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|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|

ChemlsLry follo


1oplc 9 manufacLured subsLances ln lndusLry





name wan nurulzaflrah bL wan [amal abd naslr
lc number 931021063430
Class 4 budl
1eacher mlss karLlnl bL abd faLah







|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|




introduction



ll oI the objects around us are made up oI chemical substances.These objects exist in the Iorm oI
an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute their own beneIits
to humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensureall these chemical substances
will be enough Ior the use oI themselves.In Chapter 9 oI Form 4 syllabus oI Chemistry, students will
learn about the manuIactured substances in industry. This is important Ior the students to appreciate the
knowledge oI Chemistry that is still new Ior themselves. The knowledge gained Irom thischapter can be
applied in our liIe or even when we have a career that is related to Chemistry.Generally, this chapter is
about the manuIacture oI substances such as Sulphuric,Acid,Ammonia. This chapter also describe how
the substances are produced. Students also canlearn what the physical & chemical properties oI the
substances are. Last but not least,students will learn about the environmental pollution caused by the
substances produced. In a nutshell, this chapter is related to the substances that are manuIactured
in industry.























|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|









OB1ECTIVES



The objectives oI learning about the chapter oI ManuIactured Substances in Industry are:




Synthesize the manuIacture oI ammonia and its salts.


valuate the uses oI glass and ceramics.


&nderstand the uses oI synthetic polymers
















|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|





Ammonia and its salts
(NH3)

&SES OF AMMONIA
.Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.
2.It uses:
i.In the manuIacture oI chemical Iertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia
nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
ii.To manuIacture nitric acid and explosive.
iii.In the making oI synthetic Iibre and nylon.
iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous Iorm to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.






|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|







PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS
.The physical properties oI ammonia gas include the Iollowing:
i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.
ii.It is vary soluble in water and Iorm a weak alkaline solution.
iii.It less dense then water.
iv.It easily liquiIied (at about 35.5C) when cool.
2.The chemical properties oI ammonia gas:
a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to Iorm a weak alkali.
NH3(g) H2O(l) NH4(aq) OH-(aq)
b) The presence oI hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus
aqueous ammonia solution:
i. Turns red litmus paper blue.
ii. Reacts with acid to Iorm only salt and water in neutralization reaction.
NH3(aq) HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)
2NH3 H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
iii. Reacts with solution oI metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe(aq) 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)
(Form ammonia solution) Dirty green precipitate















|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|






MAN&FACT&RE OF AMMONIA IN IND&STRY
. Ammonia is manuIacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this
process, ammonia is Iormed Iorm direct combination oI nitrogen and hydrogen gas in
the volume ratio :3.

2. The gas nitrogen obtain Iorm the Iractional distillation oI liqueIied air. The hydrogen gas
is obtained Iorm the cracking oI petroleum or Irom the catalysed reaction oI natural gas,
CH4, with steam.
CH4(g) H2O(g) CO(g) 3H2(g)

3.The mixture oI nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under
controlled optimum condition as below to Iorm ammonia gas.
i.Temperature: 450-500C
ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii.Catalyst used: Iron Iillings
N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

4.&nder these control optimum condition, only 5 oI the gas mixture turn into ammonia
gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then Ilow back over the catalyst
again in the reactor chamber.

5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.


|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|






































|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|





AMMONI&M FERTILIZERS
. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary Ior
growth and cell repair.

2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly Irom the air although it is
abundant in the air (78). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds Irom
soil through their roots.

3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt
which are manuIacture as chemical Iertilizer.

4. Reactions oI ammonia with acids produce ammonium Iertilizers.

NH3(aq) HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
Ammonium nitrate
3NH3(aq) H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)
Ammonium phosphate
2NH3(aq) H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)





|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|





Synthetic polymers

AT ARE POLYMER
.Molecule that consist oI a large number oI small identical or similar units joined together
repeatedly are called polymer.
2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer.
3.The process oI joining together a large number oI monomers to Iorm a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.
4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are Iound
in plant and in animals Ior example oI natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and
rubber.
5.Two type oI polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional
polymerisation.
6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.
Some Common Addition PoIymers
Name(s) FormuIa Monomer Properties Uses
PoIyethyIene
low density
(LDPE)
(CH2-CH2)n ethylene
CH2=CH2
soft, waxy solid film wrap,
plastic bags
PoIyethyIene
high density
(HDPE)
(CH2-CH2)n ethylene
CH2=CH2
rigid, translucent
solid
electrical
insulation
bottles, toys
PoIypropyIene
(PP) different
grades
|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|



