EXP: NO.

2 TO FIND THE YIELD STRENTH AND ULTIMATE TENSILE OF A STEEL BAR

Objective: To find the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of unknown steel grade specimen. To find the grade of the test steel specimen. Apparatus description: Steel bar, Vernier caliper, UTM, ruler. STEEL BAR: This is the specimen of which the yield strength and ultimate strength is to be find out. VERNIER CALIPER: It is used to find the diameter of the specimen. RULER (Scale): To find the length scale is used. Universal Testing Machine:A universal testing machine is used to test the tensile stress and compressive stress of materials. It is also used for bending test of a material. It can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures, thats why it is known is universal testing machine. The UTM mainly consist of two main units. LOADING UNIT: In order to apply the desired load the specimen is clamped here. It consists of following main components. Table Table Cover

 Column Screw drive Upper and lower cross head Upper and lower jaws Upper and lower clamping handles Control Unit: This unit controls the motion of the jaws and application of load. It has a capacity of 200 tons. It consists of the following components. Automatic control Manual control (hydraulic pump control, jaws Up and down motion). Dial gage (load range selector, zero adjustment, span (for calibration). THEORY BACKGROUND: Yield strength: The yield strength or yield point for a material is defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. IMPORTANCE: knowledge of the yield point is vital when designing a component since it generally represents an upper limit to the load can be applied. FORMULA: Yield strength=yield load/area

ULTIMATE STRENTH: Ultimate strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand without failure or rupture. FORMULA: Ultimate strength=ultimate load/area

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:Take a steel bar .mark two points on it 8 inches apart. This is gauge length (ASTM Standard (8 inches gauge length)). Measure the diameter of the bar two or three times with vernier caliper and then take its mean. Now clamp the steel bar between the jaws of UTM in such a way that force is applied on gauge length. Turn on UTM to apply load on specimen. By gradually increasing the load a point will come where the peak reading dial gauge pauses while the applied load reading dial decreases a bit. Note the reading from the peak dial gauge; this is the yield load. By further increasing the load a point will come when the steel specimen will break; this is the tensile load. Then take the broken specimen and again measure the length between the two marked points which was originally 8 inches.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

s.no Diameter of test specimen D(inch)

0.508 in 0.2025 in

2 3 4 5 6

Area A=R Gauge length Lo Yield load (lb) Tensile load (lb) New length 8 in 12364 18822 9 in

Yield strength= yield load/area =12364/0.2025 =61056 lb/in Ultimate tensile strength=ultimate tensile load/area =18822/0.2025 =92948 lb/in Change in length=L=new length gauge length L=1 in Percent elongation=(L/gauge length)*100 =12.5%
DATA ANALYSIS: Steel grade specification;

GRADE-40: yield strength=40 KPsi Ultimate tensile strength=60 KPsi MINIMUM ELONGATION =12% GRADE-60: yield strength=60 KPsi Ultimate tensile strength=90 KPsi MINIMUM ELONGATION =9%

RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Yield strength of steel bar specimen=61056 lb/in Ultimate strength of steel bar specimen=92948 lb/in Percent elongation=12.5% Comparing the yield strength, tensile strength and percent elongation of the test specimen; we can easily say that the steel specimen is of grade-60