BAGMATI ACTION PLAN (2009-2014)

DRAFT REPORT

March 31, 2008 Submitted to: National Trust for Nature Conservation Submitted by Joint Venture of Astra Development Network Pvt. Ltd, GeoSpatial Systems Pvt. Ltd, Innovative Solution Pvt. Ltd

Study Team
Core Team Sangeeta Singh, Team Leader/ Infrastructure Planning Bhusan Raj Shrestha, Environmental Information/ GIS Analysis Suresh Das Shrestha, PhD, Hydrology Kabita B. Shrestha, PhD, Data Analysis/ Project Coordinator

Support Team Mamata Sayami, Researcher Sichu Shrestha, Researcher Diva Malla, Researcher Tribhuwan M.S. Pradhan, GIS Madhab Bhusal, Social Mobilization

Resource Persons Bandana Pradhan, PhD, Biodiversity/ Limnology Narendra Man Shakya, PhD, Hydrology Prakash Darnal, Cultural and Heritage Raj B. Shrestha, PhD, Natural Resources Keshab Shrestha, PhD, Biodiversity/ Plant Taxonomy Padma Sundar Joshi, Urban Environment Bhusan Tuladhar, Solid Waste Bipin Chitrakar, Urban Planner Siris Singh Suwal, PhD, Waste Water Suresh Shrestha, Water Supply Binod Sharma, Agriculture/ Soil Amrit Man Shrestha, Legal and Institutional Ramesh Koirala, Economics Shriju Pradhan, Social Mobilizer

List of Maps:
1. Location of study area 2. River network of the Kathmandu valley 3. VDCs and Municipalities of the study area 4. Land use map of Kathmandu Valley 5. Catchments area of major rivers in Kathmandu Valley 6. Water quality of rivers in Valley 7. Water quality of rivers in VDC and Municipalities of Valley 8. River water quality by density of population 9. Zonation of Kathmandu Valley 10. River water quality and population density in different zones 11. Water quality and different zones 12. Waste water treatment system and population density 13. Waste water management plan for Kathmandu Valley (with zone) 14. Waste water management plan for Kathmandu Valley (with satellite imagery)

Abbreviation:
ASP BAP BASP BCIDC BOD BRCP CBO CDM CIUD COD DDC DEWATS DOA DO DUDBC DWIDP DWSS ECCA EFR ENPHO FOB FSM GIS/RS GO INGO KAPRIMO KEEP KMC KUKL KVO MFR MLD NEFEJ NEPCEMAC NGO NPC NRCT NTNC PADTA SBR Activated sludge process Bagmati Action Plan Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction/Rehabilitation Project Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee Biological Oxygen Demand Bagmati River Conservation Project Central Beauro Office Clean Development Mechanism Centre for Integrated Urban Development Carbon Oxygen Demand District Development committee Decentralized Waste Water System Department of Archaeology Dissolved Oxygen Department of Urban Development and Building Code Department of Water Induced Disaster Prepareness Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Environmental Camps for Conservation Awareness Environment flow requirement Environment and Public Health Organization Friends of Bagmati Fecal Sludge Management Geographical Information System/ Remote Sensing Government Office International Non-Government Office Kathmandu Valley River Monitoring Kathmandu Environmental Education Project Kathmandu Metropolitan City Kathmandu Upatakya Khanipani Limited Kathmandu Valley outlook Minimum Flow Required Million Liter Per Day Nepal Forum for Environmental Journalists Nepal Pollution Control and Environment Management Centre Non-Govermnent Office National Planning Commission Nepal River Conservation Trust National Trust for Natural Conservation Pashupati Area Development Trust Act Squencing Bio Reactor

SEDC SME SWMRMC TOR TSTP TV UNEP UNESCO VDC WEG WEPCO

Sagarmatha Environment Development Centre Small Medium Enterprise Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre Term of Reference Teku Septage Treatment Plant Television United Nation Environment Project United Nations Education Social and Cultural Organization Village Development Committee Women Environment Group Women Environment Protection Committee

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 KATHMANDU VALLEY ............................................................................................. 2 1.3. BAGMATI CIVILIZATION INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT COMITTEE............ 4 1.4. RATIONAL OF THE BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ...................................................... 4 1.5. PLAN FORMULATION PROCESS.............................................................................. 5 1.6. LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................... 6 2. BAGMATI AND ITS TRIBUTARIES .................................................................................. 7 2.1. BAGMATI...................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. BISHNUMATI ............................................................................................................. 10 2.3. TUKUCHA (ICHHUMATI) ........................................................................................ 11 2.4. DHOBI KHOLA (RUDRAMATI) ............................................................................... 11 2.5. MANAHARA ............................................................................................................... 12 2.6. BALKHU...................................................................................................................... 13 2.7. NAKHU ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.8. SUB-TRIBUTARIES ................................................................................................... 14 3. KEY ISSUES OF BAGMATI RIVER SYSTEM ................................................................ 17 3.1. RIVER ECOSYSTEM AND WASTE WATER .......................................................... 17 3.2. RIVER SIDE LANDUSE AND SOCIOECONOMIC ................................................. 25 3.3. CULTURE AND HERITAGE ..................................................................................... 27 4. LEGISLATIVE ARRANEMENTS...................................................................................... 29 5. ZONING OF KATHMANDU VALLEY RIVER SYSTEM ............................................... 34 6. BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ................................................................................................ 39 7. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY..................................................................................... 47 8. BUDGET AND MONITORING PLAN .............................................................................. 51

1.
1.1.

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND

The Bagmati is an important tributary of the Ganges and has a catchments area of 3710 km2 in Nepal. The river rises in the Kathmandu Valley, which comprises just 15% of the area of the Bagmati Basin in Nepal. The basin can be divided into three parts: the Upper Bagmati Basin (662 km2), the Middle Bagmati Basin and the Lower Bagmati Basin. The drainage area of the Bagmati as far downstream as Bhandarikharka (downstream of Chobar) is 662 km2 (BBWMSIP, 1994). This action plan has considered the catchments area from Shivapuri hill to the downstream to the Katuwal Daha (Map 1). Bagmati River originates at Bagdwar, about 15 km Northeast of Kathmandu in Shivapuri hills and tributaries originated from different parts of the valley feed water into this river at different locations in the valley (Map 2). Main sources of water in Bagmati river system are rainfall and natural springs different than most of other river systems depend mainly on glaciers in Himalayas. The average annual rainfall is 1900 mm of which about 80% occurs only during monsoon (July-Sept). Upper Bagmati basin where most of the urbanized areas in the country are situated is very important part of the basin since rivers and springs situated in this area is major source of water for whole catchments. Rivers in the valley have very high value for natural resources and human settlements in the basin. In addition to that rivers in the valley also have very culture and heritage value. Most of the important temples, shrines, ghats, etc. are located in the river banks. River sides are used for different cultural and rituals activities. Therefore, protection of rivers is very important for protection and conservation of both natural resources as well as culture heritage in the valley. The urbanization of Kathmandu Valley is strongly associated with the river systems. The process of urbanization is now more rapid and massive, mainly because it is now rampant in the Kathmandu Valley. The present trends in the Valley clearly reflect that there will be a growing pressure on limited resources. The direct impacts of present urbanization are especially visible in the Bagmati River with its tributaries. At present, the Bagmati River with its tributaries has been used as a dumping site for all types of wastes. The rich, cultural heritage along the river and the tributaries such as traditional monuments, ghats and temples, is slowly eroding. The River has been widely used for different purposes from sand extraction to land encroachment. It has been reported that more than half of the fish species in the Bagmati River have disappeared. This might indicate that some parts of the river are biologically dead. In recent times, Kathmanduites have expressed deep concern for Bagmati River environment indicating that there is a level of awareness which needs to be transformed into action. Shortage of water have forced certain section of the society to use the polluted water from the valley rivers for various purposes which has caused heavy losses due to water born diseases.

Unless and until the sources of Bagmati and its tributaries are not conserved and managed properly, problems related to water pollution and water resources are likely to increase further. There are several organizations working in the conservation and management of river sources in the valley. Besides, alike in the tenth five year Plan, the Government has also included policies and programs in the Three Years Interim Plan to clean rivers of Kathmandu valley and accordingly 11 million rupees has been allocated for this task. Although efforts have been made along this line (for example: declaration of certain area as Shivapuri National Park), but, achieving the objectives of conservation and management of the resources in other areas remain a serious problem. Besides, these efforts are scattered and impacts are not significant to conserve and restore Bagmati. A systematic and synergetic effort to conserve and restore Bagmati River System has not yet been started which demands a comprehensive scientific plan. In this context NTNC together with Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee (BCIDC), previously BASP has initiated a project with the aim to undertake a study on Bagmati River environment and its tributaries and develop a comprehensive plan of action for coming five years through consultation with major stakeholders.

1.2

KATHMANDU VALLEY

The Kathmandu Valley is the largest drainage basin of Nepal which lies between the latitudes 273213 and 274910 north and longitudes 851131 and 853138 east. It is surrounded by the high hills of Mahabharat Range forming a bowl shaped valley floor (Refer Map 1). It consists of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts with five municipalities and 99 Village Development Committees (Map 3). The Kathmandu Valley has a mild climate most of the year. Summer temperatures range from 67F -81F (19-27C), and in winter temperatures are between 36F and 68F (2-20C). During the monsoon between June and August, there is an average rainfall of between 200-375 mm in Kathmandu (DHM). Urban area has increased by 7% of the total Kathmandu Valley surface area over the period between 1984 and 1990 (Halcrow Fox and Associates, 19911). Within the same period the valleys prime agricultural land has declined from 63% to 56% (IUCN2, 1995). According to the Kathmandu Valley town development committee of 2001, cultivated area covers highest percent of land about area of 302sq.km. Forest coverage is about 224sq.km; settlement with sparsely distributed cultivated land and core settlement or built up area is nearly equal which is about 89sq.km. About 2% of the total area has been declared as conservation area. Rivers and ponds occupied about 5% of the total land (Map 4).

1 2

Halcrow Fox and Associates (1991), Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plans and Programmes IUCN (1995), Regulating Growth: Kathmandu Valley

Change in land use pattern of Manahara area Population of Kathmandu Valley within 1,600,000 the watershed area is 1,512,362 which 1,400,000 is increasing rapidly according to population census 2001 (Fig. 1.1.). The 1,200,000 annual national population growth rate 1,000,000 is 2.25. Central bureau of Statistics has 800,000 estimated annual urban population 600,000 growth rate of 6.44 and rural growth 400,000 rate of 1.71% in population projection for Nepal 2001-2021 (CBS, 2003). 200,000 Assuming the urban growth rate for five municipalities and rural growth rate for 1971 1981 1991 2001 VDCs within Kathmandu Valley, the Fig.1.1. Increasing Trend of Population in Kathmandu Valley population projection for thirty years can be estimated to be 11 millions (Table. 1.1.). Kathmandu Valley is highly rich in culture as well as heritage. There is a huge diversity of culture and tradition. Most of the cultures are directly linked with rivers that people perform in their life. It is believed that the civilization of the Kathmandu Valley starts from the river side. Majority of temples and ghats lie along the river bank. These rives are not only culturally important but equally important from historic prospect as well. Kings and commoners alike built pati, pauwa, stone spout, temples etc near the river bank in memory of the deceased member of their family or for religious purpose. Most of the popular and rekowned temples like Bajrayogine, Gokarna, Budhanilkantha, Tika Bhairav, Shova Bhagwati lies near the river side. Among the seven UNESCO heritage site, Pashupati Nath temple lies along the bank of Bagmati River and Changunarayan lies near the Manahara River. Not only the rivers but also the confluences are equally important from cultural point of view for performing rituals.
Table 1.1. Population Projection of Kathmandu Valley for 30 Years Year Population 2001 1,596,208 2008 2,219,845 2011 2,573,988 2021 4,324,180 2031 7,502,301 2038 11,195,353

1.3.

BAGMATI CIVILIZATION INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT COMITTEE

Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee (BCIDC) previously knows as High Powered Committee for Implementation and Monitoring of the Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction/Rehabilitation Project was established in 1995 to examine the ways of improving the quality of water in the Bagmati River through priority sewer lines and treatment plants. That include establishment and operation of treatment plants at various locations such as Gokarna, Guheshwori, Dhobi Khola confluence; Sanepa, Manohara, Bishnumati confluence; Dhobighat; and at Nakhu. BCIDC established a treatment plant at Gaurighat, the main sewer line upstream from it, and a tunnel for a sewer from Gaurighat to Tilganga, to bypass sewage from the Pashupatinath area.

1.4.

RATIONAL OF THE BAGMATI ACTION PLAN

The steadily increasing population and related solid waste dumping in the rivers, discharge of industrial effluents together with direct discharge of domestic sewage have made the Bagmati River and its tributaries excessively polluted. The rivers capacity to purity itself by means of interaction between biotic and abiotic characteristics of the river has been slowly failing. On the other hand, the Bagmati and its tributaries still occupy a special religious and cultural importance. It is still an important place for rituals. Unfortunately, the structures around the ghats where rituals are performed are rapidly deteriorating. These archaeological and historical sites are in an immediate need for effective protection and management. A recent study (KAPRIMO, 2007) on water-flow and water quality has indicated a very alarming situation and classified most parts of the rivers within Kathmandu valley excessively polluted. The pollution of these rivers has deeper impacts on overall urban environment and human health. However, experiences from China, shows that it is possible to restore and conserve polluted rivers such as Nanjing Qinhuai River, if there is a will and determination to do so. The Bagmati River is currently used for different purposes, including: (1) the major sources for municipal, industrial, and irrigation water for Kathmandu Valley; (2) cultural and religious practices; (3) disposal of water borne effluent and deposition of solid waste along the banks; (4) extraction of sand, (5) spaces for public infrastructures e.g. roads and water tanks, and (6) preferred zones for squatters and other encroachments. However, there is a serious lack of planning, regulations, enforcement, and implementation of appropriate and effective programmes. To address the complicated issue of Bagmati conservation, there is need for developing a comprehensive and practical Bagmati Action Plan (BAP) to fill the gap of an updated guiding document to address the key issues.

Nanjing Qinhuai River Now and Then

Qinhuai river is highly polluted river of Nanjing. Illegal slums and squatters along the river, the filthy environment as well as the contaminated smelly river have severely reduced the quality of human settlements environment and urban images. In order to achieve an excellent living environment incorporating ancient and modern civilization Nanjing Commision and Government made a decision of implementing the Qinhuai River rehabilitation at the end of 2002. By 2005, in the first phase commission accomplished the achievement by resettlement of 380 thousand square meters area; 4356 households have been moved, 94 companies have been relocated 20 Km of flood-preventing wall has been upgraded; 25 Kms of sewer interception pipeline has been laid; 550 urban sewer outlets have been intercepted; 5 Kms of city wall has been maintained; more than 10 scenic spots have been created; 110 residential houses have been decorated and 13 bridges decorated and enlightened; forming the green land area of 1 million square meters or so with the total investment of 3.5 billion. In 2006, second phase of the rehabilitation work was anchored that include rehabilitation of 18 km of river, construction of seven bridges, and construction of ecological wetland park. Now Nanjing-Qinhuai River has become a historical scenic zone, a cultural scenic zone and a tourism scenic zone characterizing the ancient human civilization of Nanjing. (Source: Nanjing Qinhuai River Rehabilitation Project.)

1.5.

PLAN FORMULATION PROCESS

Overall methodology for formulating the plan are as follows: 1. Secondary data and information about the Bagmati River system and Kathmandu Valley available from different sources were collected and analyzed. Most of the major reports related to urban development, rivers and water resources, water and waste water management, solid waste management in the Kathmandu Valley were reviewed. 2. Intensive field survey were done along the rivers, conservation areas and surrounding hills for potential water sources (Annex I) 3. GIS and statistical tools were intensively used for zoning and analyzing data based data collected from secondary sources and information gathered from field observation 4. A series of meetings and discussion were held with government agencies, NGOs, CBOs, stakeholders and experts of different domains 5. Several community consultations and interviews with locals were held (Annex II) 6. Many consultation meetings were held with NTNC and BCIDC staffs 5

7. Several workshops were held for disseminating the process of developing action plan and getting feedbacks 8. Several workshops, seminars and meetings organized by different groups that relate to Bagmati river system were attended by Bagmati Action Plan Team

1.6.

LIMITATIONS

Despite heavy works, the plan has been developed based on the qualitative approach requiring subjective judgment in some cases. Secondly, the plan has been prepared based on the information received from secondary sources. Data is either not available or there is lack of data in many cases.

2.
2.1.

BAGMATI AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

BAGMATI
Bagmati River originates in Bagdwar of Shivapuri Danda (hill) in the north of Kathmandu valley (Fig. 2. 1 & 1.2). The river is fed by number of tributaries originating from Mahabharat and Chure Ranges before it reaches Terai at Karmaiya and to the Gangetic plain. Bagmati basin is characterized as medium or dry basin fed by springs and Monsoon rainfall (WECS3, 2008). Based on morphology, land-use etc., the whole of Bagmati basin can be divided into various sub-basins viz. Upper Bagmati, Upper Middle Bagmati, Lower Middle (Terai) Bagmati and the Lower Bagmati (Terai) sub-basin. Total catchments area of the Bagmati River is about 157 sq km (Map 5) with the length of 44 Km from its origin at elevation 2732 m to Katuwal Daha at elevation 1140 (Topography Map, Survey Department, 1998). Major tributaries of the Bagmati River in the valley are Manahara, Dhobikhola, Tukucha, Bishnumati, Balkhu, Nakhu, Kodku and Goodawari.

Fig.2.1.

Fig.2.2. Origin of the Bagmati, Bagdwar

Fig.2.3. Outlet of Bagmati river, Katuwal Daha

(WECS, 2008). Multi Dimensional Study of the Bagmati River Basin

Table. 2.1. Details of Bagmati Rivers and its tributaries (length, elevation, origin) Elevation Elevation Length Length Origin Name

Name

Origin

Bagmati Bishnumati Bosan Dhobi Khola Godawari Hanumante Indrawati Indrayani Kodaku Mahadav

35.5 17.3 6.1 18.2 14.8 23.5 16.8 7.0 14.9 9.2

2732 2300 1800 2732 2200 2000 1700 2000 2000 2000

Shivapuri Bagdwar Shivapuri Tarebhir Pokhari Bhanjyang Shivapuri Danda Phulchoki Danda Mahadev Pokhari Dahachowk Danda Bhangari Danda Tleshwor Danda Aale Danda

Manamati Manohara Matatirtha Nagmati Nakhu Samakhusi Sangla Syalmati Tribeni Tukucha

6.1 23.5 5.0 7.9 17.6 6.4 10.7 4.8 10.7 6.4

2000 2375 2000 2443 2200 1350 2000 2200 1700 1325

Bhangari Danda Manichaur Danda Matatirtha Danda Shivapuri Danda Bhardue Danda Dharampur East Aale Danda Shivapuri Danda Bhirkot Maharajung

Source: Pradhan B. (2005)

Most of the rivers originate from the springs or There are more than 2,122 species of flora and 16 of wet land in the hills. There are many small and them are endemic flowering plants. About 129 of large wetland exists inside Shivapuri National mushroom including lactarius pleuritides have also Parks and the surrounding hills such as Dhap, been recorded from the Shivapuri National Parks. Pani Muhan, Taudaha and Basaanti Gau Ponds There are 21 species of mammals out of which nine are threatened species (NTNC4, 1995). (Nepal wetlands society, 2007) (pic.2.4). Such wetland contributes in recharging the rivers during dry season. Syalmati and Nagmati streams are two major streams joining Bagamti near its source in Sivapuri Danda. Villages such as Okhreni, Chilaune, Mulkharka are situated in the source area of Bagmati river. Sanitation system in these settlements were very poor, open defecation is still in practice. Large volume of water is diverted for city water supply by NWSC, currently KUKL at Sundarijal (pic.2.5). Besides this the water is also diverted in different locations for different purpose such as irrigations, industries, household use, etc. Quality of water at Sundarijal in the foot hill is still good, which has also been indicated by KAPRIMO (2007). DO value of at Sundarijal is 7.6 mg/lit according to the report. DO and BOD are two internationally recognized indicators for water quality. The 5mg/lit DO values is assumed as thread risk level (KAPRIMO, 2007), this is a minimum value of water for good water quality. Quality of water presume to be better as the level of DO increases. Adversly quality of water presume worst as level of BOD increases. Maximum desirable BOD level for drinking and aquatic life; bathing and agriculture are respectively is 4mg/lit., 6mg/lit and 10mg/lit. as recommended by (BBWMSIP5, 1994). Trend of BOD (Fig. 2.6) based on KAPRIMO (2007) increasing as river flows down towards the city core.

