2 x 10 8 cm / s. Thus, the photoelectrons released from the outermost orbits will possess kinetic energy E
k

= (1 / 2) m e v 2 = 0.5 x 9.108 x 10 28 x (1.2 x 10 8 ) 2 = 6.56 x 10 -12 erg. (11)

Supposing the average atomic vibration of the order of 10 15 / s, which is also the frequency of the light emitted, energy contained as per Plancks energy Equation, in f nos. of light shells produced in unit time will be E = h f = 6.625 x 10 27 erg. s (10 15 / s) = 6.625 x 10 12 erg. (12)

The kinetic energy of the photo electrons as per (11), derived from the atomic- vortex,
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is very close to the energy of light per unit time as per (12); it is on account of this coincidental closeness, Einstein could explain quantitatively photoelectric effect The release of electrons in photo electric effect is almost instantaneous; it is not clear as to why the electrons have to wait exactly for unit time to absorb energy as per (12). Thus, the basic conception that hf is the quanta of energy of a single photon that remains indivisible during emission and absorption, led to the belief that an electron in an atom can absorb and emit energy, while the real dynamic source of the kinetic energy- the atomic vortex that ejects the photo electrons due to their interaction with light, lies hidden till date. 1. 3 Photoelectric Threshold It was shown in Section.5, that during the annihilation of electron and positron (Fig.3b), the fluid space flowing into the void is accelerated in time re / c, in which period, the velocity of space changes from c to zero; thus creating a radial acceleration field c / (re / c), that is c2 / re across and within the wavelength, pointing towards the point of annihilation. On similar lines it can be shown that light from thermal radiation (or any other source including X-rays) of wavelength , will possess across it an acceleration field equal to c2 / which will remain constant through out its transmission. An orbital electron in an atom is subjected to an inward acceleration v 2 /r as shown in fig.5 due to the vf of the vortex; this acceleration is opposed by c2 / in the light shell when it interacts with the atom. Equating the two, c2 / = v 2 / r Or = c2 r / v 2 (13)