[CH2-
CH(CH3)]n
propylene
CH2=CHCH3
atactic: soft, elastic
solid
isotactic: hard,
strong solid
similar to LDPE
carpet,
upholstery
PoIy(vinyI
chIoride)
(PVC)
(CH2-
CHCl)n
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid pipes, siding,
flooring
PoIy(vinyIidene
chIoride)
(Saran A)
(CH2-
CCl2)n
vinylidene
chloride
CH2=CCl2
dense, high-melting
solid seat covers, films
PoIystyrene
(PS)
[CH2-
CH(C6H5)]n
styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
hard, rigid, clear
solid
soluble in organic
solvents
toys, cabinets
packaging
(foamed)
12
PoIyacryIonitriIe
(PAN, Orlon,
Acrilan)
|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|



(CH2-
CHCN)n
acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN
high-melting solid
soluble in organic
solvents
rugs, blankets
clothing
PoIytetrafIuoroeth
yIene
(PTFE, Teflon)
(CF2-CF2)n
tetrafluoroethyl
ene
CF2=CF2
resistant, smooth
solid
non-stick
surfaces
electrical
insulation
PoIy(methyI
methacryIate)
(PMMA, Lucite,
Plexiglas)
[CH2-
C(CH3)CO2C
H3]n
methyl
methacrylate
CH2=C(CH3)C
O2CH3
hard, transparent
solid
lighting covers,
signs
skylights
PoIy(vinyI acetate)
(PVAc)
(CH2-
CHOCOCH3)
n
vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCOC
H3
|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|



soft, sticky solid latex paints,
adhesives
cis-PoIyisoprene
natural rubber
[CH2-
CH=C(CH3)-
CH2]n
isoprene
CH2=CHC(
CH3)=CH2
soft, sticky solid
requires
vulcanization
for practical use
PoIychIoroprene
(cis + trans)
(Neoprene)
[CH2-
CH=CCl-
CH2]n
chloroprene
CH2=CHCCl=
CH2
tough, rubbery
solid
synthetic rubber
oil resistant
Uses of synthetic polymers










|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|




SYNTETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type oI materials:

a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.

b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.

c.They are non-corrosive, waterprooI and good insulator.

d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and
chemical attacks.

2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:

a.Most oI the synthetic polymer are Ilammable. When a synthetic polymer material
catches Iire, poisonous Iumes are produce causing air pollution.

b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause
litter problem and pollute the environment.

c.Plastic container that are leIt aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes
the breeding ground Ior mosquitoes.

d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition oI nonrecyclable
polymers in the mixture aIIect the properties oI the recycled polymers.


|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|
















|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|




Glass and ceramics

AT ARE GLASS

.Glass is one oI the most useIul but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products are
made Irom glass because oI its specials properties.


2.Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and thereIore resistant to chemical attack.
e. asy to maintain





|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|




Structure of silicon (iv) oxide



Type of glass Composition Properties Uses
Fused glass SiO2: 100% O Transparent
High melting point
OGood heat insulator
Lens
OTelescope mirrors
OLaboratory
apparatus
Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%
Na2O:15%
CaO: 9%
Other:1%
Low melting point,
easily molded into
desired shape and
size
OLow resistant to
chemical attacks
brittle
ODrinking glass,
bottles
OElectric bulbs
OWindow glass
Borosilicate glass SiO2: 78%
B2O3: 12%
Na2O: 5%
CaO: 3%
Al2O3:2%
OResistant chemical
attack and durable
OHigh melting point
OGood insulator to
heat
OCooking utensils
OLaboratory
glassware such as
conical flaks and
boiling tube
Lead crystal glass
(flint glass)
SiO2: 70%
Pbo/PbO2:20%
Na2O: 10%
High refractive
index
OHigh density
OAttractive
glittering
appearance
OLenses and
prisms
ODecorative
glassware and art
object
Omation jewellery


Differences between glass and ceramics


glass Ceramics
Transparent Opaque

Softens when heated High melting point, hence it retains shape
on heating

impermeable Usually porous except when glazed





|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|





Picture of glass










|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|





Ceramics

. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to
a vary high temperature.

2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one oI the most useIul materials
in our everyday liIe. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
I. Do not readily deIorm under stress

3. Ceramic play important role in our daily liIe. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make rooI tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and
toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make reIractory bricks because high resistant to heat.

b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish
easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom Iixture such as Iloor and wall tiles.

c. lectrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,
|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|



Iridges and electrical plug.




Materials Melting point/
SC
Density/G cm-3 Elastic
modulus/ GPa
Hardness/
mohs
Oxide ceramic
Alumina,AL2O3
Beryllia, BeO
Zirconia, ZiO
2054
2574
2710
3.97
3.01
5.68
380
370
210
9
8
8
Non-oxide
ceramics
Boron
carbide,B4C3
Silicon nitride,
Si3, n4
2350
2830
1900
2.50
3.16
3.17
280
400
310
9
9
9


MetaIs
Aluminium
Steel
660
1515
2.70
7.86
70
205
3

5











|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|













REFERENCES


i. Form 4 text book
ii. Nexus SPM reIerence book
iii. Success SPM reIerence book
iv. www. Google. com
|Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 9 : ManuIactured Substances In Industry|



v. www.scribd.com

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