Information Technology for Management

Network Basics and Data Communication

Group Members Chetan Darji Vidyadhar Hegde Saurabh Khairnar Gauresh Pathare Pratik Patil Prakash Thakkar (17) (33) (42) (51) (53) (59)

INDEX

Sr.No
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Topic
What is Computer Network ISO-OSI Reference Model Functions Of 7 Layers Types Of Networks Network Topologies Types of Network Topology Data Communication

Page
4 5 6 8 10 12

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

What is Data Communication Elements of Data Communication Terminologies in Data Communication Data communication Model Transmission Medium for Data Communication Advantages of Data Communication

14 14 15 16 17 21

Network Basics
What is a Computer Network? A Computer Network is a collection of interconnected computers or devices.

What is the need for network? A network allows the interconnected devices to share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Computer Network follows the ISO-OSI (International Standard Organization-Open Systems Interconnection)

The OSI model consists of 7 layers wherein each layer has to perform a specific task.

Functions of 7 layers: Every layer in the ISO-OSI model performs a unique and an important function. Physical Layer: Concerned with actual physical attachment to the network. Deals with transmitting raw bits over communication channel. The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Data Link Layer: It breaks the data into frames and passes it to the network layer. It also performs error control, flow control, access control.

Network Layer: It handles the responsibility of source to destination delivery of packets. It performs routing, congestion control, QOS, addressing.

Transport Layer: It is the true End-to-End layer because it ensures No loss of data. Controls data flow on network. All packets arrive correctly at other end.

Session layer: Dialogue Control. Synchronization. Presentation Layer: Syntax of information. Compression. Encoding of information.

Application Layer: Application layer provides user interface and support for: E-mail, File transfer, remote file access.

Types of Networks: There are 3 types of network LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Local Area Network A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart. Small network, short distance A room, a floor, a building Limited by no. of computers and distance covered Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN Serve a department within an organization Examples: Network inside the Student Computer Room Network inside CF502 Network inside your home
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Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).

Wide Area Networks Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.

Network Topologies Networks may be structured according topologies: Some commonly used topologies are 1. Bus Topology to various

All the Systems in the network are connected through a single cable or BUS.

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2. Star Topolgy

All the systems are connected to a central hub, thus forming a star like structure.

3. Ring Topology

The systems are connected to one another forming a logical ring.

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Data Communication
What is Data Communication? Data Communications for computers provides the tools, products and equipment to provide or gather information needs to communicate beyond itself, to similar equipment or to a dissimilar system. A simple scenario would be two personal computers in the same building, but 50 feet away from each other. By hooking up a cable between the two personal computers, we now have Data Communications. Elements of Data Communication Source Generates data to be transmitted Transmitter Converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System Carries data Receiver Converts received signal into data Destination Takes incoming data
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Terminologies Hub: A device that repeats or broadcasts the network stream of information to individual nodes ( usually personal computers) Switch: A device that receives packets from its input link, and then sorts them and transmits them over the proper link that connects to the node addressed. Bridge:A link between two networks that have identical rules of communication. Gateway: A link between two different networks that have different rules of communication. Router: A node that sends network packets in one of many possible directions to get them to their destination.

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Transmission Mediums For Data Communication Two main categories: Guided wires, cables Unguided wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar

Guided media are Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables

Twisted-Pair Cables If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors.

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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires

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Coaxial Cables In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (100KHz500MHz) than UTP cables Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

Fiber-Optic Cables Light travels at 3108 ms-1 in free space and is the fastest possible speed in the Universe Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away from the normal when it enters a less dense medium

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Beyond the critical angle total internal reflection An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less dense material) Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of refractive index between the core and the cladding) Light bounces back and forth along the core Common light sources: LEDs and lasers

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Advantages of using Network for Data communication 1. Files can be stored on a central computer (the file server) allowing data to be shared throughout an organization. 2. Files can be backed up more easily when they are all on a central fileserver rather than when they are scattered across a number of independent workstations. 3. Networks also allow security to be established, ensuring that the network users may only have access to certain files and applications.

4. Software and resources can be centrally managed. 5. Network versions of software often allow for their speedy installation on workstations from the file server. 6. Expensive devices such as laser printers or scanners can be shared. 7. Users can access their files from any workstation

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Bibliography:
1. Wikipedia. 2. Foundation of Information Technology. 3. Networking Basics - Key Concepts in Computer Networking http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/Networking

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