4 5

(NTNC, 1995). Shivapuri Management Park Bagmati Basin Water Management Strategy and Investment Program, 1994

Direct disposal of untreated sewerage into river were observed in different segments of the river. Jorpati, Til Ganga, Min Bhawa, Sankhmol, Jwagal. Kopundole, Sanepa,Teku, Balkhu Sundarighat and Chobar are the major points of sewerage connection (Fig.2.7). Outlets of toilets in squatter settlements are being directly discharged into the river. Heavily polluted trubutaries like Dhobikhola, Bishnumati, Tukucha adds up more pollution in Bagmati (Nepal Wetlands Society, 2008).

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Sundarijal

Minbhawan

Sundarighat

Gaurighat

Sankhamul

Tilganga

Gokarna

Fig. 2.6. BOD level in average at different locations of Bagmati

Most of the river banks downstream of conservation and other forest areas have been observed as solid waste dumping sites of individual houses and municipalities. Some private organizations collecting waste from the household were also found dumping the waste directly along the river banks in the places like Baneshwor, Gairigau, Sinamangal, Jwgal and Teku (Fig.2.8). Both sides of river banks downstream after Gokarna have been found encroached for various activities such as construction material collection; cleaning, drying and storing materials for small industries; workshops; roads, squatter settlements, etc. Shanti Nagar, Bijay Nagar, Jagrit Nagar, Gairigaun, Chandani Tole, Pragati Tole, Kalimati Dole, Kimal Phant, Bansighat, Kuriyagaun, and Sankhamul major squatter settlements along the river banks (Fig.2.9). Existing of such squatter settlements in those areas are also indicated by Lumanti6 (2008), Annex III During the field excursion, intensive sand mining activities were observed in the upstream from Tinkune Bridge (Gairi Gau) (Fig.2.10). In Sundarijal, bamboo weirs have been constructed across the rivers to trap sand. About 50 trucks of sand every day in the monsoon period day excavate from Sundarijal area alone according to the people in community consultation. The major sand mining areas are Sundarijal, Guheswori, Gairi Gau, near Narayantar, Jwagal, Thapathali, Balkhu and Chobhar according to BASP7 (2008). Many important culture and heritage sites and shrines such as Sundarimai at Sundarijal; Uttar Baheni and Gokarneswor at Gokarna (Fig.2.11); Gujeshwori and Pashupatinath temple at Pashupati; Sankhumul; heritage sites along Thapathali - Teku stretch; and Chobhar Ganesh at
6

Status of Squatters in Bagmati River and its Tributaries in Kathmandu Valley, Lumanti, 2008.

(BASP, 2008), Develop an Information Base and Strategies for Environmental Improvement of Bagmati River and its territory, 2008

Teku Dovan

Chobhar

Jorpati

Balkhu

Chobhar are situated along the river. Similarly important ghats like Arya Ghat, Chintamani Ghat, Sankhamul Ghat, Kalmochan Ghat, gokarneswor and Uttar Bahini, Sundarighat where last rites are performed are also located along the river. Most of these sites are in deteriorating condition.

2.2.

BISHNUMATI

Bishnumati River is one of the major tributaries of Bagmati River originating at. Bishnudwar (elevation 2300 m) at Shivapuri and flows towards the south. Length of the Bishnumati River is about 17.3 km. Total catchment of the Bishnumati River is about 109.30 sq. km (Map. 5).The major tributaries are Chharchhare Khola, Ludi Khola, Sangla Khola, Mahadev Khola, Samakhushi, Bhacha Kushi and the Manamati. Large volume of water is diverted near the foothills of the source area for water supply (Annex IV). Diversion is also done from its tributaries Sangla and Mahadev khola (Fig.2.12). In addition to that, pipes have been laid for pumping water to the individual houses from the river directly. Water Sewer discharge through storm water drains are common in core areas like Manamaiju, Nepal Tar, Balaju, Mhepi, Khusibu, Shovabhagwati, Dallu, Kankeswori, Kalimati (Fig.2.13). Squatter settlements in different locations along the river have connected their toilet outlets directly into river. Most of banks along the river is 120 used for dumping the solid waste 100 generated by city dwellers. As in 80 Bagmati river stretch, private 60 organizations and municipalities are 40 also disposing the waste along the 20 river banks. River side along the 0 Kankeswori Teku bridge is used as a dumping site for waste from slaughter house (Fig.2.14).The study of KAPRIMO (2007) shows the increasing trend of BOD that is deteriorating water quality as it Fig. 2.15 .BOD level in average at different locations of Bishnumati flows down towards core city. Level of DO (5.8 mg./lit.) at Tharkot and Budhanilkantha shows the quality of water good up to Budhanilkantha (Fig.2.15).
Budhanilkantha Mamaiju Dallu Machhapokhari Tharkot Baniyatar

River banks are used for various activities such as construction material collection; cleaning, drying and storing materials for small industries; workshops; public toilets, squatter settlements, etc as in Bagmati River (Fig.2.16). Squatter settlements are situated in Dhikure Chouki, Kumaristhan Buddhajyoti Marga, Balaju Jagriti Tole, Sangam Tole, Ranibari in this river (Annex III). River banks along the New Bus Park, Gongabu are widely used for commercial purpose.

Nayabazar

Teku

10

Religiously and culturally important sites such as Shovabhagwati, Indrayani, Kanakeshwori, Ram Mandir and Tankeshwori and Shivadev Basaha, Budhanilkantha are located along the Bishnumati River (Fig.2.17). Most of these important sites are also in deteriorating conditions. Many cremation sites are also located along this river especially in the river confluences. Shovabhagwati is also important from historical point of view, here two renowned martyrs were hanged in the Rana period. Local clubs are quite active along this river, small parks with greenery, shrines and hand pumps have been constructed from shovabhagwati to Teku downstream with their initiation (Fig.2.18).

2.3.

TUKUCHA (ICHHUMATI)

Tukucha, also known as Ichhumati, originates from Maharajgung inside the valley. It is about 6.4 km long single channel without any tributrary (Pradhan, B., 1996). It meets Bagmati at Kalmochan, Thapathali (Fig.2.19). Total catchment area of Tukucha is about 8.94 sq. km (Map 5). It is the most polluted amongst all the tributaries. Level of BOD measured at Thapathali with reference to KAPRIMO (2007) is 119.68 mg/lit. At present it is hardly anything more than an open drain. Most of the river area has been encroached by squatters and residential buildings (Fig.2.20); road construction etc., in some places such as from Royal Palace to Kamaladi the river flows underneath the buildings. Whole river stretches are used for dumping solid waste and disposing waster water generated from nearby houses. There is no river banks along the whole stretch due to channeling, therefore waste are dumped directly into river. Bhatbateni Temple, Nil Saraswati, and Tudal Devi are few important religious heritage sites located along the river and they are in good condition and well conserved (Fig. 2.21).

2.4.

DHOBI KHOLA (RUDRAMATI)

The Dhobikhola also known as Rudramati River originates from the Shivapuri Danda, and flows towards the south through the heart of the city. The length is about 18.2 km (Pradhan, B., 1996). The total catchment area of the Dhobikhola is about 31.20 sq.km (Map 5) Khahare Khola and Chakhuncha Khola are the major tributaries of the Dhobikhola. The upstream section passes through agricultural land has clear water. Water in upstream (e.g. Adhikari Gaun, Basnet Gaun) are used for washing utensil, clothes and animal (Fig. 2.22), river is free from sewerage connection in these sections. The river has similar problems of discharge of raw sewage and solid waste dumping as it flows downstream from Kapan.(Fig.2.23).

11

Mandikatar, Maitidevi, Anamnagar and the junction of Dhobikhola and Bagmati are found most common place dumping waste in this river stretch. Weirs constructed across the river being a place for collecting garbage in the river bed (Fig.2.24). Thick black color water with foul smell clearly visualizing from Sawaswoti Nagar, Mandikatar and the junction of Dhobi Khola with Bagmati and Bijulibazar indicating the level of water pollution in the river. Most affected stretches are Chabahil, Siphal, Maitidevi, Baneswor, Anamnagar, Babarmahal. Level of BOD as recorded by KAPRIMO (2007) at Budhanagar is 108.23 mg/lit. River banks are encroached by squatters also in this river. Sukumbashi tole upstream of Gopi Krishna hall and Anamnagar two major settlements in this river are at great risk of flood hazards since these areas are low land and settlements are adjacent to the river. The river has been channelized by newly constructed road. These issues are also mentioned by Neupanne Y. (2007). Sand mining from the river bed is comparatively less in the Dhobi Khola section. Some mining is done at Chunikhel area but terrace mining is very common along the river side. Large volume of sand is excavated from the Baluwa Khani and Adhrikari Gau from the river flood plain and terrace towards the upstream (Fig.2.25). Due to heavily mining towards the upstream, the protection walls have eroded. Sand mining activities have left exposed piers of the Chabahil Ringroad Bridge.

2.5.

MANAHARA

Manahara River originates from Manichaur Danda in the north east and flows towards the southwest. It is the longest tributary of the Bagmati, having the length of 23.4 km (Pradhan, B., 1996). Total catchment area of the Manahara River 285.35 sq. km. (Map 5). The major tributaries are Hanumante, Sali Nadi, Godawori Khola, Kodku Khola and Ghatte Khola. Manahara River meets Bagmati River at Chasal (Fig.2.38). Majority of the catchments land like Sankhu, Thali, Mulpani are covered by the agricultural land. Shrestha, P. (2007) reported that 7% of the forest land is reduced to 17% whereas 13% of the agricultural land expands to 77%. Diversion of water using pumps for agricultural are seen at different locations (Fig.2.26). Riparain vegetation is still intact in Sankhu but decreases downstream (Bajracharya, R. et. al., 2006). The ecological status and water quality of the Manahara has gradually deteriorated from upstream to downstream (Shrestha, G.K.C., 2008). E-Coli is highest in Sano Thimi and almost three times higher than Sankhu from sewer and solid waste (Barjacharya R., 2006). Sewerage connection into the river is not seen upstream from Mulpani but towards the downstream direct discharge of sewer is rampant. (Fig.2.27). New sewer lines are connecting to discharge waste water directly into the rivers in newly urbanizing areas. A small collection chamber found constructed near Sano Thimi Bridge to collect waste water from the Pepsicola planning area for reducing the organic load in the river to some extent. Existing outlets of the

12

sewer along the river bank are in very poor condition (Fig.2.28). recorded 30.09 mg/lit BOD at Balkumari.

KAPRIMO (2007) has

Solid waste dumping is comparatively less in Manahara River. No such dumping is present in the upstream from Sankhu to Mulpani, Such dumping can be observed at some locations at Ariniko highway at Jadibuti and pepsicola, town planning area. (Fig.2.29). Squatter settlements are observed near the bridge at Jadibuti, (Fig.2.30). Some sand mining activities observed from Mulpani to Koteshwor (Fig.2.31). Bank erosions are also seen in some locations along the river. Culturally and historically important sites such as Bajrayogini, Salinadi Tirtha and Changunarayan (Fig.2.32) are situated in the banks of this river and they are still in good condition.

2.6.

BALKHU

Balkhu River originates in Chandragiri in the west. It is also known Indramati. Thado Khola is a major tributary together with other small streams. Total catchment area covered by the Balkhu Khola is about 46.32 sq. km. (Map 5). Settlements like Thankot, Balambu, Tinthana, Satungal lies in this catchment area. Population desntiy is high around Kalanki and Balkhu. Most of the area is agricultural land. Some river water diversions are observed in the upstream. River is extensively used for washing clothes, utensils and the domestic animals (Fig. 2.33). Sewer drains are found in Thankot and downstream from Tinthana area. Waste from Ranga Bazar at Satungal discharge directly into the river (Fig.2.34). Few small industries such as Sipradi, Pet bottles are located along this river. (Fig.2.35). Foaming substances floating in the river indicate the possibility of chemical pollution in the river (Fig.2.36). BOD level measured at Balkhu by KAPRIMO (2007) is 27.14 mg/lit. Similarly large dump of solid waste are found accumulated near industry sites (Fig.2.37). River banks near Tinthana and Kalanki are used for dumping solid waste by two municipalities Kiritipur and Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Some squatter settlements are seen at the confluence of Thado Khola and Balkhu Khola and near Khasi Bazar. Important religious sites, are Ikkchha Brisheshwor Mahadev, and Bishnu Devi Temples and Bir Binayek temples (Fig.2.38).

2.7.

NAKHU

Nakhu Khola flows from the south and meets Bagmati near the Chobhar gorge. It originates from the ridge of Bhardeu and the total. catchment area of the watershed is around 51.44 sq. km. (Map 5)

13

Nallu Khola and Lele Khola meet together at Tikabhairab to form Nakhu Khola (Fig. 2.39). River water is diverted from the upstream of Nallu khola at Basuki for drinking and irrigation. Raj Kulo, an irrigation canal constructed during the Malla period and fed by Nallu Khola is no more functional in many areas. From Nakhu Khola water is diverted for irrigation at Champi (Fig.2.40). A water treatment and distribution plant is present near the confluence of the Nakkhu Khola and Bagmati. Sewerage pipes discharge directly from individual houses right from Bhardev, the Tamang Gau. The condition of the sewer pipe is in poor condition in certain area (Fig.2.41). BOD level measured at Nakhu by KAPRIMO (2007) is 13.23 mg/lit. Though solid waste dumping is absent in the upstream, it is observed downstream from Kusunti onwards (Fig.2.42). Industrial waste is comparatively more than the household waste. Some sand mining activity (medium scale) can be observed (BASP, 2008) near the confluence of Bagmati and Nakkhu Khola. Some small scale extraction is practiced by few people directly from the river. The places of culturally importance are the temples of Tika Bhairab which lies at the confluence where three days Jatra is celebrated on the occasion of Ram Navami. Nakhhu River (Fig.2.43). is also important for the festival of Rato Machindranath celebrated every twelve years (Barabarse Mela).

2.8.

SUB-TRIBUTARIES

There are several important sub tributaries that significant volume of water in different tributaries. These tributaries also play important roles in improving environmental situation of whole Bagmati river system. Restoration of sub tributaries is comparatively easier than other major rivers and tributaries. Five major sub-tributaries considerd to be importance for restoration of whole Bagmati River system are Godawari, Kodku, Hanumante, Sangla and Mahadev Khola. 2.8.1. GODAWARI Godawari River is the tributary of the Manahara. Fresh water fish recorded in the field survey indicates the good quality of water in the river (Fig.2.44). Bio-diversity and ecological condition of the riverside is still in natural state. Various birds and insects like dragon fly, butterfly, caterpillar, grass hopper and many bugs are the indication of high bio-diversity in the surrounding riverside. Water diversions for irrigation and drinking are seen in Godamchaur and Godawari Kunda (Fig.2.45). According to a local resident of Godawari, About 20-30 tankers a day transfer to city for drinking from the Kunda alone. Local community there charge Rs. 200 for a truck, 50% of which is used for local development and remaining 50% goes for the development of Kunda and surrounding temples. A portion of Rajkulo still exist there supplies water from Godavari khola to nearby areas.

14

Sewer connections are rare but dumping of solid waste along the river banks was generating nuisance. The solid waste was accumulating in the river bed and intake areas of the canals (Fig.2.46). Water turbidity is high due to marble quarry at Godawari which is generating job opportunity for locals. Loss of natural vegetation in surrounding river sides due to mining activities is seen clearly (Fig. 2.47). 2.8.2. HANUMANTE KHOLA Hanumante Khola is the tributary of Manahara and originates from Mahadev Danda in the eastern part of valley. Untreated sewerage of Bhaktapur is directly discharged into the river at Hanuman Ghat (Fig.2.48). Hanuman Ghat is one of the cremation sites of Bhaktapur. The banks of the river are treated as dumping site of the municipality (Fig.2.49). The waste is strewn everywhere at crematory, bridges and besides river banks. Urbanization is very dense in the upstream and downstream at Bhaktpaur and Thimi but slightly less in between. Few squatter settlements are seen in the river banks, there is one settlement according to Lumanti8 (2008). Some sand mining activities are observed around the confluence of Hanumante with Manahara (Fig.2.50). Hanuman Ghat the confluence Tabyakhusi and Chakhu Khola (Fig.2.51) is culturally important location. An important temple of Mahalaxmi is also located here. 2.8.3. SANGLA KHOLA Sangla Khola is a tributary of Bishnumati River and originates from Ale Danda in the northeastern part of the Valley. While the upstream is relatively still clean, downstream from Tokha the river seems to have degraded. KUKL is diverting water for city water supply from this river. Construction of road and stone quarry near the river bank seems to have accelerated the erosion of the surrounding land (Fig.2.52). Sand mining is very aggressive here. Sand mining activities seems to have increased the sediment load in the river. In 2007, the sand extraction from the area was about 747.6 cu.m. (Sayami, M., 2007). Sand extraction is concentrated about 5km upstream from the confluence the Sangla and Bishnumati River. (Fig.2.53).The river path is totally disturbed with lots of holes dug for sand mining activities. Huge holes are dug on the river bed to divert the river to collect sand during monsoon. River beds have deepened from 1 to 5m from its original level (Fig.2.54). Sand mining has improved the economic status of the workers but has negative impact on environment, river biodiversity and agricultural land (Sayami, M. 2007). Income from sand is double of agriculture according to the local residents.

Status of Squatters in Bagmati River and its Tributaries in Kathmandu Valley, Lumanti, 2008.

15

Urbanizing starts at Baniyatar, new sewer connections are seen in some parts of the river (Fig.2.55), BOD level in average in Baniyatar based on KAPRIMO (2007) is 46.33 mg/lit. Some hile (Channa sp.) fishes were seen in downstream river during field survey (Fig.2.71). 2.8.4. MAHADEV KHOLA Mahadev khola also originates from Aale Danda in the north- west. In the upstream, the river is still in natural state. However, impacts of urbanization can be felt downstream from Phutung. River water is polluted at Padmasala and Jaraku of Kabreshthai VDC. Construction activities have channeled the river into a small channel (Fig.2.56). Sewers from these buildings discharge directly to the river. Buildings away from the river have septic tanks constructed for sewer collection. Average BOD level at Manmaiju based on KAPRIMO (2007) is 36.23 mg/lit. River banks are protected by the gabion walls. Riparian vegetation is comparatively sparse in the downstream. River in the downstream resembles open drainage. Solid waste dumping is common (Fig.2.57). However, organic waste and municipal level waste dumping comparatively less. River banks are often use to stockpile sand, condre bloska and hume pipes. Recently constructed road network on both the banks have narrowed the river channel. Interaction with an elderly man during the field visit revealed that continuous drop in river discharge with the lowering the river bed has made it unfeasible for direct pumping of water from river. 2.8.5. KODKU KHOLA Kodku Khola is 14.9 km long north flowing tributary of Manahara River. It originates from the north facing slopes of the Tileswor Danda and Bhagwan Danda, located at the south. The catchment area of the Kodku Khola is around 34 km2. the river quality in the upstream is very good for water supply (Maharjan, L.D. et.al.). Most of surrounding region is still used as agricultural field (Fig.2.58). In the downstream, the river has been channeled by the construction of gabion wall (Fig.2.59). A housing colony has diverted the Kodku Khola between Gwarko and Hattiban (Pathak D., et .al9, 2007). In addition to the housing company, institutions such as Little Angels School, Guna Cinema have confined the river into channel. Downstream, from Harisiddhi Bridge, impact of urbanization and population is felt. The river is channelized and mixed with sewage. Solid waste dumping is found at certain places. Kodku River has high BOD level which is 185 mg/lit but COD level of Kodku River is 131.5 mg/lit which indicates the high mixing of sewer line in this segment (KAPRIMO, 2007). Squatter settlements seem to be absent in this river stretch.

