The Basic Principles of OFDM

CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The usic PrincipIes of OFDM
0wo-Puey Lee
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.
CCU
CCU
OutIines
%e 8osic PrincipIes of OFDM [I-7]
FF%-bosed OFDM Sysfem
SerioI ond PoroIIeI Concepfs [I,7]
ModuIofion/Mopping [I0,II]
Mary Phase ShiIt Keying
Mary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
FF% ond FF% [8,9]
Signal Representation oI OFDM using IDFT/DFT
OrfogonoIify [I-7]
0uord nfervoI ond CycIic Exfension [I-7]
Advonfoges ond Disodvonfoges [I,4,7]
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.
CCU
CCU
FFT-bused OFDM System

Serialto
Parallel
Converter
Signal
Mapper
IFFT
Parallel
toSerial
Converter
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Serial
Data
Input
x bits
0
d
1
d
1 n
d
0
s
1
s
1 n
s
D/A &
Low pass
Filter
Up
Converter
Down
Converter
A/D
Guard
Interval
Removal
Serialto
Parallel
Converter
FFT
Onetap
Equalizer
Signal
Demapper
Parallel
toSerial
Converter
Serial
Data
Output
0
`
d
x bits
1
`
d
1
`
n
d
0
` s
1
` s
1
`
n
s
Channel
) (t s
Time
Frequency
Subchannels
Fast Fourier
TransIorm
Guard
Intervals
Symbols
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.
CCU
CCU
OFDM Trunsmitter
+zu=l
H =,,r
0 K )
TllT
=r=lll
fr+=l
uvrfr
v=rd
Tufrv=l
Tu>rf+u
r+=lf
=r=lll
uvrfr
d
1 n
d
Serial
Data
Input

1
s
s
1 n
s
-its
, )
,=>>
l+lfr
1
1
d
1 n
x=|0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,*
x1=|0,0*
x2=|0,1*
x3=|1,0*
x4=|1,1*
0
.
T
.
.
.
99
91
11
19
.
T
.
.
.
99
91
11
19
0
.
.
.
.
99
91
11
19
T
.
.
.
.
99
91
11
19
11=1
12=i
13=1
14=i
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
OFDM Trunsmitter
'
#
#
#
#
#
1
1
1
i
i
d
e u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

M
0 10 20 30 10 50 0 Z0
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
( 0.09, 0.0030.096i, , 0.01 0.i, 0.0350.0i s L
0 10 20 30 10 50 0 Z0 80
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
+zu=l
H =,,r
0 K )
TllT
=r=lll
fr+=l
uvrfr
v=rd
Tufrv=l
Tu>rf+u
r+=lf
=r=lll
uvrfr
d
1 n
d
Serial
Data
Input

1
s
s
1 n
s
-its
, )
,=>>
l+lfr
1
1
d
1 n
0 10 20 30 10 50 0 Z0 80
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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CCU
Series und PuruIIeI Concepts
n OFDM sysfem design, fe series ond poroIIeI
converfer is considered fo reoIi;e fe concepf of
poroIIeI dofo fronsmission.
Serial-to-
Parallel
Converter
r+=l
d=f=
=r=lll
d=f=
s -
% % =
-
%
-
% 0 0
t t
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Series
n o convenfionoI serioI dofo sysfem, fe symboIs ore
fronsmiffed sequenfioIIy, wif fe frequency specfrum of
eoc dofo symboI oIIowed fo occupy fe enfire ovoiIobIe
bondwidf.
Wen fe dofo rofe is sufficienf ig, severoI odjocenf
symboIs moy be compIefeIy disforfed over frequency
seIecfive foding or muIfipof deIoy spreod conneI.
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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PoroIIeI
%e specfrum of on individuoI dofo eIemenf normoIIy
occupies onIy o smoII porf of ovoiIobIe bondwidf.
8ecouse of dividing on enfire conneI bondwidf info mony
norrow subbonds, fe frequency response over eoc
individuoI subconneI is reIofiveIy fIof.
A poroIIeI dofo fronsmission sysfem offers possibiIifies
for oIIeviofing fis probIem encounfered wif serioI
sysfems.
Resistance to Irequency selective Iading
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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ModuIution/Mupping
%e process of mopping fe informofion bifs onfo
fe signoI consfeIIofion pIoys o fundomenfoI roIe in
defermining fe properfies of fe moduIofion.
An OFDM signoI consisfs of o sum of sub-corriers,
eoc of wic confoins M-ory pose siff keyed
(PSI) or quodrofure ompIifude moduIofed (QAM)
signoIs.
ModuIofion fypes over OFDM sysfems
Phuse shift keying {PSk}
Quudruture umpIitude moduIution {QAM}
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Mupping - Phuse Shift keying
M-ory pose siff keying
Consider M-ory pose-siff keying (M-PSI) for wic fe
signoI sef is
were is fe signoI energy per symboI, is fe
symboI durofion, ond is fe corrier frequency.
%is pose of fe corrier fokes on one of fe M
possibIe voIues, nomeIy were
)
)
1
cos 0 , 1, ,...,
s
i c s
s
i
E
s t f t t % i M
% M
6
6
+
= + =

