Aperture Antennas

INEL 5305 Prof. Sandra Cruz-Pol ECE, UPRM

Ref. Balanis Chpt. 12

Aperture Antennas
Most common at microwave frequencies Can be flushed-mounted We will analyze radiation characteristics at far field

Rectangular aperture Circular aperture

Far field is the F of the near field

Fourier Transform for 1-D f

W (k x ) = w( x)e jk x x dx

w( x) =

1 2

W (k x )e jk x x dk x

For two-dimensions, x and y;

U(k x , ky )=
u ( x, y ) = 1 4
2

u(x, y)e

jk x x + jky y

dx dy

U (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Properties of Fourier Transform

ds (t ) = jY t s (t ) dt u ( x, y ) Yx = jk x Y x u ( x, y ) x u 2 ( x, y ) 2 Yx = ( jk x ) Y x u ( x, y ) 2 x u 2 ( x, y ) Y yx = k x2 Y yx u ( x, y ) 2 x Yt

 2 E + k o2 E = 0 E = 0
2 2 + 2 + 2 E + ko2 E = 0 x z y E x ( x, y, z ) E y ( x, y, z ) E z ( x, y, z ) =0 + + x y z
2 2

Taking the Fourier transform of the 2 equations above:

2 2 E(k x , k y , z ) + (ko2 k x2 k y )E(k x , k y , z ) = 0 2 z E (k , k , z ) k x Ex (k x , k y , z ) + k y E y (k x , k y , z ) + j z x y = 0 z

Now, we define, And we obtain,

2 k z2 = ko2 k x2 k y

2 E( k x , k y , z ) z 2

+ k z2E(k x , k y , z ) = 0

jk z Which has a solution of E(k x , k y , z ) = f (k x , k y )e z

Then we take the inverse transform

E( x , y , z ) =

1 4
2

f (k x , k y )e jk r dk x dk y

If z=0, then, we are at the aperture

E a ( x, y ) = E tan ( x, y,0) = 1 4
2

f (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Which looks like:

u ( x, y ) = 1 4
2

U (k x , k y )e

jk x x jk y y

dk x dk y

Which is the inverse of F

This is the Fourier transform for 2 dimensions, so:

U(k x , ky )=

u(x, y)e

jk x x + jky y

dx dy

ft ( k x , k y ) = Ea ( x, y )e
Sa

jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

It can be shown that,

E(r )

jk o cos jko r e f t (k o a cos cos , k o b sin sin ) 2r

Therefore, if we know the field at the aperture, we can used these equations to find E(r). =>First, well look at the case when the illumination at the rectangular aperture its uniform.

Uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture

E a ( x, y ) = Eo x =0 for |x| a
a b

|y| b

elsewhere
ft = Eo x e
a b jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

= 4abEo x = 4abEo x = 4abEo x

sin k x a sin k y b kxa k yb

sin (ko a sin cos ) sin (kob sin sin ) ko a sin cos kob sin sin sin u sin v u v

E(r ) =

jk o 4abEo jko r sin u sin v sin cos cos e 2r u v

*Note: in Balanis book, the aperture is axb, so no 4 factor on the eq. above.

How does this pattern looks

u = ko a sin cos v = ko b sin sin

TE10 illuminated rectangular aperture

- a / 2 x' a / 2 x' E a ( x, y ) = Eo cos y for - b / 2 y' b / 2 a =0 elsewhere

ft = Eo y cos(
a b a b

x
a

)e

jk x x + jk y y

dxdy

u 2 v Y= 2 X=

u = ko a sin cos v = kob sin sin

E(r ) =

jko abEo e jko r 4r

sin Y sin cos cos 2 Y X 2 2

cos X

Rectangular Aperture: Directivity

4 Do =ap ab 2
For TE10 illuminated Rectangular Aperture the aperture efficiency is around 81%. For the uniform illumination, is 100% but in practice difficult to implement uniform illumination.

Circular Aperture

(Uniform illumination) In this case we use cylindrical coordinates

ft = Eo x e jk o sin cos( ') d ' d

0 0

a 2

= 2a 2 Eo x

J1 (ko a sin ) ko a sin

Circular Aperture w/ uniform illumination

2

C Do =ap

For TE11 illuminated Circular Aperture the aperture efficiency is around 84%. For the uniform illumination, is 100% but in practice difficult to implement uniformity