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The grammatical explanations 1) are designed to help the foreign student with problems of usage, 2) take into account the student's mother tongue, and 3) strive to show how the patterns are used and under what circumstances. In order to aid the foreign studenfs understanding of the grammatical explanations, each is furnished with additional illustrative examples. New vocabularys appearing in the example sentences are not treated as NEW VOCABULARY, and are not listed in the INDEX. The !ES23w or PATTERN EXERCISES are designed to allow the leamed to use the language freely. We have included a separate PATTERN EXERCISE section in order to bring the learner to the point where externai stimuli evoke proper linguistic responses automatically and freely. By practicing grammatical peculiarities within sentence structures, we have strived not only to convert the studenfs knowledge of grammar to actual linguistic practice, but to help the student to acquire new vocabulary and master the phonological rules of the language. Words deemed necessary for the illustrated pattems are given as NEW VOCABULARY, and are listed in the INDEX.
167 193

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11

samgye-t 'ang (chicken stew)

-&1-C]- well known, to be popular

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summer season custom gradually to become / get different; to change life style to get / become used to, accustomed to

] t]-

to get cold

salt

-J

thanks to, because of

<y ofl

feast

to be salty

holiday simple, easy

birthday

custom

to enjoy eating, to like

*H?-"l 7

Lesson 11 Korean Food

spoon and chopsticks separately TE-?-?' a spoon o]-ejjy<.)-ev youngpeople chopsticks oldpeople

Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Kim have just entered a restaurant. Mrs. Johnson Owner Mrs. Johnson Owner Mrs. Johnson Owner What kind of food do you do best in this restaurant? [Our] "samgye-t 'ang" is famous. [What do you mean by] "samgye-t'ang"? You've never tried [eating] it? I'm afraid I've not tried it yet. Try it. Everybody likes it, you know.

Mr. Kim

Eat it before it gets cold. How does one eat this? Put a bit of salt in [first,] and [then] eat it. Say, it's really quite tasty! This is a food we eat a lot in [the] summer [season]. Hl bet it must be easy to make at home, too.

Mrs. Johnson
Mr. Kim

Mrs. Johnson
Mr. Kim

Mrs. Johnson

Mr. Kim

Was it tasty? [Did you eat in such a way that it was tasty?] Yes, thanks to you, I've had a feast today.

Mrs. Johnson :

*(}113\-

^^--8-4)

f- S

Mr. Kim

: I ate well for the first time in a long while, too. Usually Korean food is [s] spicy and salty, but this isn't like that at ali! Yes. Koreans do indeed like spicy things. But nonetheless, Korean food suits my taste.

Mrs. Johnson : Mr. Kim :

Mrs. Johnson :

11.1 Gi -(2) L. sjoi

This attaches to action verb stems and expresses a past experience: "one hs done X, one hs had the experience of.. .ing," etc. T v bought things [once] at Namdaemun Market.

Mrs. Johnson Mr. Kim Mrs. Johnson Mr. Kim Mrs. Johnson Mr. Kim

It seems Koreans eat hearty breakfasts, Yes. In fact, customs like that have changed a great deal lately, too. It's interesting that each nation hs a different lifestyle. About how long hs it been since you carne to Korea? It's been a year, but there are still many things I don't know. You'll get accustomed [to things] gradually.

H*
]0|

Have you ever learned a foreign language before? Have you ever seen a movie since coming to Korea? I've never eaten dumpling soup. F v never taken out money from the bank.

On hoiidays or birthdays, Koreans get together as families in the moming and share a meai. This is because of the custom of eating a big breakfast. But they eat a simple lunch. Korean food is eaten with chopsticks and spoon. You have to use chopsticks and spoon separately. A jnior must eat after the snior hs lifted his chopsticks or spoon.

11.1 G2 -a.
This is a polite final ending which indicates the end of an utterance. It can attach to verbal endings like -o-j (o}., <*)), -x], -g-, etc. and to nouns, adverbs, and noun particles like OJ/7K ^r/fe %/%, etc. The connective endings -M^f, -c-^l, -CHX'1, etc. can take the . to become the final endings -M^f-2-, -fe-fll--, and -

10

The sentence structure in this pattem is changed such that the originally preceding phrase swaps places with the old final phrase. This is in order to add emphasis. The efFect is to change an afterthought into a bonaflde polite follow-up utterance. Today I shall go early[because] a guest is coming.
7j|

11.2G1 The word ^ is a defective or "bound" noun: it can only occur after a preceding modifier phrase or a modifying noun or adjective like o] "this" or -4| "new." In this pattern, 5! 's modified by a verb with the -c- modifier. It is used in sentences as a noun phrase, as in the following examples:
7]

Be careful[because] the road is slippery.

? ^5^i:-11 A.

Are you still sleeping?it's late, you know. Let's go somewhere for a break it's a long weekend, after ali. I bought a magazine[because] I was s bored.

Walking is good for your health ["The fact walking"...]

-S-H^r

?)

Seeing hirn laugh [When I see him laughing], I, too, am brought to laugh. There is nothing they don't have in this shop.

1 7-r: ir^KS- -E-2-1 -c-

This is something I'm giving to you for free [= I'm giving this to you for free]. What is this thing used for? ["This is a used-for-where thing?"]

11.1 G3 -l
This suffix expresses plurality and can attach to nouns, adverbs, and adverbial verb forms like -x), -o), -jl, etc. How do you do, ladies and gentlemen? When did you meet them? Welcome! [Please come in immediately, ali of you] Everybody likes that teacher. Please don't [you ali] haggle with me about the price.

1 il^-r -) ^ fl tc-

11.2 G2 This attaches to verb stems and is used as a kind of future tense ending. Usually, this ending expresses the speaker's guess, assumption, or presumption. ofl: ^-fe- n. 3JSH 7>7] ]-;$ I won't be able to go to that conference.

If you don't understand, Fll explain it to you again. This must be tasty, don't you think?

12 Hl 7\g by the sky, it'll probably rain. You must be tired because of that business.
tb tj -S^fil-

f- 3

13

to your home country after how many years' interval?" Igotaleaveofabsenceforthefirsttime in 10 years. He was released from hospital after only a week.

n.3 Gi -n
This ending attaches to verb stems to form adverbial phrases. 4X1 3HrM ^r. -- <m JiTfl 4 ^xfl--. I bought the clothes for cheap [ascheaply"]. Please wrap this up prettily for me.

r1J'Ml

11.4 G1 -(2) L. X|
This attaches to action verb stems and is followed by a noun expressing time elapsed.

Did you spend a pleasurable weekend? ["Did you pass the weekend in such a way that it was pleasurable?"] He treats a guest friendly. He explained simply.

It means: "the time since VERBing... hs been X", hence "it hs been TIME since one did..." -2-2)) It hs been a long time since I [last] saw you. It hs been a year since we were married. nr It hasn't been long since I started studying Korean. They parted [just/only] an hour since meeting.
51

11.3 G2

-SKNI

S15CH-SL. "ir ^l t

This attaches to nouns expressing time and gives the idea of "after an interval of not doing such-and-such one finally does it...; for the first time in TIME one does it." Fm leaving on a trip for the first time in ages. I was happy to meet a friend [again] after a long time.

It seems it hs been about 30 minutes since he went out.

This auxiliary verb attaches to verb stems and expresses obligation: "must, have to, How long hs it been since you went back to the old country? ["You are going back should," etc.

14

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15
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You have to eat Korean-style food with spoon and chopsticks. One must observe strictly traffic regulations. One must use the polite style of speech to one's elders.

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