Substituting the value for v and r in (13) applicable to the outer most electron in the orbit given earlier as 1.2 x 10 8 cm / s, and 10 -8 respectively, m = (3 x 1010 cm / s) 2 10 8 / (1.2 x 10 8 cm / s) 2 = 6.25 x 10 4 cm. (14) which gives the maximum value of the wavelength of light to enable cancellation of the two opposite acceleration fields acting on the orbital electron and its release. Similarly, for the inner electrons, substituting the value of v from (10), and the orbital radius given earlier as 2 x 10 9 cm (close to the average nuclear radius) in (13), the wavelength of light for release of inner electrons should be less than o = ( 3 x 1010 cm / s ) 2 2 x 10-9 cm / ( 6 x 10 8 cm / s ) 2 = 5 x 10 6 . (15) The above results are approximate, intended only to show that during the interaction of light with electrons, there is no absorption of energy. The pulses of light only loosen the electrical bonds of the electrons with the atoms without any exchange of energy. Another well known phenomenon that supports the above conclusion was detected early this century (1910): The passage of X- rays through a gas ionize it.W.H.Bragg had concluded [5] that the X- rays do not ionize the gas directly; they act by ejecting, from a small proportion of the atoms of the gas , electrons (photo electrons) of high speed, each of which acts as a beta- particle and ionizes the gas by detaching electrons in a succession of collisions with the molecules along its path. The speed of the ejected electron depends only on the hardness or penetrating power of the X-rays (which
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was later shown to be, in effect, their frequency), and not at all on their intensity, or the nature of the atom from which the electron is expelled. What Bragg emphasized as specially remarkable was that the energy of the electron was as great as that of an electron in the beam of cathode rays by which the X-rays had been excited originally. The above effect shows that the X- ray pulse, as a light shell, keeps the acceleration field in its wavelength constant (stated above), despite its spherical expansion from the point where it was produced, to the point where it detached an electron; and the electron after its release was ejected with the kinetic energy that it already possessed from the atomic vortex.. Radically different is the conclusion when looked with the presupposition of the energy exchange between the X- ray pulse and the ejected electron, photon nature of light, and empty ness around the nuclei of atoms. Sir Edmund Whittaker further observed on the above phenomenon [5]: the X-ray pulse seemed to have the property of keeping its energy together in a small bundle, without any of the spreading that might have been expected on the wave theory, and to be able to transfer the whole of this energy to a single electron. Similar to the above was the argument used to justify Einsteins energy equation, which was shown to have erroneous meaning of energy quanta. 1. 4 Physical aspects of atomic interactions through light- pulses Fig.8 shows a free atom A in oscillation, whereas, atom B is held at the surface S of a metal plate [3]. The lines of action of the inward gravity field FA of the atom A, and the inward gravity field FB of the atom B, are also shown. The atom B is held due to interatomic forces F of its neighboring atoms in the plate except on the surface S, where FA interacts with the field FB of B. The resultant gravity field FB FA , acts at B at the plates surface S. With the oscillation of atom A, when it is displaced towards left, a light pulse, described earlier starts from A, and after a time R/c, reaches S decreasing the strength of the field FA , thereby increasing the magnitude of FB-FA , which results in a net force on B arisen because of its own inward gravity field FB. During the next displacement towards right, through a similar process as described above, the magnitude of FA increases ( as A comes closer to B) , which decreases the magnitude of FB-FA , and leads to the reduction of the force on the atom B. The intermittent pressure impulses on atom B, which is held embedded in the surface S by the inter atomic forces F, set it under oscillation, creating electromagnetic pulses also from B. It is thus seen that the atom A, without imparting momentum to B with direct contact, sets it in oscillation through the light pulses produced due to its mechanical oscillations. 1. 5 Energy Exchange The energy exchange takes place through the transfer of momentum, when two bodies moving relative to space at different velocities collide; the velocity field vectors associated with the moving bodies (space- motion trailing the bodies)[2] combine to give a resultant velocity and momentum as per the equations of classical mechanics; and in this process, due to the changes in momentum, energy transfer takes place between the bodies. Since a light pulse is mass less, it can not have momentum. As shown in the earlier Section-14, a light pulse can oscillate a stationary atom, which is in equilibrium under its own inward forces, by creating their imbalance; the oscillations are not caused due to the reason that the light pulses impart momentum to the atom. A body A, with its atoms under vibration, and therefore possessing kinetic energy, sends light pulses (heat radiation) to another body B resulting into vibrations of the atoms of B; The vibrating atoms of B will get associated with the changing vf or acceleration field on account of their to-and-fro motion, generating kinetic energy in