Study of river Shifting of Kodku in Kathmandu Valley using remotely sensed data

16

3.

KEY ISSUES OF BAGMATI RIVER SYSTEM

Many issues related to Bagmati River Systems are identified on the basis of previous studies and reports. Some of vital issues of Bagmati River and its tributaries are related to mainly water discharge, water quality, aquatic biodiversity, riverside landuse, culture and heritage, etc. On grouping of these issues by their relative importance at different section of the whole Bagmati River System, there are three main issues identified as the most concerned issues for immediate attention to restore the Bagmati River System. The key corresponding sub issues to be taken into consideration therefore are as follows: 1. River ecosystem and waste water Decrease in water discharge Decrease in terrestrial biodiversity Narrowing and deepening of water way Degradation of river water quality Decrease in aquatic biodiversity 2. Riverside land use and socioeconomic Changes in riverside land use Decrease in aesthetic value of river surroundings 3. Cultural and heritage Deteriorating culture and heritage

3.1.

RIVER ECOSYSTEM AND WASTE WATER

1.6 1.5

Decrease in water discharge

Decrease in water discharge exerts 1.4 enormous impact in the overall river eco1.3 system such as damaging the habitat aquatic 1.2 life, exposing the river banks, channeling of 1.1 the flow, etc. Discharge record on the basis 1.0 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 of (DHM10) discharge data for last 25 years (1975-1999) at Sundarijal station reveals Fig. 3.1. Average discharge at Sundarijal (m3/s) the overall decreasing trend in water discharge (Figure 3.1). During these periods, frequent high discharges have been also noticed at the time of flood in Bagmati river. But the overall trend is decreasing. The water level used to be up to the Ghats and in monsoon it used to go up to the wall in Shakhamul till 2036-2037 BS according to local aged people in a consultation meeting with local committees. The tapping of water for drinking and irrigation purpose right from main sources of rivers is one of the root causes of decreasing water discharge. Sundarijal the upstream of Bagmati (Fig.3.2), Bishnudwar of Bishnumati (Fig.3.3), Sangla River, Chapagau of Nallu River, Godavari River, Mahadev Khola, Dudh Pokhari are major locations from where huge volume of water has been diverted for drinking and irrigation purpose by NWSC (now KUKL).

10

Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

17

According to NTNC (1995), everday about 30 million litres of water is tapped from rivers Bagmati, Bishnumati and other small streams originated from Shivapuri area. The river sources outside Shivapuri National Park, such as Manahara River, Nakhu River and Balkhu River are being intensively used for agricultural, tourism related business, recreation activities and many other purposes. Water diversion from rivers for irrigation purpose in the rural and outskirts of city core areas is very common. Raj Kulo in the Southern part of the valley is still serving few settlements mainly for agriculture purpose. Large volume of water is transported to city centres through tankers for drinking purposes from the sources such as Godawari and Matatirtha according to community consultation. There is a regulation for releasing at least 10% of minimum monthly flow of river water defined by Environmental Protection Regulation 1997 and EIA guidelines 1993 according to (WECS11). Due to high scarcity of water in the city this regualtion could not be followed specially in dry season according to responsible authorities such as KUKL in consulation meeting. There is need of good regulatory mechanism with enforcement strategy to regulate the Environment Flow Requirement (EFR) to protect water source area from haphazard water diversion. There are several potential water recharge areas and wetlands such as Dhapp of Shivapuri National Park in the forests in the surrounding hills. There is also possiblity of increasing groundwater recharging capacity in source area by afforestration and construction of low check dams in small rivulets in the valley margins in the river source areas, as obsereved during field observation. Such initiations have not been explored much by concerned agencies. Melamchi Water Supply projects plan of bringing water for drinking into the valley is very good initiation that help increase water discharge in Bagmati river, though it is being delayed. Agencies working for environmental improvement of Bagmati river should also give higher priority and support in completing this project as earliest as possible althouh this is the responsibility of MPPW. Governemtn together with other concerned agencies should start exploring other potential projects for inter basin transfer of water from the surrounding basins to increase the volume of the water in rivers of the valley to cater the huge growth of the population in near future. The Melamchi Water Supply Project aims to bring 170 MLD water in Kathmandu for drinking and pland to expand up to 510 MLD according to the MWSP (200012). About 70% of total water supplied will be collected as waste water, which is about 115,000120,000 m3 per day according the same report. The waste water after treament will have direct and indirect implications on the water quality of the Bagmati River, evaluation of water quality of the river will be based on i. suitability of water for fuman utiliztion, particularly for irrigation, bathing, operation of mills/micro-hydro power schemes ii. Suitability of water for aquatic life, particularly snow trout iii. Imporatnce of the water (such as water temperature) in the maintaining the micro-ecology of the area, iv. Aesthetic and religious importance. [Source MWSP, (2000)]

11 12

Multidimentional study of the Bagmati River Basin, Volume 1, 2008 Melamchi Water Supply Project, Environmental Impact Assessment, 2000

18

New initiations are being taking by different government and non-governement organizaions to recharge groundwater through rainwater harvesting in the valley (e.g. recharging Ranipokhari through rainwater harvesting by NGOFORUM). This is a very good initiation to support in increasing water table in the river. These initiations should be promoted and expanded in different levels from household to institutional level. There are 34 ponds to rehabilitate and also possiblity of install rainwater harvesting in each indiviual house for groundywater recharge in the valley. Degradation of river water quality Increasing trend of BOD and decreasing trend of DO at different points in the rivers in previous chapters indicate the degradation of water quality in the rivers in the valley. Rivers are degrading significantly as they flow down towards densely populated city core. Table 3.1 based on MWSP (2000) shows the status of water quality with different parameters in up stream at Sundarijal and downstream at Khokana.
Table 3.1. Water quality parameters Parameters Sundarijal Khokana TSS mg/l 5 70 Chloride mg/l 1 24 Ammonia mg/l 0.03 11 BOD mg/l 1.3 65 Coliform counts per 100 ml 1000 1,000,000 DO mg/l 8.9 1.7 Source: MWSP (2000)

Study report of Pradhan B13. (1998) and ICIMOD14 (2007) have also indicated the degradation of river very clearly. According to the reports, river water is still pristine in upstream the major sources of water and heavily polluted as they reached at the city core. Saprobic method describes the relationship between riverine ecology and river water quality. The quality of the Bagmati River water can be divided into four major classes ranging from best (pristine) to worst: SWQ Class I ( oligosaprobic no to very slight pollution with a variety of species), SWQ Class II ( beta-mesosaprobic moderate pollution rich in individuals, biomass, and species number), SWQ Class III ( alpha-mesosaprobic heavy pollution with tolerant macroforms), and SWQ Class IV (polysaprobic extreme pollution with macro benthic life restricted to air-breathing animals). Three intermittent sub-classes of these four major Saprobic Water Qualities (SWQ), viz. III, and II-III and III-IV can also be identified. By doing so, the Bagmati River water shows a continuum state of water quality in terms of macro-invertibrates. The description of each water quality class is based on abundance and diversity of macro-zoobenthos present (ICIMOD, 2007).

Quality of water is classified into four classes on the basis of Saprobic method. Map 6 prepared on the basis of data and information provided by these reports indicate the degradation of water quality as they flow down towards core city. River segments in highly urbanized area such as Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City and surrounding VDC have extremely poor quality of water.

Pradhan, B. (1998) Water Quality Assessment of the Bagmati River and its Tributaries, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Water Provision, Water Ecology and Waste Management, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
14

13

ICIMOD (2007), Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook

19

Poor sanitation situation of settlements, open defecation pracitce, disposing household solid waste into the river banks, waste generated by tourists and picnikers, chemicals fertilizers and pesticides used for farming starts polluting river water in the surrounding hills of the valley and adjoining areas such as Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Sankhu, Godwari are important settlements situated in these areas. About 33,699 that is 16,450 (7.6% of total households) in Kathmandu district, 13,244 (19.2%) in Lalitpur distirct and 4,005 (9.7%) do not have toilet facilitiesb(DWSS 2007). Outskirts from city core areas such as Satungal, Thankot, Baniyatar, Manamaiju, Phutung, Jorpati are highly urbanizing and constructions are increasing hapazardly. Increasing trend of industiries; number of small industries such as poultry, piggery; industries like concrete, dying, saw mills, paper mills, etc. are very common in these areas. There is no any systematic sewerage treatement system, huge volume of waste water generated from the households and industries are directly discharge into the rivers. Disposing municipal waste in the river banks is also very common as observed. Rampant use of river for washing clothes, utensils, domestic animals, vehicles, vegetables; bathing and disposing remains after rituals have also contributed in city core. Kathmandu used to be termed as City of Latrines as every household used to have urinals. The waste produced was used to collect in tins and used as compost in the field for agriculture. Bir Shamsher (before 1960 B.S.) constructed storm water drains. The rules that time were so strict, and people were not allowed to mix sewage into those drains. Now all those storm water drains have been converted into sewers. After the devastating earthquake in 1990 B.S., construction of public toilets started according to Chandrananda Newa, Ex. Ward Chariman of Ward 18, in one community consultation meeting,. He is one of the most experienced ward chairmans of Kathmandu Metropolitan City with the age of 80 plus. degrading the water quality in outskirts of the

Dumping of solid waste Table 3.2: Waste generation in five municipalities (tons/day) and sewerage connection Municipality Generation Collection Projected is more acute as it goes (2004) (2004) generation (2015) down towards city core. 308.4 250 547.9 Both individual Kathmandu Lalitpur 75.1 52 135.4 household as well as Bhaktapur 25.5 19 46.2 VDC and municipal Madhyapur Thimi 14.3 5 27.8 authority are responsible Kirtipur 11.6 4 18.1 for these activities. About Total 434.9 330 775.4 3000m3 of solid waste is Sources: KVO, 2006 estimated to be accumulated in the Bagmati River during dry season (WECS, 2008)15. More than 70% of total waste generated from the municipality is organic waste according to department of Environment and Waste Management Division of KMC. Accumulated solid waste on the river bed by bridge piers, check dams and gabion walls observed during survey show the insufficiency of water in the river to carry away the waste. Industrial effluents and waste from hospital are also increasing the river pollution. People in city core in Kathmandu and Lalitpur are even hesitate to use river water for irrgation purpose due to the poor quality of water according to the participants in community
15

Multi Dimensional Study of the Bagmati River Basin, 2008

20

consultations. River segements of the core urban area are affected intensively by the huge volume of untreated seweage from private houses, offices and business centers. There exist seweage network to carry waste water but no system for treatement before discharging the waste into the river almost in all parts of the city cores. A small treatment system at Guheswori is being used to treat waste water generated in upstream before connecting Bagmati river. Squatters situated along the banks in different river segments discharge toilets directly into the river. Waste deposited by slaughter houses, specifically along some segment of Bishnumati River and disharge of chemical waste directlry into river from industries are also contributing in the river water pollution. Solid waste dumped in the river banks by municipalites are another factor contributing the river pollution. Open defecation, dumping of the waste in the river banks, poor sanitation, practice of using chemical fertilizers and pesticide for agriculture also contributing in river pollution in downstream in some extent. Daily production of water according to WMPA (2000)17 is 90MLD in dry and 120 MLD, of which 70% of domestic water used is discharge as waste water. This waste water is ultimately discharged into rivers without any treatment. Many initiations have been taken in past by government organizations for managing waste water in the valley. Establishment of Dhobighat waste water treatment plant (WWTP), Sallaghari WWTP, Hanumante WWTP, Kodu WWTP and Guheswori WWTP were good initiations but non of them except Guheswori WWTP are functioning now. Many studies done by GKDMP (1990), BBWMSIP (1994), WMPA (2000), FSDED (2003), SAPI-II (2004) have proposed designs but non of them have been implemented yet. Most of these designs are conventional centralized system and have addressed waste water management for urban core which required significant fund for construction as well as operation. Such technology is appropriate for densely populated city core areas. This is not so appropriate for scattered small settlements. There is a new approach known as Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS) appropriate for small settlements out of city core. DEWATS is in very initial phase in Nepal, there is only one small plant newly installed for 250 households in Thimi. DEWATS is another approach for managing waste water. Its main objective is to manage waste water in local level. Sunnga WWTP (Reed bed technology) in Thimi is a good initiation of ENPHO/UNHABITAT for DEWATS. This is an appropriate approach for managing waste in the developing countries and it is cost effective BORDA (1998). DEWATS is appropriate for the areas where waste water flows from 1-1000 m3 per day (BORDA, 200916), that is for the settlement with the population of 10,000-20,000. This is in assumption of 50-100 litter of waste water generated per person per day. Many areas in the valley with clustered settlements mainly in rural and outskirts of the city core with population of 10,000-20,000. Area can have multiple settlements and multiple DEWATS can be implemented to serve that area. This approach is good for reducing volume of waste water before connecting main sewerage line from the institutes such as army barracks, schools, monasteries, etc, that large amount of waste water and the industries that produce industrial waste before connecting to main sewerage. Requirement of land for treatment plant is key factor for its implementation. Collecting waste from septic tanks and treat in septage treatment plant operating by municipalities or any other private or public institution is also one approach for managing
16 (BORDA, 2009). Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System, http://www.borda.de/conrat/Dewats_Mai05_72.pdf, accessed on March 30, 2009 17 Waste Water Management Plan Assessment, 2000

21

waste water or fecal sludge management. This initiation has been taken by KMC but not functioning now. Such system has to be reinitiated and promoted for areas, which could not be served by existing WWTP and other options are also not feasible. Intitiations taking to promote ecological sanitation (ecosan) to manage waste water in rural areas of Kathmandu Valley by different government and non-government agencies from last few years are good initations for onsite sanitation. Ecosan implemented in Khokana and Siddhipur by ENPHO, Tigni and Gamcha by CIUD, etc. are some of successful examples. This is an appropriate system for areas dominated by agriculture. Settlements in conservation and forest areas; and rural areas are appropriate areas for the promotion of onsite sanitation. More promotion and awareness activities are required. Many initiations have also been taken at different times by government and non-government agencies to manage solid waste in the valley but non of them have been working efficiently due to several regions. Different levels (household, community and municipal) of managing organic waste in local level have to be promoted in the valley in association with NGOs, local clubs, committes and communities. Management of organic waste in local level not only help in optimizing landfill site and protectecting river from polution this can also be source of income for development activities. Carbon financing under Clean Development Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol can be used to solve solid waste disposal in the Valley. Agencies in association with NGOs and other institutions working for managing solid waste should explore and develop CDM projects. Carbon financing project has been implemented in Dhaka for solving waste dispoal problem in Dhaka (CDM, 200818). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center responsible for landfill site for managing waste for five municipalities in the valley is planning to establish sanitary landfill site at Okharpau in support of JICA in addition to an existing landfill site in Sisdol. Previous experience of failure in operating WWTPs and inefficiency of Guheswori WWTP show the need of an effective modal for their efficient operations. Current trend of public private partnership could be the right model for efficient operation of these plants, such models have to be explored. Strong regulatory mechanism, community awareness and mobilization are other important factors to be taken into considerations to address these issues. Decrease in terrestrial biodiversity The richness and variety of living beings on the ground (soil and rocks) with ecological complexes of which they are part including diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems is known as terrestrial biodiversity. This includes: forest diversity, Rangeland diversity, and Agro-biodiversity. The terrestrial biodiversity should be conserved and utilized appropriately
18

There are total of 256 species of birds have been reported from Phulchoki area alone. It is estimated that 33 bird species of the valley were lost between 1948 to 1977 due to habitat destruction and urbanization (IUCN, 1995)

(CDM, 2008). Overview on financing solid waste management through Carbon financing:Strategies and Examples from Asia., Presentation paper by, Iftekhar Enayetullah presented in Habitat Seminar on Decentralized Solid Waste Management, Nanjing, China,

http:// www.wasteconcern.org.

22

because it is rich in foods, medicine, and source of income of the nation. However, these areas are being depleted by the people for making more rooms resulting more disaster in a vicious cycle. A rapid unplanned urbanization, high demand for forest product and unregulate and illegal quarries have deplected much of the forest vegetation except in sites such as religious forests and reserve forests, degradation of forest areas directly affeted the valley people, through a reduced supply of drinking water (IUCN, 1995). Terrestrial biodiversity in the Shivapuri conservation area and surrounding hills of the valley is very important for conservation of river ecosystem in the valley. Conversion of vegetative areas into settlements and growing agricultural practices, cutting of trees for fuelwood for various purpose like cooking, liquior production (Fig.3.4), house construction, animal grazing are some of the key issues observed during filed visit and community consultation. Many vegetative areas are found convereted into agriculture and animal grazing land in Shivapuri area. Land in origin of Sangla River and Manahara catchment area are converted widely into agriculture land. At some area in the Sankhu, forest cover is very poor. Use of alnus and saur trees for construction of houses and for handicraft works are widespread in the area. These trees help to protect bank erosion along the river side. Instead of conserving the natural forest, people are bound to encroach the forest land to cultivate cash crops to increase their economy. People living near the periphery of the forest kill wild animals like wild boars and leopoards as they are under the risk of attacking their domestic animals according to the local community. Pinus species are dominantly found in this area. Alnus species which is reputed for erosion control are found be planted along the river to prevent soil or bank erosion but is not sufficient. Wild edible fruits and medicinal plants like Hottuynia (Gandhe) and Elaeagnus (Madilo) are seen along the rivulets but in neglected state. Comparatively most of the forest area is covered by the bamboos. Wild fruits like Kaphal and Chutro are neglected even by the local people. Trees like Chilaune and Lankuri are becoming fewer due to lumbering. Increasing trend of constructing monastries and construction of roads inside the conservation as well forest area are also contributing in decreasing terrestrial bio-diversity and increasing risk of erosin.Stone and marble quarriying has done much damaged to the forest ecosystem in Godawari and Phulchowki area (IUCN, 1995). There are 374 community forests with the total area of 16,359 hectares in three districts Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur in the valley according to FCFUN19 (2008). This is a very good initiation that help in preserving and increasing terrestrial biodiversity in the valley. Narrowing and deepening of water way Deepening of the river channel increases the flow velocity of the river that damages the infrastructure (e.g., bridges) and settlements along the river side. Lowering of water level in the streams initiates groundwater discharge into the rivers thus lowering groundwater table in the vicinity. Construction of gabion, encroachment of river banks and extraction of huge volume of sand from the river bed are major causes of narrowing and deepening of the river bed in the valley.
19

Federation of Community Forest User, Nepal, 2008 23

Extraction of sand from the river in 2007 alone was estimated about 3103m3 or 60% of the total yearly demand of the valley according to Sayami, M. (2007). 20 Narrowing and deepning of water way is a critical issue in the rivers of northern part of the valley from foot hills to adjoining area of city core due to excessive sand mining activities. Sudden change in river gradient have resulted in depositing high volume of sediments from the upstream to these areas. Construction of infrastructures like gabion walls, ckeck dam to channelize the river water and roads to serve urbanizing areas are other causes of deepening of the water way in this area. Previous studies have revealed that the sand extration rate is much higher than natural deposition rate in these areas(IUCN, 1995). Such mining activities may also led to erosion of banks and scouring of the river beds. Consequent lowering of the river bed has left piers of the bridges exposed at many locations. Several bridges and cultural heritage sites like ghats on the river banks are in high risk due to this reason. Black clay layer, below the sand bed, are already exposed in most of the river beds from one to three meter depth as observed during field survey. Problem of narrowing and deepning of water way also exist in city core. Originally the Bagmati and other major rivers in the urban stretch was braided and flowed over gravel and sand bed. Now, the river is confined to a single deep channel. The river bed between Teku and Thapathali is currently about 2.5 meters lower than the old bed and this has adversely affected foundations of ghat and other structures. Collapse of a bridge in Bagmati river at Sinamngal recently is believed to be due to excessive sand extraction. Structures to protect private land, schools, squatter settlements and roads constructed along the river banks in the core are another reasons of river chanelling. Sand mining in the rivers flowing from south is almost absent due to the absence of sand forming rocks in the source area. The collapse of bridge in Thapathali in 1991 was attributed to heavy sand extraction, from the river bed,. Since then the government has completely banned extraction of sand from the river bed but illegal mining still goes on (Saudaula, D. K., 199321). Sand mining activties also cause river course change which generally cause dispute over land ownership(BBWMSIP22,1994). Strong law enforcement and awareness campaigns are required to control sand mining with involvement of local residents, clubs, etc. along the river sides. Restoration of river bed and sand bed mainly is needed in the area where sand extractions have been done intensively, this helps for natural purification, controlling and enhancing river flow. Decrease in aquatic biodiversity Aquatic flora and fauna species such as benthic, macro and micro invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles are water pollution indicators; they can be used to determine the river water quality (ICIMOD, 200723). The reduction in aquatic biodiversity results in imbalance of ecosystem and extinction of the valuable species.

