1) Which carbon atom is arranged in a regular tetrahedral structure?

The Carbon atoms in diamond are arranged in a regular tetrahedral structure. The basic unit of diamond consists of one carbon atom covalently linked to four adjacent carbon atoms (since carbon is quadrivalent) which are placed at the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. The angle between each of the four covalent bonds between the central atom and each of the corner atoms is 104 degrees 28 minutes. This basic unit extends throughout the crystal of diamond endowing it with enormous strength. 2) Uses of Formic Acid? The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle. In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill salmonella bacteria. Formic acid is of minor importance in the textile industry and in the tanning of leather. Some formate esters are artificial flavorings or perfumes. It is the active ingredient in some brands of household limescale remover.In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion. 3) Properties of Formic Acid? Formic acid (also called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or HCO2H. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stings. In fact, its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are referred to as formate(s). Formic acidis miscible with water and most polar organic solvents, and somewhat soluble in hydrocarbons. In hydrocarbons and in the vapor phase, it consists of hydrogen-bonded dimers rather than individual molecules. Owing to its tendency to hydrogen-bond, gaseous formic acid does not obey the ideal gas law. Solid formic acid (two polymorphs) consists of an effectively endless network of hydrogenbonded formic acid molecules. This relatively complicated compound also forms a low-boiling azeotrope with water (22.4%) and liquid formic acid also tends to supercool. 4) Define Chloroform? A clear, colorless, heavy, sweet-smelling liquid, CHCl3, used in refrigerants, propellants, and resins, as a solvent, and sometimes as an anesthetic. Chloroform, once widely used in human and veterinary surgery, has generally been replaced by less toxic, more easily controlled agents.

5) Uses of White Soft Paraffin? White soft paraffin is a pharmaceutical ingredient that is commonly found in many topical skin treatments. It is used as an emollient and a heavy moisturizer. When applied to the skin, it is a very messy, greasy compound. Another term for white soft paraffin is white petroleum jelly, and it is found in such products as Vaseline, Aquaphor, Eucerin, as well as a number of topical antibiotic and corticosteroid treatments. Most topical remedies containing whit soft paraffin can be purchased over the counter. However, this same ingredient is also used in a number of prescription skin treatments as well. White soft paraffin should not be confused with the type of paraffin wax that is used in beauty treatments. 6) Uses of liquid Paraffin? Liquid paraffin bath is used in occupational therapy for loosening muscles and tendons in the hand to facilitate hand therapy. The hand skin is very soft afterwards, which is why it's used for cosmetic reasons. 7) Define Paraffin? A waxy white or colorless solid hydrocarbon mixture used to make candles, wax paper, lubricants, and sealing materials. Also called paraffin wax. 8) How the body converts lactic acid to energy? Lactic acid is a significant energy source, to improve your capacity to use lactate as a fuel, you must increase the lactic acid load by increasing the intensity and endurance of the exercise you do. 9) What are the medical uses of Ethyl Alcohol? Ethyl alcohol, also commonly referred to as ethanol, is a colorless liquid that has many uses. Aside from being the most common type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and certain recreational drugs, it is often used in medicine as an antidoteto combat the effects of other types of drugs or alcohol. Since it is considered a volatile chemical, it should only be used with the supervision of a doctor. 10) What are the other names for sodium lauryl sulfate? Sodium lauryl sulfate has various other names, including sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt, sodium salt, hydrogen sulfate, dodecyl alcohol, sodium dodecanesulfate, and sodium monododecyl sulfate. 11) Define Paracetamol? Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a pain reliever and a fever reducer. The exact mechanism of action of is not known.Paracetamol is used to treat many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers. It relieves pain in mild arthritis but has no effect on the underlying inflammation and swelling of the joint.

12) Uses of Benzoic Acid? Benzoic acid is combined with chloride and phosphorus to make chemicals, most of which are poisonous. These primarily include insect repellants. Benzoic acid also goes into artificial flavors as well as perfume. Tobacco is sometimes even flavored with benzoic acid. 13) Define Pyridine? An organic heterocyclic compoundcontaining a triunsaturated sixmembered ring of five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Pyridine (1) 1

and pyridine homologs are obtained by extraction of coal tar or by synthesis. The pyridine system is found in natural products, for example, in nicotine (2) from tobacco, in ricinine (3) from castor bean, in pyridoxine or vitamin B6 (4), in nicotinamide or niacinamide or vitamin P (5).

14) Define furan? Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid, bp 31.4C (88.5F), which is stable to alkali but not to mineral acid. Its water solubility is approximately 1% at room temperature. On exposure to air, furan decomposes very slowly by autoxidation. Substituted furans, particularly negatively substituted furans, are much less sensitive. The furan system is aromatic. Nitration, halogenation, acylation, mercuration, and sulfonation reactions occur with relative ease. 15) Define naphthalene? Simplest of the fused (condensed) ring hydrocarbonss, an aromatic compound composed of two benzene rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms (C10H8). It is a white solid at room temperature, very volatile, with a characteristic odour. Naphthalene is an important raw material in the manufacture of dyes and synthetic resins and has been used as a moth repellent.