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space around the atoms itself. Thus, the body B now possesses kinetic energy (heat), though the radiation pulses from A have not transferred their energy to the atoms of B. The atoms of B, in turn, will send radiation pulses back to A, such that these pulses from B are out of phase to those of A, retarding the vibration of the atoms of A, due to which the bodies reach equilibrium temperature. Thus, though the heat energy of A has not been transported through the radiation pulses to B, yet the kinetic energy of its atoms has reduced through the interaction of the pulses from B. Light radiation acts as a spatial link among numerous cosmic bodies in the universe to bring the equality of their temperatures by controlling the oscillations of their atoms, without itself becoming a means of energy transfer. Without the latent energy of space, matter can not be created; without matter, the energy fields associated with matter are non existent; and in the absence of these fields and their time varying changes, there can not be the phenomenon of light. Conclusion The classical physics requires conceptual shift on the nature of space and matter: The property of inertness , ascribed by Newton to space, can not explain the source of cosmic energy; neither can it explain the creation of matter. That matter consists of dimension less material- points, postulated by Boscovich, who followed Newtons ideas, is again a faulty concept. Leibnizs belief, that the medium of space is not eternal, also requires revision. It is surprising to note that all the essential attributes of space -- source of cosmic energy, ability to create matter, and its eternal existence -- are contained in the postulates of Descartes ; and yet Newton vehemently opposed Cartesian Philosophy. The continuous energy variation of an oscillating pendulum, or that of a moving body (kinetic energy), allowed by the classical mechanics, but ruled out by the quantum theory, is still valid because the Plancks energy equation, (subject to the modification that Plancks constant is proportional to the energy contained in one shell only), applicable for different frequencies of light, is restricted to exclusively light phenomenon, and not the kinetic motion of matter. Light shell, (presently termed as photon), is a mass - less entity, and does not possess momentum, kinetic energy, or inertia; hence its behavior can not be imagined to be akin to material particles. In photoelectric or Comptons effect, the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is not derived from the incident photon; there is no energy exchange between a photon and an electron. The orbital electrons are tied to the atom with the interaction of their own vortices and the atomic vortex under electrical attraction, and do not accelerate during their motion; hence, any hypothesis on their motion in fixed orbits is superfluous. So also, the source of production of light from the oscillating atoms, is due to their own time- varying gravity potential in space; (the orbital electrons also make minor contribution due to their weak gravity fields extending beyond the neutral atom). The current belief in the emission and absorption of light by electron/ atom is erroneous. Atom is not a force-free entity; a free atom will be in equilibrium under the inward forces arisen in space due to its own structure; the nucleus of Hydrogen atom is subjected to an inward acceleration field of about (1.3) x 10 28 cm / s 2, which maintains its stability; all the atoms have inward forces on their nuclei that are in opposition to the disruptive electrical forces within the nucleus. Nature operates with only one kind of fundamental particle that is, electron; in its structure all the fields are unified; its motion, relative to substantial space, produces magnetic field.
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Plancks constant is not a universal constant; it is a derived quantity; quantum theory, that has Plancks energy equation right at its foundation level, is based on the misconception of the true nature of light. Its the reaction of the fluid- space against the high- speed motion of particles, that gives rise to de Broglies waves and diffraction effect; a wrong interpretation arisen due to point- mass and point- charge model of electron, and belief in the emptiness of space, resulted in the acceptance of dual behavior of light, which led de Broglie to conceive matter waves. Diracs quantum field theory unifying wave- particle behavior, can have support from the void- vortex structure of electron, that fulfills this requirement. Erwin Schrodinger,s equation, based on Plancks and de Broglies erroneous concepts, and Max Born,s probability waves, finally made quantum physics unintelligible [6 ]. Need less to say the electron is not to be considered as encircling the nucleus in a circular orbit but in stead it is spread out in a way that is totally unpicturable classically. No doubt, quantum theory, clinging on to some non existent phenomena like emission and absorption of energy by electron, possession of mass and momentum by photon, and fiercely opposing recognition to the existence of spatial reality, has been marching from errors to blunders and thus, digressing from the real path in the pursuit of the true scientific knowledge. However, not withstanding the superfluous ness of the time dilation in STR, Einstein is vindicated for his postulates on the invariance of speed of light measured by the observers in different frames of reference and, more specifically, on its being the limiting speed in the universe; no wonder, he kept away from the tangles of the quantum theories based on the principles of uncertainty, complementarity, indeterminacy, and probability, for most of the period during the later years of his life. In mid thirties, highly dissatisfied with the developing trend of the quantum theories, he expressed strong resentment against renouncing strict causality; he said that in case the principles supporting the renouncement of causality proved to be correct, he would rather be a cobbler, or even an employee in a gambling house, than a physicist. To Max Born he wrote that he did not believe that God played at dice. References 1.Tewari, P. The Substantial Space and Void- Nature of Elementary Material Particles (1977); Space Vortices of Energy and Matter (1978); The Origin of Electrons Mass, charge, Gravitational and Electromagnetic Field, from empty Space (1982). 2. Tewari, P.(1982) Space is the Absolute Reality. Proceedings of ICSTA, International Publishers, East- West, Niederschocklstr,62, 8044 Graz, Austria; Beyond Matter (1984); Beyond Matter_ A Comprehensive Theory of the Material Universe, Editor: Wolfram Bahmann,Feyermuhler Str. 12, D-53894 Mechernich; Physics of Space Power Generation (1996). 3.Tewari, P. Limitation on the Law of Energy Conservation, EXPLORE ! , Volume 7, Number 2, 1996; Genesis of Free Power Generation, EXPLORE ! Volume 6, Number 3, 1995; P.O.Box 1508. Mt. Vernon,WA 98273. 4.Sir Edmund Whittaker (1951), A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, The Classical Physics. 5. Tewari, P. (1998), On Planetary Motion caused by Solar Space Vortex. Journal of New Energy, Vol.3, No.2/3, 1998, 3084 E, 3300 South Salt Lake City, Utah 84109-2154. 6. J.C. Pokinghorne, The Quantum World, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

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