20 21

Sayami, M., et. al., (2007), Status of sand mining and quality in northern Kathmandu, Central Nepal Sadaula, D.K. (1993), Sand in Kathmandu Valley: prospect and problem 22 Bagmati Basin Water Management Strategy and Investment Program, 1994 23 Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook, 2007.

24

Different studies show that there are significant decreases in aquatic biodiversity due to highly polluted water especially in urban core area. Trend of decreasing aquatic biodiversity is increases as river flows down towards urban core. Varieties of clean river water species prevail in the headwater region and only a few tolerant species dominate in the highlypolluted city core region because of organic waste (Pradhan B. 1998). A fish survey in 1980 recorded 23 species (Shrestha T. K24, 1980) whereas only 11 species were recorded by a survey in 1994 (BBWMSIP, 1994). Fresh water fish species such as Asala (Schizothorax sp.) seen during field survey in different rivers and streams in surrounding hills and rural areas indicate the probability of existing good aquatic biodiversity. Rivers before approaching urban city cores still have some species of fish such as hille but could not see any after rivers approach the city core. Regular visit of migratory birds and some residential birds such as King Fisher, Cattle Egrets, Pond Herons, Siberian Ducks, etc. in downstream after Chobar indicates the possibility of presence of some aquatic life. A bird survey conducted by Action Plan team in the stretch from Chobar gorge to confluence of Bosan Khola recorded 30 species of birds within three hours (Annex V). Decrease in aquatic biodiversity has also great impact in socioeconomic status of people residing in downstream. A community consultation in a settlement near the Kautwal Daha reveals that there was a settlement of an ethnic group (Danuwar) whose major occupation was fishing. These ethnic groups have migrated to other locations due to extinct of fish species in the river in that area according to villagers. Vegetation along the riparian area has to be enhanced, it contributes in increasing biodiversity. Eco-friendly measures should be promoted to protect river banks from erosion also help in protecting biodiversity. In several segments, the river structure is also found ecologically unfriendly for aquatic animals, for example, the dam at Gokarna, weir under the bridge of Thapathali, where aquatic animal (e.g., fishes) could not travel from one segment to other. Awareness campaign for community in participating in protecting biodiversity is very essential. Promoting ecotourism of the river channels specifically for students to arouse interest and promote eco clubs in schools to seek volunteers needed to maintain the biodiversity in the rivers.

3.2.

RIVER SIDE LANDUSE AND SOCIOECONOMIC

Changes in river side landuse Riverside lands are very important for maintaing river ecosystem as well the aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings. Healthy river ecosystem should have good riparian vegetation. Rivers and streams in the conservation area and forests upstream still have good riparian vegetation, whereas riparian land in the foot hill has already been converted into agriculture.

24

Shrestha T. K., 1980; Bio Indicators of pollution in the River Bagmati, Journal of T.U.

25

As river flows down towards city core, riparian lands are converted for other socioeconomic activities and infrasructures. Some areas are being used for for temporary purposes such as colleciton of construction materials, drying and cleaning materials for cottage industires and small workshops in the areas which are not yet urbanized. Condition of river side land is being more worst as river flows down towards urban core. Many river sides have been encroached permanently for private residence, schools, offices, business complex, squatter settlements, public toilets, new temples and road construction. Bishnumati link road (Paropakar Gongabu Bus Park), Dhobi Khola Link Road, Bagmati Link Road are some of the examples for encroachment river side land for road construction. Lack of demarcation of the river areas, absense of river side land used map, lack of law enforcement to protect the land from encroachment and unability of efficient implemenation of building code are some of the major lackings to address these issues. BCIDC have recently completed project (BASP, 2008) in coordination with UNHABITAT, whhich has identified the river side area encroached for different purposes along the river and also recommended for demarcation of all river areas on the basis of 2021 BS survey for protecting river and its surroundings. It has covered 27 km stretch of Bagmati river from Sundarijal to Chobar. Water way, flood plain and buffer zone area have also to be defined clearly in each river segments to protect riparian area from possible flood and maintaining and proper use of these areas. Water level in different points of the rivers has to be monitored and database should be maintained regularly. Some government agencies such as DUDBC and NGOs working for resettlement of squatters settlements, it has to be initiated as soon as possible. There is a successful experience of resettling of the squatter settlement in Bishnumati to Kirtipur in initation of LUMANTI. Decrease in aesthetic values of river surrounding Aesthetic values of river and its surroundings have great importance to make surrounding areas lively and vibrant. Its value is more importance for the valley a popular destination of national and international tourists. But the aesthetic value of rivers and its surroundings in the valley is decreasing day by day due to changes in riverside land use for different socioeconomic purposes as mentioned earlier. Dumping of solid waste in the river banks, disposing of waste water into the river without treatment and squatter settlements in different parts of the river are the major causes of decreasing the aesthetic values. Aesthetic values of the river surrounding are still remaining natural in the hills and foot hills surrounding the valley. It starts decreasing as rivers flow down towards city core. Loss of riparian vegetation due to change of riverside land use, improper management of ritual and cremation waste, hoarding boards in the river sides are major causes of decreasing aesthetic value in the rural areas of the valley. Addition to the reasons mentioned above, aesthetic values in newly urbanizing areas such as Balkot, Naikap, Kapan, Balambu, etc. have been decreased intensively by untreated sewerage discharged, dumping of solid waste, open defecation practices, growth of unwanted plants, encroachment of river side land for roads and other socio-economic activities.

26

This value become worst as rivers approach in the city core due to disposing of huge volume of untreated municipal waste water and solid waste directly into the river sides, disposing of organic waste from slaughter house (Bishnumati River in the stretch of Kankeswori Paropakar, Ranga Bazar at Satungal), squatter settlements and many areas encroached for different socio-economic activities along the river sides. Natural vegetation and trees can still be seen along the river banks in the down stream after Chobar gorge but these areas has been highly influenced by the municipal waste disposed in the upstream. Floating solid waste and foul smell of polluted river water have decreased aesthetic value of the river and their surroundings in this area. Unmanaged cremation waste disposed along the Jal Binayak Ghat is also contributing in decreasing the value in some extent. Landscaping and the plantation in the river banks help to protect and increase aesthetic value of the river areas this has to be initiated in all parts of the river segments mobilizing communities along the banks. Ecotourism can be promoted in the river with such landscapes.

3.3.

CULTURE AND HERITAGE

Deteorating culture and heritage Rivers in the valley also have high cultural and heritage value. Almost all major rivers have some important heritage sites. Many important culture and heritage sites such as Gokarna, Pashupati, Sankhmul, Teku Dovan, Sawabhagbati, etc. in the valley are located in the river banks. Besides tangible there are also many important intangible culture and heritage along the river banks. Until 1960 the rivers were flowing naturally, therfore, ghats, sattals, temples, shrines and other related monuments and structures were surviving. The pollution then start destroying the rivers, which severly affected those monuments and structures (RGKV, 1995). Deteririation of heritage sites and alteration of its use are two key issues to be taken into consideration for their conservation and protection. Numbers of important culture and heritage sites increase towards city core. Unplanned and Haphazard urbanization and fast industrial grwoth has increased the misuse of cultural resources and has created deteriorating situation of the monumnets (IUCN, 1995). Most of the important heritage sites along the rivers are deteriorating and under the risk of collapsling as observerd during field excursions. Some of the major sites located outside city core area are Shivadev Basaha and Buddha Sculpture, Taglung in Budanilkantha; Ghats in Sundarijal area; Tokha Chandeswori; Temples, sattals and ghatts near Gokarneswor Mahadev; Changu Narayan Temple; Sankha Daha south of Changu Narayan, Maha Laxmi temple at Balambu, Bishnu Devi Temple at Tinthana; Ghat and Jal Binayak Ganesh at Chobar, Ghats at Sundari Ghatt. The conditions of heritage sites inside the city core area are in the high risk compare to sites outside. Major sites under risk inside city core are Bombirbikateswor, Teku; Ping Dyo, Kirtipur; Bishnu Vikranta Sculpture, Tilganga; Bhim Mukteswor, Kalimati; Sattal of Laxmiswor Temple, Purneswor Temple, Statue of Bishnu, Tripureswor; Pati and niches of Dallu bridge and Sawabhagbati. IUCN (1995) has also indicated that many patis and niches have also been found encroached for shelter. Refer Annex VI for details of the heritage at risk.

27

Strong regulating mechanism and enforcement is needed to prtoect culture and heritage from encroachment and user alteration. Information base of river related tangible and intangible culture and heritage in Kathmandu Valley does not exist in system way, its establishment is essential for protecting these entities. People are not so aware of many culture and heritage important issues such as changes in architecture, alteration of their use, effect of new architecture in existing al change, of the importance of the culture and heritage as discussed in community consultation. Majority of the culture and heritage sites in the river sides need to be renovated, which need huge resources. Unavailability of the fund is one of the major causes for their existing condition. A business model which helps to bring government, public and private sectors to work together for conservation is required for sustainable management and conservation of these cultures and heritage in the river surroundings.

28

4. LEGISLATIVE ARRANEMENTS
Legislation is the tool for implementing policies, where special powers, rights or responsibilities need to be defined in the law. Legislative arrangements are one of the key success factors for efficient and successful implementation of the programs and policies. Improving river ecosystem specially in rapidly urbanizing like Katmanud Valley must have very strong legislative arrangements. There are several useful acts which could help in improving environmental situation of the rivers in the valley, if they can be implemented efficiently. These acts include issues related to land use, building codes, waste management, conservation and protection of natural resources and cultural heritage, etc. Some important acts identified during the process of developing Action Plan are presented below: 1. Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 2048: This Act defines the Ancient Monument as Devalaya, Shivalaya, Math (religious houses), Gumba etc. The act direct regarding rights and duties of the Government to make proper arrangement for their protection by preventing any misappropriation and misuse of such historically and archaeologically important places. 2. Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017: This act prohibits the use of explosive and poisonous substances in any water body for killing the aquatic life. Study on the effects of development projects on fishery resources and implementation of mitigative measures has been made mandatory under this regulation including regulating fishing gears, size of the fish and season of fishing. 3. Building Code Act, 2055: The Building Code Act is formulate to form standards regarding construction of building within the Kathmandu Valley and the Municipalities. It mainly related with the structural design requirement, electrical design requirement and sanitary and plumbing design requirement. It also focused on the safety of occupant building during earthquake, fire and other natural disaster. 4. Environment Protection Act, 1996 (A.D.): This Act mainly focus on the protection of environment with proper use and management of natural resources, taking into consideration that sustainable development could be achieved from the inseparable interrelationship between the economic development and environment protection. It also relate with legal provisions in order to maintain clean and healthy environment by minimizing, as far as possible, adverse impacts likely to be caused from environmental degradation on human beings, wildlife, plants, nature and physical objects. 5. Forest Act, 2049: For the conservation and development of forest and the proper utilization of the forest products this act has been established. Policies regarding conservation, development and extension of private forest by managing the national forest in the form of government managed forest, protected forest, community forest, leasehold forest and religious forest are related with this act. Preparation of action plan for the management and development of forest and handover forest to the user group or community for the conservation, development, use and sell of forest products independently is also emphasized by this act. 6. Guthi Sasthan Act, 2033: The right to protect and maintain ancient monuments and heritage is govern by this act. It also authorizes Guthi Sansthan to administer and maintain records of Guthi Land for the proper utilization of Guthi's property such as land 29

and buildings. Guthi Sansthan needs to exercise its authority under this Act in close coordination with the Land Revenue and Land Reform. 7. Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 2045: Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act has empowered the authorities to regulate the environmental situation of the Valley in a more holistic manner however it has never come into practice. 8. Land (related to ownership and tenancy) Act, 2021: This Act was enacted to implement the Land Reform Program of the government. This act focused to remove the stagnant property and population pressure and use it in other areas of economy, so as to increase the speed of economic development of the nation. The regulation also relates to raise the living status of land dependent farmers by proper distribution of agricultural land and easy accessibility of related knowledge and equipments. 9. Land Acquisition Act, 2034: Land Acquisition Act 2034 developed to amend and unite the already implemented Nepalese law of land acquisition. Laws related with substitution and acquiring land by giving them compensation or for temporary use (return to the owner after time duration) falls in this act. This act has got right not only to acquire land but also building and forest etc if necessary. 10. Land Revenue act, 2034: This Act aims to increase land revenue by land registration and management of overall lands including government, public and other lands. 11. Local Self-Governance Act, 2005: Local Self-Governance Act gives more autonomy for the development of the local bodies by providing responsibility and power at the local level to formulate and carry out plans. Here the Local Bodies means the Village Development Committee, District Development Committee and the Municipality. The major functions of those local bodies are described below: Village Development Committee o Agricultural development program o Arrangement of drinking water by constructing and maintaining wells, deep water wells, ponds and taps o Construction and repairing of tracks and trails, bridges, twins, culverts etc o Programs related with education like provide scholarship, established of preschools and to supervise and manage it o Provide health facilities o Conduct program relates to the irrigation, forest conservation o Keep records of population, household, land and others District Development Committee: To formulate plan and policies regarding agriculture, drinking water, sanitation, irrigation etc for the development of the district o To formulate, implement, operate, distribute and maintain projects on mini and micro hydro power and other energy o Provides district level health facilities Municipalities: Preparation of annual budgets, plan and program o Urban planning and to approve designs of houses and other structures o Carrying out program related to Water Resources, Environment and Sanitation o Support the schools by providing scholarship and other facilities within the municipality

30

o Preserve, protect and prepare inventory of the culturally and religiously important sites o Provide health facilities including family planning, mother and child welfare, extensive vaccination, nutrition etc and to conduct awareness program regarding different epidemics and infectious diseases. o Record and maintain birth, death and other personal events; and to maintain inventory of population, household, heritage sites and other culturally and historically important place. 12. Industrial Enterprises Act, 2049: This act was promulgated to give due consideration to environmental and pollution problems. This Act empowers the Ministry to withhold permission for the establishment of an industry, which is deemed as likely to have an adverse effect on the environment. 13. National Natural Conservation and Wildlife Protection Act, 2029: The act mainly deals to the protection of wild life and conservation of their habitat. It also related to find the new land for the expansion of conservation area, protection and management of declared area and to protect unauthorized hunting. 14. National parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 (A.D.): The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act is responsible for the management, protection and development of the National Parks, wild life and the buffer zone. This act also related with the restriction of entry inside the National Park, permission of hunting, give punishment to the illegal hunt, kill or injure the wild animals. 15. National Trust for Nature Conservation Act, 1983 (A.D.): Under this Act, the government has established the National Trust for Nature Conservation, previously known as King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation. The NTNC is mandated as an autonomous and non-profit organization to work in the field of nature conservation. It has been managing two conservation area- Annapurna and Manaslu. The Act is supported by NTNC regulation 1984. This act conserve, promote and manage natural resources; undertake the development of National Parks and wildlife reserves and carry out scientific studies and research on natural resources. 16. National Wetland Policy Act, 2059: The National Wetland Policy Act, conserve and manage wetlands with local participation for their benefit. This regulation also supports to formulate wetlands management plan and other legal and administrative arrangements for the representation of local people and organizations in the management committee. 17. Nepal National Policy on Sanitation Act, 1994 (A.D.): Napal National Policy on Sanitation Act highly focused on safeguard water supplies and environmental sanitation for protection of environment. This regulation also deals to create awareness and give knowledge on sanitation and hygiene among all levels of community focusing women group and children to bring attitudinal and behavioral changes within the community.

31

18. Pashupati Area Development Trust Act, 2044: This act particularly focused for the development and conservation of the Pashupati Area. Pashupati Area Development Funs is formed under this act to manage, maintain and preserve the natural and cultural heritage in the Pashupati area and prohibit the registration of land within the area to any person or organization. 19. Pesticide Act, 2048: Pesticides Act has provision of appointment of inspectors. Nevertheless, this act is mainly focused on registration of chemical pesticides. This act also guide to give the prerequisite regarding import, export, production and consumption of pesticides for which government clearance is compulsory. 20. Plant Protection Act, 2064: Plant protection Act is recently formulated act that aims to protect the plants and plant products from entry, stay and spread of harmful organisms during their import, export and transportation. It is also relate with formation of legal framework to enhance the trade of plant and plant product. Establishment of National Plant Protection Organization, appointment of the quarantine inspectors, role, duties and authority of the inspector are some of the silent features of the Plant Protection Act 2064. 21. Privatization Act, 2050: The privatization Act has been formed to increase the productivity through enhancement of efficiency of the status owned enterprise of the government to mitigate the financial administrative burden and to conduct economic development of the country by broadening the participation of private sector in the operation of private company. This regulation also recommends the programs and priorities of the privatization to the Government. 22. Slaughter House and Meat Test Act, 2055: Slaughter House and Meat Test Act prevent the mixing in meat products, maintain the health and original freshness of meat and to maintain optimum standard of edible meat and meat product for human and pet consumption. Meat testing mechanisms are to be developed. To set up licensing and inspection system and a mechanism for adopting and implementing quality assurance programs to ensure the standards. 23. Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039: Soil and Water Conservation Act is to develop, protect and demarcate the watershed area and to control natural disasters like flood, debris flow and landslide. Protection of land productivity by developing land use system (Bhu Upayogita Pranili) and to form National Resource Protection System and District Soil and Watershed Committee fall under this act. 24. Solid Waste Act (Management & Resources Mobilization) Act, 2044: This Act basically focuses Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur Municipalities. To formulate policies for the implementation of the plan regarding solid waste management and mobilize the available resources, providing necessary training, technical advice and publicity, and to provide or arrange the space for disposal of solid waste in pollution free manner fall under this act.

32

25. Survey and Measurement Act, 2019: Survey and Measurement Act aim to carry out cadastral survey of the whole Nepal to determine the land type and to keep record of land owner. This Act has been modified from time to time to incorporate provision for other type surveys like topographical survey, geodetic survey, leveling survey etc. The Act also made provision for re-survey and correction of previously documented data. 26. Town Development Act, 2048: The Town Development Act provides the legal basis for implementing the Land Reform i.e Land Pooling. The Act clearly states procedures and conditions to secure landowners agreement, government approval and project implementation. This act mentions mandatory procedure that needs to be followed during preparation and implementation Land Pooling. Under Town Development Act, Land Management Sub-Committee (LMSC) was formed which represents local land owners, various governmental line agencies, CBOs and local NGOs. 27. Water Resource Act, 2049: This Act define Water Resources as the water that is available in the Kingdom of Nepal in the form of surface water, groundwater or in whatsoever form. This act prohibit other acts that may pollute water resources and maintain that the utilization of the resources should be made without causing any considerable damage to the environment through soil erosion, floods, landslide or any other similar reason. This act also prioritized the water resources according to the utilization like first priority to the drinking water and domestic use, then serially irrigation, agriculture use and animal husbandry, hydroelectricity, cottage Industry and mining use, navigation and recreational use. Setting of water quality standard and provision of license to use water resource is governed by this act.

33

5.