16) Define Hybridization? Mixing a set of atomic orbitals to form a new set of atomic orbitals with the same total electron capacity and with properties and energies intermediate between those of the original unhybridized orbitals. 17)Define Dipole Moment? The product of the distance separating opposite charges of equal magnitude of the charge; a measure of the polarity of a bond or molecule; a measured dipole moment refers to the dipole moment of an entire molecule. 18)Define Polar Bond? Polar bond = simply a type of covalent bond in which the electrons are shared but not equally. This happens when two different atoms come together, such a C and O. Each atom has a different ability to draw electrons to itself when it shares electrons (that drawing ability is called Electronegativity). 19)Uses of Formaldehyde? a) Formaldehyde based resins are used to make fabrics crease resistant. b)Some of these resins are also used as permanent adhesives on plywood (particle-board) and carpet. They also provide the wet strength of products like; facial tissues, paper towel. c)Formaldehyde based materials are also used in the manufacturing of automobiles. d)It is also commonly used a disinfectant because it kills most bacteria and fungi. Due to its effectiveness it is used as a preservative in cosmetics and in the production of vaccines (to prevent contamination of other viruses or bacteria). Unfortunately, in some parts of the world it is still used, illegally, for preserving food. e)Solutions of formaldehyde are also used to dry the skin, which is common in over-the-counter wart treatment. f)Other solutions of this chemical are used for embalming to disinfect and preserve human and animal remains. This is because it is able to preserve cells in their natural state 20) Define glycerol? Glycerol a clear, colourless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the alcohol family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. Until 1948 all glycerol was obtained as a by-product in making soaps from animal and

vegetable fats and oils, but industrial syntheses based on propylene or sugar has accounted for an increasingly large percentage of U.S. production since that time. The term glycerin is ordinarily applied to commercial materials containing more than 95 percent glycerol. 21)Domestic and other niche uses of Acetone? Acetone is often the primary component in cleaning agents such as nail polish remover. Ethyl acetate, another organic solvent, is sometimes used as well. Acetone is a component of superglue remover and it easily removes residues from glass and porcelain. It can be used as an artistic agent; when rubbed on the back of a laser print or photocopy placed face-down on another surface and burnished firmly, the toner of the image transfers to the destination surface. Make-up artists use acetone to remove skin adhesive from the netting of wigs and moustaches by immersing the item in an acetone bath, then removing the softened glue residue with a stiff brush. 22)Laboratory Uses of Acetone? In the laboratory, acetone is used as a polar aprotic solvent in a variety of organic reactions,such as SN2 reactions.It is a common solvent for rinsing laboratory glassware because of its low cost and volatility. However, it does not form an azeotrope with water. Despite its common use as a supposed drying agent, it is not effective except by bulk displacement and dilution. Acetone can be cooled with dry ice to 78 C without freezing; acetone/dry ice baths are commonly used to conduct reactions at low temperatures. Acetone is fluorescent under ultraviolet light, and its vapor may be used as a fluorescent tracer in fluid flow experiments 23)Medical and Cosmetic uses of Acetone? Acetone is used in a variety of general medical and cosmetic applications and is also listed as a component in food additives and food packaging. Acetone is commonly used in chemical peeling. Common agents used today for chemical peels are salicylic acid, lycolic acid, 30% salicylic acid in ethanol, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Prior to chemexfoliation, the skin should be cleaned properly and excess fat removed. This process is known as defatting. Acetone, Septisol, or a combination of these agents is commonly used in this process.

24)What is Hydroxy Acid? Hydroxy acid has been a buzzword the last 25 years as it appeared in many skin-care products to help the skin slough off dead cells to reveal new skin underneath. Hydroxy acid can be manufactured in a lab or found in all fruits, especially pineapple, lemon and papaya.There is no need to pay high prices for skin-care products if you want the benefits of hydroxyl acids; simply use real fresh fruit skins and lightly rub against your face to exfoliate.
25) Ethylene:

Ethylene is a plant hormone that differs from other plant hormones in being a gas. It has the molecular structure: H2C=CH2.As they approach maturity, many fruits (e.g., apples, oranges, avocados) release ethylene. Ethylene then promotes the ripening of the fruit. Commercial fruit growers can buy equipment to generate ethylene so that their harvest ripens quickly and uniformly. The presence of ethylene is detected by transmembrane receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cells. Binding of ethylene to these receptors unleashes a signaling cascade that leads to activation of transcription factors and the turning on of gene transcription. 26)What is a Delocalized Pi Bond? A pi bond occurs when two sets of electron orbitals, involved in the bond, overlap. A common example occurs in benzene. Delocalization is the phenomena by which electrons or bonds are transient in nature. A delocalized pi-bond means that this pi system can exist in several conformations and thus is not considered to be in either conformation, but all of them at once. Benzene is another good example: benzene has an alternating pi-bond formation (3 double bonds inside a 6 membered ring) (C6H6) and thus if the 6 carbons and hydrogens are considered motionless, the 3 double bonds can be in two different locations (since there has to be a single bond between any two double bonds, in this structure). Thus is it considered to be in both conformations and is considered "delocalized." 27) Uses of Salicylic Acid? Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid made from the bark of a willow tree. As a skin treatment, it works to exfoliate the dead skin cells and keep the pores clear. 28) Uses of Aspirin? Current uses of aspirin include: a) Over-the-counter pain relief, especially for headaches b) Can reduce severity of heart attack if taken at first symptoms c)Recovery after cardiovascular surgery (eg bypass operation).

