SCIENCE FOUNDATION 2011/2012 CODE SUBJECT: BIO095

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Structure Questions 1. In obtaining food, organisms acquired a feeding mechanism for living and survival. a) Describe four types of feeding mechanism that been used by organism in obtaining food. (8 marks) b) Give one example of organisms for each type of feeding mechanism. (4 marks)

2. The main stages of food processing starts with ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of the food. a) In ingestion stage in human; i) What is mechanical action involved to break down food to smallest pieces? (1 mark)

ii) What makes human has a dental adaptation for being omnivores? (4 marks) iii) Presence of food in the mouth stimulates the release of saliva. Name the gland that involves for this action. (1 mark) iv) Saliva is mostly water that can moisten the food. Saliva also has other important substances. List and briefly describe three substances that are presence in the saliva. (6 marks) v) Esophagus is a muscular tube that is composed of 4 layers. Please draw and label the 4 layers that makes up esophagus. (8 marks) vi) Food that has been breaking down to smallest pieces is shape into a ball known as bolus. What aid bolus entering stomach and not to the lung? (5 marks)

b) In digestion stage in human; i) During chemical digestion inside the stomach, name two components of gastric juice that carry out chemical digestion. (2 marks).

ii) Why stomach has pH at 2? (2 marks) iii) By referring to your answer in i), name the cells involved in synthesis of these components? (hint: ion Cl and ion H) (2 marks) iv) If enzyme in the stomach works best at pH 2 (acidic), what protect cells that line the stomach from getting inflames? (1 mark). v) Chemical digestion by gastric juice is accompanied by the churning action of the stomach. This converts swallowed boluses into thick mixture called chyme

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SCIENCE FOUNDATION 2011/2012 CODE SUBJECT: BIO095

and shall move into the small intestine via sphincter. In small intestine list four types of enzymes involves in further breakdown of carbohydrate, protein to smaller polypeptides and fat? (4 marks) vi) What happen if there is malfunction of liver in producing bile? (2 marks)

c) In absorption stage in human; i) Where does absorption of food begin? (1 mark)

ii) Describe the structure of villi and microvilli. (2 marks) iii) The absorption of fats is different to the absorption of carbohydrates and protein. What happens to fats after being absorbed by epithelial cells at the brush border? (4 marks) iv) What is the major function of the colon in the absorption stage? (1 mark)

d) The terminal portion of the large intestine is the rectum. i) What is the function of rectum? (1 mark)

ii) There are two sphincters that are located between rectum and the anus. Identify which one involuntary and voluntary sphincters that act in controlling bowel movement. (2 marks)

3. The nervous system and endocrine system jointly control digestion. These controls are sensitive to the amount of food in the gastrointestinal tract and the foods chemical make-up. Name and describe 3 main hormonal controls of the digestion. (6 marks)

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