ZONING OF KATHMANDU VALLEY RIVER SYSTEM

Different issues responsible to bring the rivers in the valley in the current state of environment have been identified. These issues are so complex that improving the environmental status of the river ecosystem is very challenging. A strategic and systematic approach is essential to develop and implement the action plan. The data and information analyzed in previous chapters reveal that all issues do not have equal level of importance in all river segments. An issue which is critical for upstream may not be critical for down stream. The water discharge and terrestrial biodiversity are very important issues for conservation and surrounding hills with forest area where most of the rivers are originated from. Whereas, the narrowing and deepening of river channel is the major issue in the rural and outskirts of the city core where intensive sand extraction takes place. Quality of the river water due to rampant sewerage connection and dumping of solid waste in the river banks is the major issue for rivers in the city core. However, downstream of the river, where the quality of water is still poor not due to the residents living in that area but due to the people living in the upstream. Thus, the river ecosystem of the valley can be observed in different situations in different areas. As mentioned earlier, Bagmati river has been classified into four standard water quality classes based on Saprobic approach (Pradhan B., 2005) (i) Class I non-polluted, (ii) Class II moderately polluted, (iii) Class III - heavily polluted, and (iv) Class IV extremely polluted as shown in Map 6 and Map 7. The map also reveals the overall water quality scenario of the Bagmati River and its tributaries. It is clearly noticed that the river water quality in the Shivapuri conservation area and surrounding hills is still in good condition and is gradually deteriorating as it flows down towards the urbanized area. The water quality is in worse condition mainly in central part of the valley. The categorization of river as safe, unsafe, and extremely unsafe as IUCN (1995) also indicates that river of the central part of the valley is extremely unsafe. The cross analysis of population density and quality of river water indicates the close relationship between population density and river water quality which is depicted in Map 8. The map shows the quality of water deteriorating as the population density increases. The upper stream of the Bagmati River System, i.e., conservation area and surrounding hills with forest are in good condition where the population density is the lowest. As the river flows towards down, the water quality is worsening and the population density is increasing. The central part, i.e., city core of the valley has the poorest water quality and the highest population density. Thus there is inverse relationship between river water quality and population density. In order to address these issues at micro level according to their relative importance, the whole valley is classified into five zones Map 9 on the basis of existing status of the water quality in river segments and the population density of the area from which the river passed through. This is an assumption that higher the population density the more difficulty in the restoration of the river ecosystem. Zonation of the valley will help in developing and implementing efficient action plan in zone level. Map 9, Map 10 and Map 11 presents the zonewise situations in the valley.

34

ZONE 1 Natural Conservation Core Zone The Zone 1 is the Natual Conservation Zone (323 sq km, i.e. 45.1 % of targeted area) consisting of green hills surrounding the valley such as Phulchoki (2,800m), Shivapuri (2,453m), Chandragiri (2,365m) and Nagarjun (2,100m). Shivapuri National Park (144sq.km) lies in this zone on the northern fringe of the valley and Shivapuri watershed is the recharge area of the Bagmati River as well as of the ground water of the Valley Basin. The origins of the Bagmati river and its tributaries Bishnumati, Manohara, Dhobi Khola, Balkhu river, and Nakhu Khola lies in this zone. Wetlands with high recharging potentiality are located in this zone. The population density is very low and the river water quality is yet in natural condition. Majority of the river segments in this zone has still class I level of water quality, only maintaining in its existing state is needed. There are few river segments which have class II level of water quality and need to restore to class I. The major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are decreasing water discharge due to intensive water diversion decreasing terrestrial biodiversity due to increasing settlements; trend of converting forest area into agriculture land; cutting of trees and other forest resources for fuel wood, building construction and other economical activities such as feeding animals and making liquors; new constructions like monasteries, roads, and other infrastructures; animal hunting, use of pesticides for farming, etc. degradation of water quality due to poor Visitors trend in Shivapuri National Park (SNP, 200425) sanitation and un managed wastes generated by households, tourists, picnickers and other recreational activities; use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for farming; use of river for bathing, washing, cleaning animals and other household uses, etc. deteriorating culture and heritage due to new construction; encroachment; use alteration

ZONE 2 Rural Zone Outmost area of the valley in border with Zone 1 is classified as Zone 2 or Rural Zone (150 sq km, i.e. 21 % of targeted area). The Bagmati River and its major tributaries flow down through this zone. Population density in this zone is greater than zone 1. It is still being dominated by agriculture land. River segments in here have not yet been deteriorated much. Majority of river segments in this area are in class II (moderately polluted) and can be restored into class I with little effort. Many river meanderings are taken place in this zone. Many important shrines and temples such as Changu Narayan, Gokarneshwor Mahadev (also known as Utter Gaya), Budhanilkantha, Ichangu Narayan, Machhe Narayan, Bishankhu Narayan, Kageshwori, Neel Barahi, Matatirtha, Tokha Chandeswori, and Indrayani are situated in this zone.
25

Shivapuri National Park Management, 2004.

35

The major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are decrease in river water discharge due to river diversion for drinking and irrigation purposes; tanker service for economical benefit of VDCs and local settlements narrowing and deepening of water way due to excessive sand mining; construction of structures such as gabion walls, check dams, etc for protection of land and roads construction degradation of water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to loss of riparian vegetation; untreated sewage dispose from households and industries effluents; dumping of solid waste; back flow from the agriculture land affected by chemical fertilizers and pesticides changes in river side land use for agriculture; drying and cleaning materials for cottage industries; workshops; road construction decrease in aesthetic value due to loss of riparian vegetation; improper management of ritual and cremation waste; commercial hoarding boards; solid waste dumped along the river banks; waste blocked by weirs in the river, etc. deteriorating culture and heritage due to replacement of original architecture by new; encroachments; alteration of use; less attention given by responsible agency

ZONE 3 Peri-urban Zone The Zone 3 is the peri-urban area of the valley (113 sq km, i.e. 15.8% of total targeted area), is lying between rural and urban core of the valley. Many VDCs emerging towards urbanization are located in this zone. Population density here is comparatively higher than the Zone 2 and less than zone 1. The river ecosystem here is in Class III (critically polluted). Restoration of river to Class I is challenging in this zone. However, the enhancement of the river ecosystem to Class II could be achieved in initial stage of the action plan in this zone. Some important cultural and heritage sites and temples such as Asoka Chaitya, Mahalaxmi temple, Vishnudevi temple, Bajrabarahi, Karyabinayak, and Harisiddhi are situated in this zone. The major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are decrease in water discharge due to excessive diversion of water for drinking and irrigation narrowing and deepening of water way due to excessive sand mining; channeling of river by construction of walls and check dams for protection of lands and buildings degradation of water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to loss of riparian vegetation; increasing connection of untreated sewage direct from households; unmanaged animal waste from piggery farms and buffalo wholesale markets such as Ranga Bazar, Satungal; solid waste dumped by municipalities, industries and households; open defecation along the river banks and storm water drainage; back flow from the agriculture land affected by chemical fertilizers and pesticides; vehicles washing changes in river side land use from agriculture to residential and economical use such as private institutions, animal farming; schools; road construction, temporary sites for collecting construction materials

36

decrease in aesthetic value due to loss of riparian vegetation; commercial hoarding boards; solid waste dumped along the river banks; floating and blocking of waste by weirs in the river, etc. deteriorating culture and heritage mainly due encroachments and alteration of use

ZONE 4 Urban Zone The Zone 4 is the highly urbanized zone consists of five municipalities of the valley Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktpur, Thimi Madhyapur and Kirtipur. The urbanization has reached its extreme point and thus concrete jungle can be seen everywhere with very few natural vegetation and agricultural land. Almost all major tributaries pass through this zone and the confluences of the tributaries are located in the central part of the zone. The river quality is in the worst condition with Class IV (extremely polluted). The river itself portrays its completely deteriorated condition of river ecosystem. The restoration of the river segments in this zone is very challenging, restoration could be done in different stages Class IV to Class III in initial stage then Class III to Class II. This zone is the origin of civilization of the valley, human settlement mainly dominated by Newar community. Major historical places (e.g., shrines and palaces), heritage sites, cultural and ritual places (e.g., ghats, tirtha, piths), temples and stupas (e.g., Swayambhu stupa, Boudhanath, Pashupati), etc. have high values of civilization are located in this zone. The major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are narrowing and deepening of water way due to structures to protect land and infrastructure in the river banks; high encroachment of land by private as well as illegal settlements such as squatters; excessive sand mining in the north in upstream of the zone degradation of water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to direct discharge of huge volume of untreated sewerage into river segments; leachate produced by huge volume of solid waste dumped by municipal authority and private organizations along the river banks; waste deposited along the river banks by slaughter house; direct disposal of chemical waste produced by dyeing and washing industries; direct discharge of toilets into the river by squatter settlements; vehicle washing change in riverside land use from agriculture and natural vegetation into residential and economical use such as animal farming, agriculture; public and private institutions; riverside road construction; temporary sites for collecting construction materials, drying and cleaning materials used for small cottage industries. Huge area of land is encroached and used by squatters in several parts of river segments in this zone decreasing aesthetic value due to loss of riparian vegetation; filthy and unhealthy environment of the river surroundings by squatter settlements; waste produced by rituals and cremation; construction of public toilets; slaughtering of animal in the river banks; waste floated and dumped along the river; domestic dead thrown in the river deteriorating culture and heritage due to less attention given by the responsible private and government guthi; lack of conservation because of unclear responsible holdings; encroached by illegal settlements; alteration of use; altered in architecture.

37

ZONE 5 Downstream Zone The Zone 5 is situated in the southern part of the valley from the Sundarighat to Katuwal Daha. This zone is mainly dominated by agriculture land with less population density. The Bagmati River drains out of the valley through this zone. Population density in the zone is still very less. Quality of water in the segment of river still has Class IV. Environmental situation of river in this zone is mainly depend upon the environmental status of river upstream rather than factors concerned to the zone itself. Level of BOD (88.83 mg/lit) at Khokana (KAPRIMO, 2007) and the foul smell noted at Katuwal Daha similar to the smell at Thapathali indicates the self purification process and mixing of the river with less polluted rivers at Nakhu and Bosan even is not sufficient for enhancing the highly polluted river. The enhancement of river ecosystem upstream help enhancing the river ecosystem in this zone. Some historical and heritage sites such as Taudaha, Jalbinayak, Karyabinayak, Ananda ghat, Sundarighat are situated in this zone. The major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are = degradation of water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to highly polluted water from upstream decreasing aesthetic value due to floated solid waste; floating foams produced by chemical waste; fouls smell of polluted water deteriorating culture heritage in the river banks

Refer Annex VII for details about physical features, human settlements, land use pattern, important culture and heritage sites and name of VDCs/municipalities located in different zones.

38

6.

BAGMATI ACTION PLAN

This is the most important part of the whole document. As mentioned earlier, the action plan is mainly based on the available data and information. This part of the document sets the overall vision of the action plan; goal, objectives and activities for each zone. Activities identified for each zone are based on key issues identified in corresponding zone. Experts in different domains of the working team analyzed the actions recommended by various projects and documents in the past. Many good initiations and works have been done in the past for improving environmental situation of rivers in the valley. Few of them have been implemented, many have never been commenced and few of them are delayed or stopped due to several reasons. Many works recommended by those initiations can still be implemented, some can be implemented with some modifications and some cannot be used at all due to many changes occurred in past few decades. New development in technology and approaches have better options than past in some cases. Vision and zonewise goals of the action plan may not permit some of the recommendations for implementations. However this action plan has given higher priority to the activities recommended by previous work rather than new if it is appropriate. Actions to be taken for managing waste are one of the most challenging tasks in developing this plan. Conventional waste water management system recommended by previous projects are still valid for city core (zone 1), therefore the actions recommended for managing waste water for these areas are mainly based on same technology with some modification in some cases. The action plan has recommended DEWATS as a new approach for managing waste specially for zone 2 and zone 3. Onsite sanitation is given higher priority for zone 1 an zone 4. Managing the waste through managing the fecal sludge is given priority in some areas. Map 12, Map 13 and Map 14 presents the systems recommended for managing the waste water and their service areas in different parts of the valley with their appropriateness.

6.1. VISION
Clean and green river system that is full of life and valued by all.

6.1.

NATURAL CONSERVATION CORE ZONE

6.1.1. GOAL To maintain and enhance the upstream river ecosystem 6.1.2. OBJECTIVES To increase water discharge into river To conserve terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity To maintain water quality in the rivers To conserve culture heritage sites

39

6.2.3. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Take different measures to protect and enhance water resources and increase water discharge into the river Engineering work in Dhapp for increasing water recharging capacity Identify potential locations for water recharging in rivulets and implementation of bioengineering works for recharge Rehabilitation of 3 existing ponds to recharge groundwater by harvesting rain from surrounding houses

Activity 2: Take different measures to conserve terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity Carryout afforestration activities Develop a plan for each settlement that has potential for rapid growth Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land with business plan to promote sustainable tourism and to maintain the riparian vegetation and the aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings in this zone Bank protection work with implementation of bioengineering

Activity 3: Maintain or enhance the river water quality to Class I by conserving the aquatic biodiversity of the river in this zone Promote total sanitation with provision of ecosan and biogas in Sundarijal area Promote onsite sanitation in all settlements in the conservation area Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality twice a year at least in 8 locations (river entry points for zone 2)

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in zone 1 Renovation and conservation of deteriorated temples

6.2.

RURAL ZONE

6.2.1. GOAL To restore the river ecosystem through sustainable development approach 6.3.2. OBJECTIVES To enhance river water flow To prevent discharge of waste water and solid waste into the rivers To conserve aquatic biodiversity and riparian area To conserve and promote cultural heritage To promote sustainable agriculture practices To regulate urban growth and industrial activities

40

6.2.3. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Promote rain water harvesting in household levels constructing pits or through existing wells. Rehabilitation of 7 existing ponds to recharge groundwater through rainwater harvesting Develop and implement a land use plan to regulate urban growth and industrial activities

Activity 2: Promote decentralized waste water management system and on-site sanitation Promote onsite sanitation including eco-san and bio-gas Construct DEWATS demonstration site in Sankhu Promote DEWATS in institutional level such as army barracks, police barracks, jails, government office complexes, schools, colleges, housing, monasteries, dying and washing industries, industrial districts, etc.

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Identify ecologically unfriendly structures in the river and banks and enhance them to eco-friendly for aquatic plants and animals. Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land with business plan to maintain the riparian vegetation and the aesthetic value of the river and their surroundings. Carry out river bed restoration works in different locations (at least at three based on survey) using eco-friendly measure. Carryout bank protection work using bioengineering (about 61 km based on survey). Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality at 17 locations before entering zone 3.

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in the zone Conservation and regeneration of deteriorated temples (Chandeshowri Mahadev, Tokha temple, etc.)

6.3

PERI URBAN ZONE

6.3.1. GOAL To enhance the river ecosystem through effective management of urban growth 6.3.2. OBJECTIVES To increase river water discharge To enhance the river profile and riparian landscape To improve water quality in the river 41

To conserve and regenerate cultural heritage To manage squatter settlements in the river banks

6.3.3. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Promote rain water harvesting to recharge groundwater in household levels constructing pits or through existing wells. Rehabilitation of 6 existing ponds to recharge groundwater through rainwater harvesting

Activity 2: Promote decentralized waste water treatment system and onsite sanitation system with fecal sludge management in household and community level septic tank Promote onsite sanitation with household and community level septic tank with implementation of Fecal Sludge Management Construct DEWATS at various locations such as Phutung, Sangla, Katunje, Satungal Promote DEWATS in institutional level

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Relocation and resettlement of 12 squatter settlements with 588 households (2,773 population) in the river banks Identify ecologically unfriendly structures in the rivers and the banks and make them eco-friendly for aquatic animals. Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land with business plan to maintain the riparian vegetation and the aesthetic value of the river and their surroundings. Carryout bank protection work (80 km) using bioengineering. Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality at 12 locations before entering zone 4

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in zone 3 Conservation and regeneration of deteriorated temples (Mahalaxmi temple and Vishnudevi)

6.4.

URBAN ZONE

6.4.1. GOAL To upgrade the river ecosystem and to conserve and regenerate the tangible and intangible heritage linked with the rivers

42

6.4.2. OBJECTIVES To improve river water quality To improve the riparian landscape To manage the squatter settlements along the river banks To conserve and regenerate tangible and intangible cultural heritage

6.4.3. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Promote rain water harvesting to recharge groundwater in household levels constructing pits or through existing wells. Rehabilitation of existing ponds in the zone (18 ponds) for rainwater harvesting to recharge groundwater

Activity 2: Promote both conventional centralized and decentralized waste water treatment system and onsite sanitation system with fecal sludge management in household and community level septic tank Rehabilitation of Kodku waste water treatment plant (WWTP) at Balkumari to cater waste water from core Lalitpur area and Baneshwor based on FSDED (2003) Rehabilitation of Hanumante WWTP converting into wetland to minimize the operating cost. Construction of additional WWTP at Guheswori Construction of septage treatment plant at BCIDC, Guheswori for feacal sludge management Construction of DEWATS at Hanumante and Manahara confluence Develop Sallaghari WWTP as a wetland Rehabilitation and expansion of Dhobighat WWTP based on FSDED (2003) Construct DEWATS at Thimi municipality Construct DEWATS at Kirtipur municipality Promotion of DEWATS in institutional level Waste water treatment plant (reed bed technology) to serve surrounding settlement at UNPARK and WEPCO area as demonstration sites Promote onsite sanitation with household and community level septic tank with implementation of Fecal Sludge Management

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Relocation and resettlement of squatter settlements in the river banks Identify ecologically unfriendly structures in the rivers and the banks and make them eco-friendly for aquatic animals. Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land with business plan to maintain the riparian vegetation and the aesthetic value of the river and their surroundings. Carryout bank protection work (70 km) using bioengineering.

43

Plantation in riparian land (Shankhamul, Pachali Bhairab, Confluence of Bagmati Bishnumati and Sundarighat Construct municipal composting plants at different locations Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality at 20 locations at least twice a year

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in zone 3 Conservation and regeneration of deteriorated temples (Bombirbikateshor, Vishnu Vikranta, Bhim Mukteswor, Sattal of Laxmisowr temple, Pati in Kankeswori premises, Pati and niches at Dallu and Shobha Bhagbati, developing business model for promoting cultural tourism) Rehabilitation of public open spaces according to TTRG26 (1994).

6.5.

DOWNSTREAM ZONE

6.5.1. GOAL To restore healthy river ecosystem with the capacity for self purification 6.5.2. OBJECTIVES To enhance the self purification process of the river To conserve the terrestrial and aquatic habitat To enhance the riparian landscape To conserve cultural heritage

6.5.3. ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Promote decentralized waste water treatment and onsite sanitation system Promote on-site sanitation including eco-san Promote and construct demonstration DEWATS for Sainbu area

Activity 2: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Design and implement natural weirs and check dams in the river bed to facilitate aeration Construct ponds with varying depth to maintain aquatic biodiversity and water optimization for their survival and monitor growth of vegetation Construct and monitor non vegetative pond for trapping floating solid waste

26

The Teku Thapathali Research Group, 1994

44

Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land with business plan to maintain the riparian vegetation and the aesthetic value of the river and their surroundings. Carryout bank protection work (70 km) using bioengineering Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality at 4 locations at least twice a year

Activity 3: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in zone 3 Conservation and regeneration of temples in Jal Binayak and Katuwal daha area Develop business model for promoting cultural tourism

6.6. GENERAL ACTIVITIES

These are the activities which are either common for all zones or their outputs help to build the capacity of BCIDC and other agencies or individuals working for environmental improvement of Bagmati river and its tributaries. Activity 1: Demarcation of territories of rives and their tributaries including water way and buffer zone and prepare a GIS database Activity 2: Prepare a water inventory GIS database including river networks, water source area with their level of vulnerability to low flow Activity 3: Exploring and assessing possibilities for increasing water discharge in the river such as assessing the feasibility of inter-basin transfer of water to Bagmati through Multipurpose Melamchi Project and recommending for implementation if feasible Activity 4: Promote on-site sanitation including ecosan toilets for 33,700 (DWSS, 2008) Activity 5: Promote household and community level waste management system including composting with the involvement of private sector Activity 6: Establish a sanitary landfill site for waste disposal Activity 7: Establish municipal compost plant and explore; and develop strategy to link with CDM and to generate revenue Activity 8: Conduct a research on intangible heritage linked with the rivers and support to revive the heritage in the risk. Activity 9: Support to revive guthi traditions for maintenance and conservation of heritage sites. Activity 10: Support to restructure existing BCIDC to implement BAP; restructuring of the BCIDC also includes establishing of the database of stakeholders working for Bagmati, developing coordination mechanism for sharing knowledge and resources for improvement of Bagmati and Bagmati River Information System besides organizational structure.