29) Is it suitable for everyone to use Aspirin? Aspirin isnt advised for the following groups without medical advice: a) Children under 16 b) People with bleeding disorders c) Diabetics on medication 30)Physical Properties of Phenol? Pure phenol is a white crystalline solid, smelling of disinfectant. It has to be handled with great care because it causes immediate white blistering to the skin. The crystals are often rather wet and discoloured. 31) Benefits of Acetic Acid? The usefulness of acetic acid as an anchor that can control the blood sugar levels in the body, so that blood sugar levels in our bodies will be maintained. 32) What is the Structural formula of naphthalene? Two Benzene ring join together and form naphthalene. 33) Benefits of Alpha Hydroxy Acids? Alpha Hydroxy Acids contain fruit acids and they may also be synthetics. The primary purpose of applying alpha hydroxyl acids to the skin is to help remove dead skin cells. Alpha hydroxyl acid can be found in commercial skin care products including moisturizer, cleansers, overnight and daytime creams but not sunscreens. 34) Define White soft paraffin? White soft paraffin is also known as white petroleum jelly. This is not an active ingredient as such, but works as a moisturiser by providing a layer of oil on the surface of the skin to prevent water evaporating from the skin surface. It is a very greasy moisturiser.Dry skin results from lack of water in the outer layer of skin cells known as the stratum corneum. When this layer becomes dehydrated it loses its flexibility and becomes cracked, scaly and sometimes itchy. The stratum corneum contains natural water-holding substances that retain water seeping up from the deeper layers of the skin, and water is also normally retained in the stratum corneum by a surface film of natural oil (sebum) and broken-down skin cells, which slow down evaporation of water from the skin surface.

35)Uses of Glycerol: Glycerol has thousands of uses. It is a basic ingredient in the gums and resins. Used to make many modern protective coatings such as automotive enamels and exterior house paints. Glycerin reacted with nitric and sulfuric acid forms the explosive nitroglycerin. It is a component of mono and diglyceride emulsifiers which are used as softening agents in baked goods plasticizers in shortening, and stabilizers in ice cream.It is used as skin lotion,mouth washes,cough medicines,drug solvents,serums,vaccines.Another significant use is as a protective medium for freezing red blood cells,sperm cells,eye corneas and other living tissues.At one time its largest single use was as automotive antifreeze,methanol and ethylene glycol have replaced for this purpose. 36) Define formaldehyde? Formaldehyde is a colourless,strong smelling gas often found in aqueous solutions.Commonly used as a preservative in medical laboratories and mortuaries .Formaldehyde is also found in many products such as chemicals,particle board,household products,glues,permanent press fabrics,paper product coatings fiberboard and plywood.It is also widely used as an industrial fungicide germicide and disinfectant. 37) Diethyl ether: Diethyl ether, also known as ethyl ether, simply ether, or ethoxyethane, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula (C2H5)2O. It is a colorless, highly volatile flammable liquid with a characteristic odor. It is commonly used as a solvent and was once used as a general anesthetic. 38) Methoxy Flurance: It is a potent nonexplosive inhalational general anesthetic C 3 H 4 Cl 2 F 2 O withdrawn from the U.S. market because of its link to liver and kidney damage. 39) Is ethylene a harmful compound or toxic to human health in any way? No! In fact, ethylene was used historically as an important anesthetic until less flammable compounds were developed. It is a colorless gas with a sweet etherlike odor. As an anesthetic, it was used as a concentration of 85% with 15% oxygen. Ethylene is a hydrocarbon gas and quite flammable and explosive at concentrations above about 3%. Remember, a non-toxic anesthetic for humans at a concentration of 85% or higher, yet as a fruit ripening hormone, ethylene gas is effective at 0.1 to 1 ppm. One part of ethylene per million parts of air that's one cupful of ethylene gas in 62,000 gallons of air - is enough to promote the ripening process in fruits.

40) Chemical Properties of Acetylene a) Flammable Limits : 2.3-100% b) Specific Gravity : 0.91@70F c) Together with air it forms an explosive mixture. d) Thermal decomposition produces carbon monoxide that is poisonous. e) It possess a reactive triple bond between carbon and carbon.