45

Activity 11: Support to formulate policies, legislation and regulatory mechanisms required for BCIDC Act. Required policies, legislations and regulatory mechanisms. Activity 12: Awareness campaign for conservation of natural resources and river ecosystem to create and activate different groups such as eco-clubs, natural groups, youth club, women group, etc.; to provide non-formal education on conservation to elders group such as resource optimization, environment friendly agriculture practice, sanitation practices, waste management, etc. and to develop and disseminate advocacy messages and materials.

46

7.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

7.1. Establish BCIDC as a Coordinator

Several government and non-government institutions, civil societies and other stakeholders are working for environmental improvement of rivers in the valley and they are in increasing trend, but the status of the rivers deteriorating day to day according to different data and information discussed in previous chapters. Complex nature of such problems can be solved only by combine effort of all stakeholders working for development of rivers in the valley. Several studies in the pasts have indicated that the coordination among the stakeholders is one of the key issues behind the current situation of these rivers. All stakeholders need to be involved in an integrated and coordinated way in both planning and implementation of the activities. A strong mechanism to establish coordination among these institutions has to be developed for efficient and sustainable development of the Bagmati. An institution with strong legislative power such as BCIDC should play key role in establishing such coordination mechanism to integrate activities of all stakeholders and avoid duplication of responsibilities and activities that have impact in the ecosystem of rivers in the valley. Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee (BCIDC) previously known as BASP formed with a strong legislative power for conservation of Bagmati River and its Tributaries in the valley. Besides BCIDCs responsible for operating Guheswori Treatment system and other ongoing activities, it should take responsible for monitoring activities of other stakeholders regarding rivers in the valley. Existing organizational structure of BCIDC should reform to address the issues and play the coordinating role. 7.2. Action Plan as a guideline for program formulation The action plan with vison, goal, objectives and activities should be guidelines for the policies and programmes of BCIDC, the principal implementing agency of the plan. It is expected that these guidelines will guide to the policy, program and budget formulation each year concern to the river ecosystem in BCIDC, government line agencies, DDCs, municipalities and VDCs, NGOs and civil societies. Many central and local government organizations allocated yearly budget (refer chapter 8) to improve the environmental situation of rivers and their surrounding in the valley. BCIDC should initiate responsible agencies to integrate their responsible activities in their plans and programs. 7.3. Defining the roles of agencies Roles of different agencies working for improvement of rivers in the valley have to be specified clearly to avoid conflict and duplication of the work and optimizing the resources. Agencies identified as potential stakeholders and their roles for implementation of the action plan are discussed below: Users committee and community-based institutions There are several users committee and clubs working for improving environmental status of the rivers in community level (Annex VIII). There are many good initiations taken by such communities which can be replicated in different parts of the rivers. Activities such as creating awareness about importance of river environment to the people along the river

47

banks, conserving culture and heritage, promoting eco-friendly practices such as river side plantation, rain water harvesting, river side cleaning campaign, etc. Mucnicipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) Municipalities and VDCs are the local level government and have very good access to the people. Local Self-Governance Act has identified their responsibilities and functions. Solid waste and waste water management in VDC/municipalities are some of the key responsibilities of local government which have great impact in the river environment. They should be responsible for implementing efficiently the laws, bylaws and codes that could help directly or indirectly the river ecosystems in the valley. District Development Committees (DDCs) District development committees can play important role in successful implementation of the action plan. Many legislative power and activities performing by DDCs can be integrated with the action plan which will help to address some of the activities identified by the action plan. Reference to the resources allocated by the districts for river bank erosion, river training works etc. in budget (2064/65) are some of the examples for possibility of integrating. NGOs and Private Sectors NGOs and private sector can play significant roles in activities such as awareness campaing, community based waste management, cleaning campaing, plantation, protection of river side cultural and heritage, management of parks and other public utilities along the river banks. Shivapuri National Park (SNP) SNPs role should be implementing activities identified by action plan inside SNPs area. These activities are the activities concerned to water discharge increment, protecting and maintaing biodiversity, managing waste produce by tourists and picnikers and settlements inside the national park, etc. UN Park Development Committee United Nation with collaboration of Nepal Government developed a park along the river Bagmati from Sankhamul to Teku for the protection of further degradation of river. The river protection work, trees plantation, construction of tracks and trail road, fencing works and construction of jogging trails at Jwagal are the major development carried by UN-Park Development Committee. Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) KUKL should follow the norms and regulations for using water from rivers and groundwater so that impact of use of such natural resources has minimum impact in the river ecosystem. KUKL should also manage sewerage network and make sure the waste water discharge into the river should meet the national quality standard. KUKL should develop, operate and maintain major waste water treatment systems in the valley.

48

Government Line Agencies Many activities that help in protecting river ecosystem have already been initiating in different ways by different government line agencies. These are some of the key agencies Urban Development and Building Construtction, Department of Roads, Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee, Solidwaste Management and Resource Mobilization Center, Department of Land Survey-Cadastral Survey and Regisration, Land Revenue, Department of Archeology, Guthi Sansthan, Ministrty of Population and Environment, WECS, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Shivapur Nation Park, Department Water Induced Disaster and Preparedness. These agencies should implement all their concerned activities as identified by the action plan. National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) NTNC previously known as King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation is a NGO established in 1982 by a Legislative Act as an autonomous, non-profit and non-government organization, mandated to work in the field of natural resource conservation and environment protection in Nepal. Annapurna Conservation area project is one of most successful projects of the NTNC. NTNC has recently started Bagmati Conservation Project for conservation and protection of rivers in Kathmandu Valley. NTNC can play important role to influence stakeholders and help BCIDC in coordinating the partner agencies for implementation of the action plan, monitoring activities, evaluate impacts and provide feedback of its findings to the line agencies and other stakeholders. NTNC can also play important role in mainstreaming environmental issues concern to rivers in the valley in the planning process. One of the major roles of the NTNC to mobilize its strength at National and International Level to get their strong support for implementation of the plan and generating financial resources required. State and the International Agencies Kathmandu Valley which is not only important due to the capital city of Nepal it is also very important due to seven world heritage sites and natural resources in the valley. The value of such resources cannot be maintained without the healthy ecosystem of the rivers flowing in the valley. Therefore, it is also responsible of global communities to allocate resources for the environmental improvement of the rivers in the valley. The state should allocate more and more resources and also need to campaign in global communities for the huge fund required for environmental improvement of the rivers in the valley. 7.4. Promulgation of a special Act for conservation of Bagmati Several legislative arrangements exist to address issues related to land use, building construction standards, solid waste management, waste water management, conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage. But existing arrangements are not problem specific, they are scattered, isolated and the functions and jurisdictions are not clearly stated. A special Act with all legislative arrangements required in consolidated form should be promulgated for efficient implementation of acts for conservation of rivers and their surroundings. BCIDCs recently drafted Bagmati Sabhyata Akikrit Bikash Parishad (Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Council) Act (Annex IX) is a very good initiative. Some important

49

issues listed in following paragraphs which are not mentioned in the drafted report have to be included in the drafted act. Issues to be included in drafted act: Territory of the Bagmati River and its territories clearly demarcated in the map Bagmati Action Plan should be a major guideline for implementing Bagmati Sabhyata Akikrit Bikash Parishad Act Functioning area of authorities should be defined as specified in the Action Plan. Clearly demarcated coverage area for implementation of the consolidated new act should be defined in the Act. Governing council should include representatives from concerned municipalities and VDCs An advisory committee of permanent nature which include technical experts to advice the council on technical matters Policies, legislation and regulatory mechanism for following issues (i) to control sand extraction, haphazard construction of infrastructure in and near river bank, use of river for different purposes (ii) to control disposing of solid waste in the river banks (iii) zonewise water quality standard to protect and enhance river ecosystem including river biodiversity (iv) to control disposing of waste water into the river including the standard of BOD level for household, industries, institutions and other entities waste water (iv) standard for discharging minimum flow requirement (MFR) of water in the downstream to maintain the water discharge in the river (v) to promote rainwater harvesting in different level to increase water flow in the river through recharging groundwater (vi) buffer area of the river banks to protect riparian land and vegetation from encroachments and developing river side as a green axis corridor (vii) as a and eare fining buffer zone to protect riparian land and vegetation from encroachments (viii) conservation and regeneration of culture heritage along the river banks

7.5. Establishment of Bagmati River Information System An integrated Information System for Bagmati River System should be established for integrating all stakeholders and their responsible activities identified by the Action Plan. This system will help to know who is doing what for improving river ecosystem in the valley and what is the status of the activities. The information should be accessed by anyone interested about river ecosystem of the valleys and implementation status of the action plan.

50

8.

BUDGET AND MONITORING PLAN

8.1. Current government budget There are several responsible agencies to address the environmental issues related to Bagmati River System. Upon the consultation with major key stakeholders and review of current Fiscal Year Budget, the detail analysis was carried out to estimate the current government budget allocated for addressing the issues of Bagmati River and its tributaries and this becomes about Rs. 694.24 million for the fiscal year 2008/09. This amount includes the budget of four municipalities (Kathmandu, Kirtipur, Bhaktapur, and Madhyapur Thimi), Ministry of Forest, Ministry of Population and Environment, DWIDP for three districts of the valley, SWMRMC, BASP, Pashupati Development Trust, UN Park and Shivapuri and other National Parks. During consultation, it has been noted that Solid Waste Department of MLD was expecting Rs.1,500 million for Landfill site by JICA for this year which is almost confirmed and BASP is receiving 0.5% of land revenue which becomes about Rs. 550 million from land revenue for this year. If these amounts were included in the total budget for 2008/09, it would be about Rs. 1,394.24 millions. The major sectors allocated for current expenditure are waste water management (52%), solid waste management (36%), riparian land management (10.8%), community forest conservation (0.8%), culture and heritage (0.3%), and rain water harvesting (0.1%) (Figure 8.1). The major activities under waste water management are sewerage construction and maintenance, slaughter house, biogas, and treatment plant. The landfill site, transfer station, recycling, composting, incinerator, community mobilization, training and capacity buildings are major activities under solid waste management.
Waste water management 52%

Riparian land management 11%

Other 1% Solid waste management 36%

Figure 8.1. Sector wise budget allocation for 2008/09

51

8.2. Proposed Budget Plan The budget has been calculated considering all possible fix and floating variables. The predicted budget also addresses the issues related to empirical information, ground based realities, population projection, and inflation rate. In some cases, the budget has been estimated either on the basis of the cost mentioned by past projects or the calculated by this task itself. In case of the activity which is completely based on the recommendation made by previous projects such as WWTP designed by FSDED (2003), the cost estimated by the project is taken as reference. The estimated cost is adjusted with inflation rate and some modification required in the design. The current market rate has been also incorporated in case of the activities identified by the task itself. The costing for DEWATS and Fecal sludge management involves complex calculation which is based on population projected for specific area suitable for DEWATS up to the Year 2014 B.S. The population of specific area required for DEWATS was estimated using population density of VDC/municipality, rural growth rate (1.71%) according to CBS (2003), and GIS. The huge amount has been allocated for DEWATS and squatter settlement mainly due to high cost for land acquisition. This cost may be lower significantly down if the unregistered land or land from any other sources could be made available. All details of the cost estimation of each activity for the budget are not presented here and the budget has not incorporated the contribution that might be required from public and private entities. Usually, action plan and budget is projected for a longer period, but here, it has been projected only five years because of fast changing political contexts. In such condition, it was difficult to prioritize the areas and accordingly the budget. Considering the fact, activities and accordingly the budget have been planned. However, the budget has been predicted in such a way that there is a room for predicting the given budget to longer period after five years, once there is stable government and the government has fixed priorities. The required total estimated 29% budget for five years is Rs 9,214 24% million (Table 8.1). Of the total 20% budget, the huge amount (29%) has been allocated for the 14% 13% second year and then first year (24%) as most of the designing and preparatory works have to be carried out in the first year and the major construction works have to be carried out in YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 the second year. The work of land acquisition which has huge Figure 8.2. Fiver years budget distribution budget allocation also has to be completed within first two years. The following three years have been allocated respectively 20%, 14% and 13% of the total budget (Figure 8.2).

52

Table 8.1. Five years budget for BAP

Budget Plan
General Action Plan Action Plan for Zone 1 Action Plan for Zone 2 Action Plan for Zone 3 Action Plan for Zone 4 Action Plan for Zone 5

TOTAL
1,635,100,000 159,000,000 299,500,000 2,174,400,000 4,622,868,000 323,285,000 9,214,153,000

YEAR 1
333,970,000 40,950,000 66,800,000 611,150,000 1,132,033,600 66,687,000 2,251,590,600

FIVER YEARS YEAR 2 YEAR 3

354,900,000 38,150,000 70,590,000 573,120,000 1,543,967,600 80,552,500 2,661,280,100 319,340,000 34,500,000 56,460,000 337,670,000 1,002,835,600 61,752,750 1,812,558,350

YEAR 4
315,360,000 23,700,000 53,370,000 329,210,000 478,195,600 58,338,500 1,258,174,100

YEAR 5
311,530,000 21,700,000 52,280,000 323,250,000 465,835,600 55,954,250 1,230,549,850

Total

Among the total, the Zone 4 requires maximum budget because this zone covers municipalities where many and major activities have been proposed. Similarly, zone 1 requires less budget compared to other zones (Figure 8.3). Although this is the area where more inputs are required to conserve river sources through wise management of bio-diversity and vegetation, more outputs are expected through less but appropriate inputs. The Zone 4 and then Zone 3 have comparatively higher amount in each year. The cross classification of total budget for five years by action plan is shown in Figure 8.4. The detailed budgets are presented in following Table 8.2 to Table 8.7.
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5

General 18% Zone 5 4%

Zone 1 2%

Zone 2 3% Zone 3 24%

Zone 4 49%

General Zone 3

Zone 1 Zone 4

Zone 2 Zone 5

Figure 8.3. Budget allocated for General plan and Zone wise plan

Figure 8.4. Budget allocation for five years by Action plan

53

Table 8.2 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN General Action Plan
ACTIVITY TOTAL Activity 1: Demarcation of river territories, water way and buffer zone Activity 2: Prepare a water inventory Activity 3: Exploring and assessing possibilities for increasing water discharge in the river through inter-basin transfer of water to Bagmati Activity 4: Promote on-site sanitation Activity 5: Promote household and community level waste management Activity 6: Establish a sanitary landfill site for waste disposal Activity 7: Establish municipal compost plant and explore and develop strategy to link with CDM and to generate revenue Activity 8: Conduct a research on intangible heritage linked with the rivers and support to revive the heritage in the risk. Activity 9: Support to revive guthi traditions for maintenance and conservation of heritage sites. Activity 10: Support to restructure existing BCIDC to implement BAP and capacity building. Activity 11: Support to formulate policies, legislation and regulatory mechanisms required for BCIDC Activity 12:Awareness campaingn in all five zones TOTAL 15,000,000 2,500,000 YEAR 1 7,500,000 2,500,000 YEAR 2 7,500,000 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTATION BCIDC/Survey Department/KVTDC WECS

10,000,000 168,500,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000

2,000,000 33,700,000 20,000,000 200,000,000

2,000,000 33,700,000 20,000,000 200,000,000

2,000,000 33,700,000 20,000,000 200,000,000

2,000,000 33,700,000 20,000,000 200,000,000

2,000,000 33,700,000 20,000,000 200,000,000

WECS DWSS/NGOs DWSS/NGOs SWRMC SWRMC/VDCs/Munici palities DOA/VDC/ Municipalities/Local Communities Guthi Sansthan/NGOs

7,500,000

1,500,000

1,500,000

1,500,000

1,500,000

1,500,000

2,500,000 1,000,000

500,000 500,000

500,000 500,000

500,000

500,000

500,000

76,600,000

15,320,000

38,300,000

11,490,000

7,660,000

3,830,000

BCIDC

1,500,000 250,000,000 1,635,100,000

450,000 50,000,000 333,970,000

900,000 50,000,000 354,900,000

150,000 50,000,000 319,340,000 50,000,000 315,360,000 50,000,000 311,530,000

BCIDC BCIDC/DWSS/NGOs/ Local Communities

54

Table 8.3 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 1

ACTIVITY Activity 1: Take measures to protect and enhance water resources Activity 2: Take different measures to conserve terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity Activity 3: Maintain or enhance the river water quality to Class I by conserving the aquatic biodiversity of the river in this zone Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites 1.1 1.2 Engineering work in Dhap Bioengineering work in rivulets Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Afforestation activities in water source area Landscaping of riparian area River bank protection work Promote total sanitation with biogas and ecosan Promote onsite sanitation in all settlements Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of the heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites TOTAL TOTAL 11,000,000 25,000,000 YEAR 1 4,400,000 7,500,000 YEAR 2 3,300,000 10,000,000 YEAR 3 3,300,000 7,500,000 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTATION SNP SNP/BCIDC/MOF/ MPPW

1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3

1,500,000 20,000,000 35,000,000 50,000,000

750,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000

750,000 4,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000 2,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000

MPPW/VDCs/NGO SNP/MOF SNP/BCIDC/MOF/ Local Communities BCIDC/SNP/DWIDP

3.1

1,000,000

200,000

500,000

100,000

100,000

100,000

DWSS/VDC/NGO

3.2

10,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

DWSS/VDC/NGO

3.3 4.1

4,800,000 200,000

2,880,000 120,000

480,000 20,000

480,000 20,000

480,000 20,000

480,000 20,000

BCIDC/MOPE/NGOs DOA/VDC/ Municipality DOA/VDC/ Municipality

4.2

500,000 159,000,000

100,000 40,950,000

100,000 38,150,000

100,000 34,500,000

100,000 23,700,000

100,000 21,700,000

55

Table 8.4 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 2

PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTAT ION BCIDC/VDC/ NGOs VDC/NGOs/ MPPW DWSS/NGOs BCIDC/NGOs/ VDC BCIDC/NGOs/VD C BCIDC/DWIDP/ DDC/VDCs BCIDC/VDC/ Local ommunities BCIDC BCIDC/DWIDP/ DDC/VDCs BCIDC/MOPE/ NGOs VDC/DOA VDC/DOA

ACTIVITY TOTAL Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Activity 2: Promote decentralized waste water management system and on-site sanitation Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites 1.1 1.2 2.1 Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Promotion of on-site sanitation including ecosan and .biogas Construction of DEWATS demostration site for Sankhu (inc. Land acquisition) Promote DEWATS in institutional level Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly Landscaping of riparian area River bed restoration River bank protection work Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites TOTAL 5,800,000 6,500,000 60,000,000 YEAR 1 2,900,000 1,300,000 12,000,000 YEAR 2 2,900,000 3,250,000 12,000,000 650,000 12,000,000 650,000 12,000,000 650,000 12,000,000 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5

2.2 2.3

21,800,000 10,000,000

4,360,000 3,000,000

10,900,000 3,000,000

3,270,000 2,000,000

2,180,000 1,000,000

1,090,000 1,000,000

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2

5,000,000 55,000,000 5,000,000 100,000,000 10,200,000 200,000 20,000,000 299,500,000

1,000,000 11,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 6,120,000 120,000 4,000,000 66,800,000

1,500,000 11,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 1,020,000 20,000 4,000,000 70,590,000

1,500,000 11,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 1,020,000 20,000 4,000,000 56,460,000

500,000 11,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 1,020,000 20,000 4,000,000 53,370,000

500,000 11,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000 1,020,000 20,000 4,000,000 52,280,000

56

Table 8.5 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 3

PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTAT ION BCIDC/VDCs/ NGOs/MPPW VDCs/NGOs/ MPPW DWSS/BCIDC/VD C/NGOs

ACTIVITY TOTAL Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Activity 2: Promote DWATS, onsite sanitation with fecal sludge management in household and community level 1.1 1.2 Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Promote onsite sanitation with Fecal Sludge Management Construct DEWATS at different areas (inc. Land acquisition) Promote DEWATS in institutional level Relocation and resettlement of squatter settlements Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly Landscaping of riparian area River bank protection work Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites 1,300,000 10,000,000 YEAR 1 650,000 2,000,000 YEAR 2 650,000 5,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5

2.1

10,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2.2 2.3 3.1

1,700,000,000 10,000,000 119,200,000

500,000,000 3,000,000 35,760,000

450,000,000 3,000,000 47,680,000

250,000,000 2,000,000 17,880,000

250,000,000 1,000,000 11,920,000

250,000,000 1,000,000 5,960,000

BCIDC/NGOs BCIDC/NGOs/ MOPE/VDCs DUDBC/BCIDC/ VDC/NGOs BCIDC/DWIDP/D DC/VDCs BCIDC/VDC/ Local Community BCIDC/DWIDP/D DC/VDCs BCIDC/MOPE/NG Os VDC/DOA VDC/DOA

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers

3.2 3.3 3.4

7,500,000 64,000,000 240,000,000

1,500,000 12,800,000 48,000,000

2,250,000 12,800,000 48,000,000

2,250,000 12,800,000 48,000,000

750,000 12,800,000 48,000,000

750,000 12,800,000 48,000,000

3.5 Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites TOTAL 4.1 4.2

7,200,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,174,400,000

4,320,000 120,000 1,000,000 611,150,000

720,000 20,000 1,000,000 573,120,000

720,000 20,000 1,000,000 337,670,000

720,000 20,000 1,000,000 329,210,000

720,000 20,000 1,000,000 323,250,000

57

Table 8.6 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 4

ACTIVITY TOTAL Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river 1.1 Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of 18 ponds for groundwater recharging Rehabilitation of Kodku waste water treatment plant (WWTP) Rehabilitation of Hanumante WWTP Construction of additional WWTP at Guheswori Rehabilitation of Dhobighat WTP Develop Sallaghari WWTP as a wetland Construction of septage treatment plant at BCIDC, Guheswori for feacal sludge management Construct DEWATS at different areas (inc. Land acquisition) Waste water plants for demonstration Relocation and resettlement of squatter settlements Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly 5,800,000 YEAR 1 2,900,000 YEAR 2 2,900,000 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTATI ON NGOs/Municipalities / MPPW NGOs/Municipalities /MPPW BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality

1.2

42,500,000

8,500,000

21,250,000

4,250,000

4,250,000

4,250,000

2.1 2.2 Activity 2: Promote conventional and DEWATS and onsite sanitation system with fecal sludge management in household and community level

306,700,000 6,400,000

61,340,000 1,280,000

153,350,000 3,840,000

30,670,000 1,280,000

30,670,000

30,670,000

2.3 2.4 2.5

260,000,000 450,000,000 4,000,000

78,000,000 90,000,000 800,000

156,000,000 225,000,000 2,000,000

26,000,000 45,000,000 400,000 45,000,000 400,000 45,000,000 400,000

2.6

10,300,000

2,060,000

5,150,000

1,030,000

1,030,000

1,030,000

BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/KUKL/ Municipality BCIDC/DUDBC/ Municipality/NGO BCIDC/DWIDP/ Municipality

2.7 2.8 Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of

3,000,000,000 6,180,000

750,000,000 1,236,000

800,000,000 3,090,000

800,000,000 618,000

325,000,000 618,000

325,000,000 618,000

3.1

247,200,000

74,160,000

98,880,000

37,080,000

24,720,000

12,360,000

3.2

10,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

58

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Landscaping of riparian area Carryout bank protection Plantation in riparian land Establish municipal compost plant Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Conservation and protection of heritage sites Rehabilitation of public open spaces

30,000,000 52,500,000 80,000,000 40,000,000

6,000,000 10,500,000 16,000,000 8,000,000

6,000,000 10,500,000 16,000,000 24,000,000

6,000,000 10,500,000 16,000,000 8,000,000

6,000,000 10,500,000 16,000,000

6,000,000 10,500,000 16,000,000

BCIDC/Municipality/ Local Community BCIDC/DDC/ Municipality/DWIDP BCIDC /NGO Municipality / NGO BCIDC/MOPE/ Municipalties/NGOs DOA/Municipalities

3.7 Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites TOTAL 4.1

12,000,000 500,000

7,200,000 300,000

1,200,000 50,000

1,200,000 50,000

1,200,000 50,000

1,200,000 50,000

4.2 4.3

37,700,000 21,088,000 4,622,868,000

7,540,000 4,217,600 1,132,033,600

7,540,000 4,217,600 1,543,967,600

7,540,000 4,217,600 1,002,835,600

7,540,000 4,217,600 478,195,600

7,540,000 4,217,600 465,835,600

DOA/Municipalities DOA/Municipalities

59

Table 8.7 BUDGET PROGRAMME FOR BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 5

ACTIVITY Promotion of on-site sanitation including ecosan Activity 1: 1.1 and biogas Promote Construct DEWATS decentralized waste demonstration site for water management Sainbu area (inc. Land system and on-site 1.2 acquisition) sanitation Promote DEWATS in 1.3 institutional level Study, construction monitor natural weirs and 2.1 check dams Construct ponds to maintain aquatic biodiversity and water 2.2 optimization Activity 2: Take measures to protect Construct non vegetative river side land, pond for trapping floating aquatic biodiversity 2.3 solid waste and monitor and aesthetic value Landscaping of riparian of rivers 2.4 area Carryout bank protection 2.5 work Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water 2.6 quality Prepare an inventory of Activity 3: 3.1 heritage sites Maintain and renovate the Conservation and heritage sites 3.2 protection of heritage sites TOTAL TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 PARTNER AGENCY FOR IMPLEMENTATION

10,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

DWSS/VDC/NGO

47,685,000 10,000,000

9,537,000 3,000,000

23,842,500 3,000,000

7,152,750 2,000,000

4,768,500 1,000,000

2,384,250 1,000,000

BCIDC/NGO BCIDC/VDCs/NGO

1,200,000

360,000

720,000

60,000

30,000

30,000

BCIDC/DWIDP

500,000

250,000

250,000

BCIDC/DWIDP

1,000,000 30,000,000 219,000,000

400,000 6,000,000 43,800,000

300,000 6,000,000 43,800,000

100,000 6,000,000 43,800,000

100,000 6,000,000 43,800,000

100,000 6,000,000 43,800,000

BCIDC/DWIDP BCIDC/VDCs/ Local Communities BCIDC/DWIDP/DDC/VDCs

1,200,000 200,000 2,500,000 323,285,000

720,000 120,000 500,000 66,687,000

120,000 20,000 500,000 80,552,500

120,000 20,000 500,000 61,752,750

120,000 20,000 500,000 58,338,500

120,000 20,000 500,000 55,954,250

BCIDC/MOPE/VDCs/NGOs VDC/DOA VDC/DOA

60

8.3. Monitoring Plan The plan has emphasized a monitoring system for the proposed activities once these are implemented. Regular monitoring is required from the concerned authorities and similarly feedbacks to the implementers. Besides the regular monitoring, a participatory or join monitoring system has been expected where representatives from the concerned stakeholders participate and monitors the programme. For this, activities wise indicators are given in Table. To make it flexible the plan has not provided the procedures and monitoring plan. The plan feels that the proposed monitors should prepare their own action plan and procedures. However, for effective monitoring commitments from the authorities and the concerned stakeholders are expected. 8.4. Preconditions for successful implementation of BAP: BCIDC act should be in placed before the implementation of the plan. BCIDC should govern the BAP. Government and concerned organizations should incorporate the proposed activities in their respective work plan. Role and responsibilities of all stakeholders whosoever will be involved should clearly be defined and owned by them. Coordination and collaboration with local government and private sectors is must.

61

Table 8.8 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN General Action Plan
ACTIVITY Activity 1: Demarcation of river territories, water way and buffer zone Activity 2: Prepare a water inventory Activity 3: Exploring and assessing possibilities for increasing water discharge in the river through inter-basin transfer of water to Bagmati Activity 4: Promote on-site sanitation Activity 5: Promote household and community level waste management Activity 6: Establish a sanitary landfill site for waste disposal Activity 7: Establish municipal compost plant and explore and develop strategy to link with CDM and to generate revenue Activity 8: Conduct a research on intangible heritage linked with the rivers and support to revive the heritage in the risk. Activity 9: Support to revive guthi traditions for maintenance and conservation of heritage sites. Activity 10: Support to restructure existing BCIDC to implement BAP and capacity building. Activity 11: Support to formulate policies, legislation and regulatory mechanisms required for BCIDC Activity 12:Awareness campaign in all five zones INDICATOR River areas and water source areas demarcated Water inventory prepared Possibility of increase in river water discharge in Bagmati assessed Increasing number of household with toilet and waste effluent discharged to river cleaned Decreasing percentage of organic solid waste at landfill site Area of landfill site established and operated Number of municipal compost plant established, strategy prepared and revenue generated Database of intangible heritage linked to the rivers prepared, intangible cultural heritage revived Database of guthis related to cultural heritage along the river sides prepared, guthis revived BCIDC with new organization structure, training for work Number of newly formulated policies, legislation and regulatory mechanisms Number of campaign programme

62

Table 8.9 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 1

Activity 1: Take measures to protect and enhance water resources Activity 2: Take different measures to conserve terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity Activity 3: Maintain or enhance the river water quality to Class I by conserving the aquatic biodiversity of the river in this zone Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites ACTIVITY Engineering work in Dhap Bioengineering work in rivulets Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Afforestation activities in water source area Landscaping of riparian area River bank protection work Promote total sanitation with biogas and ecosan Promote onsite sanitation in all settlements Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of the heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites INDICATOR Number of engineering works completed Number of bioengineering works completed Number of pond rehabbed and rainwater harvested Area covered by afforestation activities Area landscaped Length of river protected Number of households with toilet (ecosan) and facilitated with biogas increased Number of household with toilets increased Water quality monitoring system established and operated Inventory of heritage sites prepared Number of heritage sites renovated and conserved

63

Table 8.10 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 2

ACTIVITY Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Activity 2: Promote decentralized waste water management system and on-site sanitation Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Promotion of on-site sanitation including ecosan and .biogas Construction of DEWATS demostration site for Sankhu (inc. Land acquisition) Promote DEWATS in institutional level Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly Landscaping of riparian area River bed restoration River bank protection work Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites INDICATOR Increased number of household with rainwater harvesting Number of pond rehabbed and rainwater harvested Number of households with toilet (ecosan) and facilitated with biogas increased DEWATS demonstrated Increased number of institutions adopting DEWATS Number of eco-structures enhanced Area landscaped Length of river protected Length of river protected Water quality monitoring system established and operated Inventory of heritage sites prepared Number of heritage sites renovated and conserved

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites

64

Table 8.11 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 3

ACTIVITY Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Activity 2: Promote DWATS, onsite sanitation with fecal sludge management in household and community level Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of ponds and rainwater harvesting Promote onsite sanitation with Fecal Sludge Management Construct DEWATS at different areas (inc. Land acquisition) Promote DEWATS in institutional level Relocation and resettlement of squatter settlements Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly Landscaping of riparian area River bank protection work Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Renovation and conservation of heritage sites INDICATOR Increased number of household with rainwater harvesting Number of pond rehabbed and rainwater harvested Number of households with toilet increased, Number of septic tank users increased Number of households and area covered by DEWATS Increased number of institutions adopting DEWATS Number of squatters resettled Number of eco-structures enhanced Area landscaped Length of river protected Water quality monitoring system established and operated Inventory of heritage sites prepared Number of heritage sites renovated and conserved

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites

65

Table 8.12 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 4

ACTIVITY Activity 1: Take measures to enhance water flow in the river Promote rainwater harvesting Rehabilitation of 18 ponds for groundwater recharging Rehabilitation of Kodku waste water treatment plant (WWTP) Rehabilitation of Hanumante WWTP Construction of additional WWTP at Guheswori Rehabilitation of Dhobighat WTP Develop Sallaghari WWTP as a wetland Construction of septage treatment plant at BCIDC, Guheswori for feacal sludge management Construct DEWATS at different areas (inc. Land acquisition) Waste water plants for demonstration Relocation and resettlement of squatter settlements Enhancement of river structures to ecologically friendly Landscaping of riparian area Carryout bank protection Plantation in riparian land Establish municipal compost plant Establish water quality monitoring system and monitor Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Conservation and protection of heritage sites Rehabilitation of public open spaces INDICATOR Increased number of household with rainwater harvesting Number of pond rehabbed Rehabbed Kodku waste water treatment plant Rehabbed Hanumante WWTP Constructed additional WWTP at Guheswori Rehabbed Dhobighat WTP Sallaghari wetland completed

Activity 2: Promote conventional and DEWATS and onsite sanitation system with fecal sludge management in household and community level

Septage treatment plant at BCIDC completed Number of households and area covered by DEWATS Waste water plants completed and demonstrated Number of squatters resettled Number of eco-structures enhanced Area landscaped Length of river protected Area planted Number of municipal compost plant established Water quality monitoring system established and operated Inventory of heritage sites prepared Number of heritage sites renovated and protected Number and area of public open spaces rehabbed

Activity 3: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings

Activity 4: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites

66

Table 8.13 MONITORING PLAN OF BAGMATI ACTION PLAN ZONE 5

ACTIVITY Activity 1: Promote decentralized waste water management system and on-site sanitation Promotion of on-site sanitation including ecosan and biogas Construct DEWATS demonstration site for Sainbu area (inc. Land acquisition) Promote DEWATS in institutional level Study, construction monitor natural weirs and check dams Construct ponds to maintain aquatic biodiversity and water optimization Construct non vegetative pond for trapping floating solid waste and monitor Landscaping of riparian area Carryout bank protection work Establish monitoring system for regular monitoring of river water quality Prepare an inventory of heritage sites Conservation and protection of heritage sites INDICATOR Number of households with toilet (ecosan) and facilitated with biogas increased Number of households and area covered by DEWATS Increased number of institutions adopting DEWATS Number of natural weirs and check dam constructed Number of ponds constructed Number of non vegetative pond constructed Area landscaped Length of river protected Water quality monitoring system established and operated Inventory of heritage sites prepared Number of heritage sites renovated and protected

Activity 2: Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers

Activity 3: Maintain and renovate the heritage sites

67

References
Bajracharys, R. (2006). Study of Geoenvironmental Problem of Manahara River, Kathmandu, Nepal. Department of Geology, Tribhuwan University, Kritipur. BASP (2003), Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design to update Master Plan for Bagmati Area Sewerage Project, High Powered Committee for Implementation and Monitoring of Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction/Rehabilitation Project BASP (2008). Develop an Information Base and Strategies for Environmental Improvement of Bagmati River and its Teritory BBWMSIP (1994). Bagmati Basin Water Management Strategy and Investment Program, MPPW, HMG DHM, (2006). Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), (2006). Ministry of Water Resources, HMG Nepal, Hydrological records of Nepal, Kathmandu GKDMPS (1990), Greater Kathmandu Drainage Master Plan Studies, Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning, HMGN Halcrow Fox and Association (1991). Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plans and Programmes ICIMOD (2007). Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook; ICIMOD, MOEST & UNEP IUCN (1995). Regulating Growth: Kathmandu Valley, IUCN KAPRIMO (2007), Kathmantu Participatory River Monitoring- A Model for South Asia, Project Information Document Lumanti (2008). Status of squatter in the Bagmati River and its tributaries in Kathmandu Valley, Lumanti MWSP (2000). Melamchi Water Supply Project, Environment Impact Assessment, Melamchi Water Supply Development Board, MPPW Nepal Wetlands Society (2008). The Ecological Tour of the Bagmati From Chobhar to Bagdwar Neupane, Y. (June 2007). Hydrology and Flood Hazard analysis in Dhobi Khola, MSc. Thesis submitted to Central Department of Geology, TU NORRP (2008). Briefing of Nanjing Qinhuai River Rehabilitation Project NTNC (2004). Shivapuri National Park: Management Plan, King Mahendra Trust for Natural Conservation Pathak, D. et. al. (2007). Study of River Shifting of Kodku Khola in Kathmandu Valley using remotely sensed data, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, vol.36

Pradhan, B. (1998). Water Quality Assessment of the Bagmati River and its Tributaries, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Ph.D Dissertation submitted to Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Water Provision, Water Ecology and Waste Management, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria Sadaula, D.K. (1993). Sand in Kathmandu Valley: Prospect and Problem. MSc. Thesis submitted to Central Department of Geology, TU SAPI (2004), Special Assistance for Project Implementation (SAPI Phase-II) for The Melamchi Water Supply Project, Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) Sayami, M., et.al. (2007). Status of Sand Mining and Quality in Northern Kathmandu, Central Nepal. Bulletin of Central Department of Geology, TU, Vol. 10 Shrestha, G.K.C. (2008). Ecological Status of the Manahara River and Community Initiatives in Wastewater Management for Preservation of the River Shrestha, P. (2007). Stream Bank Condition, Erosion Process and Lateral Instability Hazard along the Manahara River with reference to Bank Erosion Hazard Mapping, . Department of Geology, TU Shrestha, T.K. (1990). Bio-indicators of Pollution in the Bagmati River. Journal of TU Tamrakar, N.K. (2004). River degradation and instabilities in the Bishnumati River corridor, Kathmandu Basin. http://www.human-g.com (accessed on Feb. 2008) TTRGR (1994). The Teku Thapathali Research Group Report, John Sanday Consultants. UWSRKV (2000). Urban Water Supply Reforms in the Kathmandu Valley: Wastewater Management Plan Assessment, Matcalf and Eddy, Inc in association with CEMAT Consultants WECS (2008). Multi Dimensional Study of the Bagmati River Basin, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Ministry of Water Resources

Annex I
Field Survey to various sites
1. Visit to Okherini, Chilaune, Mulkharka of Shivapuri National Park, Bigmati Watershed 2. Visit to Bishnumati Dwar- Bishnumati, Sangla River and Manahara River-Sankhu 3. Visit to Sundarijal-Gokarna segment 4. Cultural walk along Bishnumati and Bagmati Rivers (Shovabhagtai-Gokarna) 5. Visit to Waste Water treatment plants of the Kathmandu Valley 6. Visit to ICIMOD demonstration site, Godawori 7. Visit to different sites like Teku, Sundarighat, Sankhamul, Chobhar for reorganization of plantation sites 8. Visit to different mining sites of the Kathmandu Valley
9.

Visit to different river stretch of the Kathmandu Valley such as; Bagmati, Bishnumati, Manahara, Hanumante, Dhobi Khola, Godawori, Nakhu, Balkhu, Sangla, Mahade khola, Tukucha, Karmanasa etc.

10. Visit from Chobhar to confluence of Bosan Khola to know the existing condition

towards the downstream and to survey local and migratory birds of that area
11. Visit to Katuwal Daha 12. Visit to different water intake and diversion sites by NWSC/locals for drinking and

irrigation purpose for hydrological survey such as Godamchaur, Tika Bhairab, Sangla Chhap
13. Visit to Dhap to know the possibility of water recharge area during dry season and the

condition of the wetland

Annex II
List of Community Consultations
1. Badikhel: Kodku Khola 2. Balkhu: Balkhu River 3. Bungamati, Lalitpur: Nakhu River 4. Chapagau: Nakhu River 5. Chhampi Madhyamik Vidhyalaya, Chhampi 6. Chilaune Gau, Sundarijal:Bagmati River 7. Ghttekulo Sudhar Samaj, Anamnagar: Dhobikhola 8. Gundu: Hanumante 9. HEMS School, Ratopul: Dhobikhola 10. Inatole, Bishnumati River 11. Jagat sundar Bonekuthi, Dallu: Bishnumati River 12. Mulpani: Manahara River 13. Nayapati/Alapot, Sundarijal Community: Bagmati 14. NEPCEMAC, Ekanta Kuna: Nakhu 15. Okhererini, Sundarijal: Bagmati 16. Satungal, Matatirtha: Balkhu River 17. Siddhipur: Godawori River 18. Sundarighat: Bagmati 19. Teku: Bagmati, Bishnumati 20. WEPCO, Kupondol: Bagmati

Annex III
List of Squatters in dufferent river segments
Bagmati River and its tributaries Name of Squatters Shanti Nagar Bijay Nagar Jagrit Nagar Gaigaun Chandani Tole Pragati Tole Kalimati Dole Bansighat Kuriyagaun Sankhamul Kimal Phant Dhikure Chouki Kumaristhan Buddhajyoti Marga Balaju Jagriti Tole Sangam Tole Ranibari Narayantole Maharajgunj Khadipakha Maharajgunj Shanti Binayak Devi Nagar Bishal Nagar Kalopul Pathivara Manohara Bhaktapur Palpakot Anam Nagar Maijubahal Kumarigal Radhakrishna Chowk Mulpani Kapan Dhungen Subigaun Ramhiti Mahankal Dhumbarahi Sukedhara Mandikhatar Golfutar Saranpur Budhanilkantha Hattigauda Khadka Bhadrakali Total Number of household 360 25 120 46 48 11 16 96 10 105 26 26 73 126 36 45 30 146 42 32 37 6 154 589 30 17 25 11 16 12 13 34 122 15 14 78 24 80 6 33 2,735 Population 1,632 118 462 207 222 56 67 486 46 503 104 112 320 691 214 227 108 735 192 129 178 20 728 2,422 158 79 152 52 97 60 63 200 668 77 69 362 123 373 33 181 12,726

Bagamati River

Bishnumati River

Tukucha

Dhobikhola

Hanumante River

Other location

Annex IV
Discharge of surface water during Wet and Dry season

Locations

Surface water (m3/day) Wet season Dry season 3000 3000 4600 46000 18000 2900 5400 3000 500 4320 4320 9000 18000 1250 1980 2700 2500 200 2500 2500

Total

Balaju Bansbari Bir Dhara Sundarijal Saibu Dhhod Pokhari Chapagau_Nallu Sundarighat Lunkot Mahadevkhola Thini Bada

8230

11230 3000 13600 64000 19250 4880 8100 5500 700 6820 6820

Sources: Shivapuri Management plan, 1995

Annex V
Different birds species observed during field visit
Sn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Name Ashy Drongo Barn Swallow Baya Weaver Black Kite Black-headed Muniya Cattle Egret Chestnut-tailed Starling Common Myna Common Sandpiper Common Stonechat Eurasian Tree Sparrow Grey Wagtail Grey-headed Lapwing Hodgson's Bush Chat House Crow House Sparrow Indian Pond-Heron Little Ringed Plover Long-tail Shrike Oriental Magpie Robin Pied Bush Chat Red Avadant Red-Rumped Swallow Red-vented Bulbul Rock Pigeon Scaly Thrush Spotted Dove White Wagtail White-throated King Fisher Scientific Name Dicrurus leucophaeus Hirundo rustica Ploceus philippinus Milvus migrans Lonchura malacca Bubulcus ibis Sturnus malabaricus Acridotheres tristis Actitis hypoleucos Saxicola torquatus Passer montanus Motacilla cinerea Vanellus cinereus Corvus splendens Passer domesticus Ardeola grayii Charadrius dubius Lanius schach Copsychus saularis Saxicola caprata Hirundo daurica Pycnontus cafer Columba livia Zoothera dauma Streptopelia chinensis Motacilla alba Halcyon smyrnesis

Annex VI
Cultural and Heritage site at risk along the riverside
Shivadev Basaha and Buddha Sculpture, Taglung in Budhanilkantha

This Shivadev Basaha is located at Bishnu Budhanikantha VDC. It includes the earliest inscription of Nepal, dating back to 4th/5th century. The shivalinga is said to be built in the reign of King Mandev. At present, the shivalinga is in vulnerable condition due to construction of new houses in the premises. A traditional pati existed there before but new construction made it extinct. Hence, there is urgent need of attention and awareness. Budha Sculpture is located to the east of Budhanilkantha, in the upstream of Dhobikhola. It lies in an open field, in isolation. Its history dates back to 5th/6th century. Immediate works for its conservation is required. (Pic. 1) Ghats in Sundarijal Ghats are the symbol of culture. Today, with the change in lifestyle, the rituals associated with ghats are fading out quickly. Also, with urbanization, the ghats are being encroached and used for various other purposes. In the Sundarijal area, the ghat is in an isolated place and covered with vegetation. New ghat is built slightly downward and used by the people due to unfeasible to utilize the previous ghat. Documentation of all the monuments and temples of the area are necessary and steps should be taken to conserve the ghats. (Pic 2) Tokha Chandeswori Tokha Chandeswori is a historically important temple. It is very popular in Newar community. Now, it is changed with modern construction; the old temple was totally dismantled and a new temple was constructed. The confluence where the temple is located is known as Sapan Tirtha. Festival occurs on 1st Baishak in this tirtha. (Pic. 3) Temples, Sattals and Ghats near Gokarneswor Mahadev Some temples located near Gokarneshwor Mahadev temple in Gokarna are inaccessible, as surrounding lands have been encroached. The artifacts of these temples are either already lost or if remain is not in its original place. Most of the small artifacts are gather together and kept at a corner. Another example is the temple being encroached by new construction and used as a store. Sattal beside VDC office is in poor state and another similar type is dismantled. Sattal along the ghat built by Bhimsen Thapa is maintained and is in use whereas the Ghat in front of the sattal is all covered with vegetation. This area is not only important from the point of cultural but also necessary from ritual view. Most of the people visit this place in Father's day to memorize their late father. (Pic. 4)

Changu Narayan Temple, on the banks of Manohara river It is one of the seven heritage sites of the Kathmandu Valley. Religiously and culturally significant temple, its structures and doors are in dilapidated state. Hence, it should be preserved. (Pic. 5 ) Shankha Daha, south of Changu Narayan Temple It is one of the important components of Changu Narayan premises. It is in ruined state at present because of landslide and sand mining in the Manahara River. (Pic. 6 ) Mahalaxmi temple, Balambu Ancient Shiva sculpture and pati are found in the temple complex. The heritage site is deteriorating and is at risk. There is also a small primary school located in the premises. Hence, the norms of DOA should be followed to save this historical temple. The pati near the temple is also in degrading state. (Pic. 7 ) Vishnudevi temples, Tinthana The shrine is placed at the confluence of Balkhu khola and a small stream. It consists of an open stone platform with patis and trees. The open pith contains natural stone images of the Astamatrikas and two carved stone images of Sinhini and Byagrhrini. The images have now deteriorated and are in a very poor condition. The stone tympanum is dated 1676. Cremation is carried out in this place. (Pic. 8 ) Mahadevsthan Naikap, a relatively new shrine, is build on the higher ground on the other side of the Balkhu Khola. It contains an image of the Ichcha Brinkeshwar Mahadev, in the form of a four-faced linga dating back to the sixth century. Other stone images of Saraswati, Uma Maheshwar, shivalingas, stone lion etc are can also be found. According to story in Swasthani, the spot where there is confluence of Indramati and Chakramati rivers to form Balkhu Khola is sacred because part of the mortal remains of the Satidevi are said to be buried there. People throng to this place for worship particularly during Shivaratri and Shripanchami, and Satungal jatra, which is held every year. It is famous for tangible and intangible heritages and thus it should be developed as a historical place. (Pic. 9 ) Bombirbikateswor Mahadev of Teku This temple, built during the middle of the nineteenth century by the then Prime Minister Bom Bahadur Kunwar Rana, has a unique architecture. Having a rectangular plan with eight doorways, it has a single sanctum with three Shikhara towers. It is surrounded by two storey buildings (sattals) on all sides. At present, the temple is deteriorating as much attention is not given for its renovation. The temple and its complex are owned by guthi but is in the name of the sons of Bom Bahadur and hence the monuments are not maintained in time (Pic. 10).

Ping dyo This site is located near the Modern Indian School in Kirtipur. It is the platform where Kalash is put bringing water from river for bath to Adinath, one of the important Lokeshwors (Rato Machhindranath). Adinath is said to be dated in fifteenth century but according to an inscription, it was reconstructed in 1640. The site of ping dyo is in a poor state, and preservation and awareness activities should be carried out (Pic. 11). Vishnu Vikranta sculpture of Tilganga The sculpture of Vishnu Vikranta is located near Tilganga, Pashupatinath. It has King Mandevs inscription dating back to 5th century. In todays context, this sculpture is in an isolated place. It is situated below the road level and has nothing to protect against the weather conditions. It is one of the earliest inscriptions available and hence steps should be taken to preserve the sculpture as well as the inscription (Pic. 12).

Bhim Mukteshwor Temple This is a two-storey temple built by the then General Mathavar Singh Thapa in memory of Bhimsen Thapa. It is built of brick and stucco with dome and gajura on the top. This temple though situated in Kalimati, the center of the city, is unknown to majority of the people. The reason being the surrounding temple area is being encroached with high rise modern construction. The main entrance is on the verge of collapsing any time. The sattals surrounding the temple is also in a bad condition. This happened because there is conflict in ownership as the private guthi claims it to be theirs (Pic. 13). Sattal of Laxmiswor Temple Lakshimiswar Mahadev temple was built in the middle of a paved courtyard on the banks of Bagmati River. It is a three-storey temple constructed by concubine of King Rana Bahadur Shah and is surrounded by sattals with some well carved windows. The sattals are now in a very poor condition but still people reside in them. An example of heritage in danger can be seen in the pati in Kankeshwori premises. The pati having medieval architecture has been changed into a hybrid one. The wooden columns are still present but the sloped roof has been transformed into a flat one, made of cement (Pic. 14). Purneshwor temple, Tripureshwor This temple is located in Tripureshwor, on the way to Vishwa Niketan Campus. Constructed during Rana Bahadur Shahs period, the original architecture of this temple has been changed and restored in new form. This kind of work needs legal permission from Department of Archeology (DOA) and hence the offender should be punished according to the Ancient Monument Preservation Act 2013 (Pic. 15 ).

The statue of Bishnu This statue is located in between Purneshwor temple and Vishwa Niketan Campus, Tripureshwor. This statue is important as it has different reincarnation of Bishnu. It is in neglected state now and hence it should be preserved (Pic. 16). Pati & niches of Dallu bridge & Shobha Bhagwati The pati and niches along the surroundings of Kankeshwori and Shobha Bhagwati temples have been changed over time. The patis are either in a dilapidated condition or has been changed using different material. Similarly, many niches having statues of gods and goddesses are encroached, lost or in degraded form (Pic. 17).

Annex VII (a)

Physical features of the zones
Zone/Physical feature Altitude (m) Built up area Cultivated land Cultivated with settlement Park and greenery area Vegetation (Forest) Water body (ponds) Oxidation & Treatment plant Population Population density Major river networks Zone 1 2720-980 0.94 92.64 29.13 0.07 204.37 0.75 50,719 1570sq.km Sailmati, Nagmati Zone 2 2080-1310 5.5 73.49 40 0.24 8.71 0.43 231,337 1542sq.km Suryamati Khola Zone 3 1620-1280 19.33 71.69 15.85 0.29 7.26 0.9 283,499 2512sq.km Zone 4 2020-1260 61.81 28.63 1.72 0.98 4.76 2.16 0.28 995,966 9912 sq.km Manahara, Dobikhola, Tukucha,Bishnumati, Balkhu Zone 5 1760-1220 1.4 22.22 3.04 1.9 0.92

Total area covered (Sq.km)

Human settlements

34,687 1179 sq.km Nakhu, Bosan

Zone/Physical feature Urbanization

Cultural Heritage

Zone 1 urbanization comparatively negligible Sundarimai, Sankhu bajrayogine, Tika Bhairab, Dakshinkali, Sheshnarayan, Champadevi, Godawori Kunda, Ichangu Narayan

Zone 2 slighty urbanized Changu Narayan, Gokarneswor Mahadev, Uttar Gaya, Budhanilkantha, Machhe Narayan, Bishankhu Narayan, Kageshwori, Neel Bode, Matatirtha

Zone 3 moderately urbanized Ashok Chaitya, Mahalaxmi temple, Vishnudevi, Bajrabarahi, Karyabinayak, Harisiddhi

Zone 4 Dominant of builtup area Pashupati, Sankhamul, Thapathali-Teku stretch, Kankeswor, Shovabhagwati, Pachali, Bhatbateni, Nil Saraswati, Tudal Devi, Bagh Bhairab

Zone 5 comparatively less than zone 4 Jalbinayak, Karyabinayak, Anangaghat, Sundarighat,

Annex VII (b)

Physical features of the zones (List of VDCs and Municipalities)
Zone 1 Bad bhanjyang (partial) Badikhel (partial) Bageshwari Baluwa (partial) Bhardeu Bhimdhunga (partial) Bishankhunarayan (partial) Bishnu budhanilkantha (partial) Chalnakhel (partial) Chapagau (partial) Chapali bhadrakali (partial) Chhaimale Chhaling (partial) Chitapol (partial) Dahachok (partial) Devichaur Gagalphedi (partial) Ghusel Godawari (partial) Goldhunga (partial) Gundu (partial) Ichangu narayan (partial) Jhor (partial) Jitpurphedi (partial) Kabhresthali (partial) Lamatar (partial) Lapsephedi Lele Lubhu (partial) Zone 2 Alapot Bad bhanjyang (partial) Badikhel (partial) Balambu (partial) Baluwa (partial) Bhadrabas Bhimdhunga (partial) Bishankhunarayan (partial) Bishnu budhanilkantha (partial) Changunarayan Chapagau Chapali bhadrakali (partial) Chhaling (partial) Chhampi (partial) Chitapol (partial) Chunikhel (partial) Dadhikot (partial) Dahachok (partial) Dharmasthali (partial) Dukuchhap (partial) Gagalphedi (partial) Godamchaur (partial) Godawari (partial) Gokarneshwar Goldhunga (partial) Gundu (partial) Ichangu narayan (partial) Indrayani Jhor (partial) Zone 3 Balambu (partial) Balkot Chhaling (partial) Chitapol (partial) Chunikhel (partial) Dadhikot (partial) Dhapakhel (partial) Dhapasi Dharmasthali (partial) Duwakot Godamchaur (partial) Goldhunga (partial) Gongabu Gothatar (partial) Harisiddhi Ichangu narayan (partial) Imadol Jharuwarasi Jhaukhel Jorpati Kabhresthali (partial) Kapan Katunje (partial) Khadka bhadrakali Machchhegaun (partial) Mahankal Manamaiju Mulpani Naikap naya bhanjyang Zone 4 Kathmandu meteropolitan city Madhyapur thimi municipality Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city Bhaktapur municipality Kirtipur municipality Zone 5 Bungmati Chalnakhel (partial) Chhampi (partial) Daksinkali Dukuchhap (partial) Khokana Sainbu bhainsepati Saukhel (partial)

Machchhegaun (partial) Mahadevsthan (partial) Matatirtha (partial) Nagarkot Nallu Nangkhel (partial) Nanglebhare Nayapati (partial) Ramkot (partial) Sangla (partial) Sankhu pukhulachhi (partial) Sankhu suntol Sankhubajrayogini (partial) Saukhel (partial) Shesnarayan Sipadol (partial) Sudal (partial) Sundarijal (partial) Talku dudechaur Tathali (partial) Thankot (Partial)

Jitpurphedi (partial) Kabhresthali (partial) Lamatar (partial) Lubhu (partial) Machchhegaun (partial) Mahadevsthan (partial) Matatirtha (partial) Nangkhel (partial) Nayapati (partial) Ramkot (partial) Sangla (partial) Sankhu pukhulachhi Sankhubajrayogini Sipadol (partial) Sirutar (partial) Sudal (partial) Tathali (partial) Thaiba (partial) Thali danchhi Thankot (partial) Tokha chandeshwari (partial)

Naikap purano bhanjyang Nangkhel (partial) Phutung Ramkot (partial) Sangla (partial) Satungal Siddhipur Sipadol (partial) Sirutar (partial) Sitapaila Sudal (partial) Sunakothi Syuchatar Tathali (partial) Thaiba (partial) Thecho Tikathali Tinthana Tokha chandeshwari (partial) Tokha saraswati

Annex VIII
List of Government and Non-Government Organizations
SN 1. Name of an authorized body Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Committee (BCIDC) previously Bagmati Area Sewage Project (BASP) Responsibility Development and implementation of plans and programs to manage and protect Bagmati river and its tributaries with its civilization Operating and establishment of wastewater treatment plant at Guhyeshowri and in the Kathmandu Valley Implementation of government policies, planning and monitoring of concern department Regulate construction activities Implementation the building code Planning and construction of roads Improvement of constructed roads To encourage private sector participation in the development, maintenance and management of roads. Manage and development of park along Bagmati River Maintain greenery along the river bank Reduce the environment pollution to some extend Supply and management of drinking water in Kathmandu Valley Management of Sewerage System in the Valley Regulate urban construction Work jointly with Local Development Ministry Implementation of government policies related with solid waste related with local development Formation of policies regarding solid waste and management of solid waste. Control environment pollution and minimized negative impact on public health Overall Development of city of the Kathmandu Metropolitan, Lalitpur & Bahaktpur Coordination, planning and development of district Overall development of village and local resources mobilization Collection of revenue and maintain records of land Implementation of government policies, planning, monitoring of concern department of land Land use, management , monitoring and control Revenue collection, land records and monitoring of Guthi land

2. 3.

Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) Department of Roads

4.

UN Park Development Committee

5. 6. 7.

Kathmandu Uptyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee Solid Waste Management & Resource Mobilization Centre (SWMRMC) Municipalities (Kathmandu, Bhakatapur , Madhyapur Thimi, Lalitpur , Kirtipur) Kathmandu, Bhakatapur, Lalitpur District development committee Village development committees of Kathmandu, Bhakatapur and Lalitpur districts ( VDCs) Department land survey- cadastral survey and registration

8. 9. 10 11.

12.

Land revenue

SN 13. 14.

Name of an authorized body Guthi Sasthan Department of National parks and wild life conservation

15 16

National Trust for Nature Conservation Department of soil conservation and watershed management Pashupati Area Development Trust Irrigation Department

Responsibility Managing Guthi Keeping the records of Guthi Land Conservation of Natural Bio-diversity Conservation and promotion of cultural and heritage site Promotion of eco-tourism Implementation of govt. polices, Planning, monitoring of concern department Overall Management of conserved area Reduce soil erosion Minimize natural hazards like floods, landslides and others Maintain watershed to preserve land productivity Management of Pashupati Area Management of irrigation systems in the country Increase irrigable area by providing and increasing irrigation system Implementation of govt. polices on water resources , Planning, monitoring of concern department Assist the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Water Resources and other related agencies to formulate plan and policies To provide suggestion, recommendation and guidelines related with irrigation, drinking water and hydropower Provide mining licenses (Sand and other construction materials) Popularize and promote the use of renewable energy technology

17 18

19

Water and Energy Commission

20 21

Departments of mines and Geology Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

List of NGOs and other private organizations

SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Name of an Organization Bagmati Sarokar Samittee Bagmati Sewa Samittee Bishnumati Sarokar Samittee Centre for Integrated Urban Development (CIUD) Damaichaghat Puspalal Tole Sudhar Samiti Development Centre (DC)- Nepal, Naya Baneswor Didi Bahini Family, Annamnagar Environmental Camps for Conservation Awareness (ECCA) Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) Friends of Bagmati (FoB) Forum for Protection of Public Interest (ProPublic) Indrabinayak Club Kathmandu Environmental Education Project (KEEP) Kathmandu Tole Sudhar Samaj Khadgi Sewa Samaj Lions Club of Pashupatinath Lumanti Narayan Pariwar Club National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) Nepal Basobas Basti Sanrakchan Samaj Nepal Mahila Ekta Samaj Nepal Pollution Control and Environment Management Centre (NEPCEMAC) Nepal River Conservation Trust (NRCT) Nepal Forum for Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ) NGO Forum for Urban Water & Sanitation Nodan Club Rotary Club of Yala Sagarmatha Environment Development Centre (SEDC) Urban Environment Management Society Women Environment Group (WEG) Women Environment Protection Committee (WEPCO)