' '
)
1
i
i M 7 6 =
1, ,..., i M =
s
E
s
%
c
f
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Mupping - Phuse Shift keying
An exompIe of signoI-spoce diogrom for 8-PSI .
s
E
2
3 2
2
5 2
6 2
2
2
,+>+u
vud=r,
>>=z
,+uf
s
E
s
E
d
d
M 6
M 6
1 2
,+>+u
rz+u
1
s
E
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Mupping -
Quudruture AmpIitude ModuIution
%e fronsmiffed M-ory QAM signoI for symboI i con be
expressed os
were E is fe energy of fe signoI wif fe Iowesf
ompIifude, ond , ond ore ompIifudes foking
on fe voIues, ond,
were M is ossumed fo be o power of 4.
%e poromefer o con be reIofed fo fe overoge signoI
energy ( ) by
) ) )

cos sin , 0 ,
n n c n c
E E
s t a f t - f t t %
% %
6 6 =
)
, , 3 , , log 1 ,
n n
a - a a M a =
)
3
1
s
E
a
M
=
n
a
n
-
s
E
E a =
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Mupping -
Quudruture AmpIitude ModuIution
An exompIe of signoI-spoce diogrom for Io-squore
QAM.
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
FFT und FFT
nverse DF% ond DF% ore crificoI in fe
impIemenfofion of on OFDM sysfem.
FF% ond FF% oIgorifms ore fe fosf
impIemenfofion for fe DF% ond DF%.
n fe EEE 80Z.IIo, fe si;e of FF% ond FF% is
M~o4.
1
0
1
( (
IDF% n X e
=
=

1
0
( (
n
DF% X n e
6
=
=
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
SignuI Representution of OFDM using
DFT/DFT
SignoI represenfofion of OFDM using DF%/DF%
Mow, consider o dofo sequence ,
ond
were , , ond is on
orbifroriIy cosen symboI durofion of fe serioI dofo
sequence .
)
0 1 1
, , , , , ,
n
X X X X X X

=

X A = +
) )
1 1
/
0 0
1 1
, 0,1, 1,
n

n f t
n

X e X e n

6 6

= =
= = =

) /
f t = A
n
t n t = A
X
t A
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
SignuI Representution of OFDM using
DFT/DFT
f fese componenfs ore oppIied fo o Iow-poss fiIfer of
fime infervoIs
)
)
1
0
Re
1
cos sin , 0,1, 1.
n n
n n
s
A f t f t n
6 6
=
=
= =

)
1
0
1
( ) cos sin , 0 .
s t A f t f t t t
6 6
=
= A
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
OrthogonuIity
DigifoI communicofion sysfems
n fime domoin n frequency domoin
OFDM
%wo condifions musf be considered for fe orfogonoIify
befween fe subcorriers.
1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number oI cycles in
the FFT interval.
. The number oI cycles between adjacent subcarriers diIIers by
exactly one.
) )
1 ,
0 ,
i
i
t t dt
i
C
C
=
|
=
,
=
|
) )
1 ,
0 ,
i
i
X f X f df
i
C
C
=
|
=
,
=
|
) ) )
1 1

0 0
e e
s s s s s
s s
n n

t t t t t t t % t %
% % %
n n
t t
n n
d dt d e dt d %
6 6 6

+ +
= =
= =

+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
OrthogonuIity
%ime domoin Frequency domoin
Example oI Iour subcarriers within one OFDM symbol Spectra oI individual subcarriers
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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uurd ntervuI und CycIic Etension
OFDM symboI
OFDM symboI durofion .
v=rd Tufrv=l , ) T)
% %
v=rd
+ufrv=l
llT +ufzr=f+u dvr=f+u
l, H >, l dvr=f+u
total
% % % = +
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
%wo differenf sources of inferference con be
idenfified in fe OFDM sysfem.
nfersymboI inferference (S) is defined os fe
crossfoIk befween signoIs wifin fe some sub-conneI of
consecufive FF% fromes, wic ore seporofed in fime by
fe signoIing infervoI %.
nfer-corrier inferference (C) is fe crossfoIk befween
odjocenf subconneIs or frequency bonds of fe some FF%
frome.
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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CCU
DeIoy spreod
Environmenf DeIoy Spreod
Home b0 ns
Office ~ I00 ns
Monufocfures Z00 ~ 300 ns
Suburbon I0 us
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
For fe purpose fo eIiminofe fe effecf of S, fe
guord infervoI couId consisf of no signoIs of oII.
0uord infervoI (or cycIic exfension) is used in
OFDM sysfems fo combof ogoinsf muIfipof foding.
:guord infervoI
:muIfi pof deIoy spreod
n fof cose, owever, fe probIem of infercorrier
inferference (C) wouId orise.
%e reoson is fof fere is no infeger number of
cycIes difference befween subcorriers wifin fe
FF% infervoI.
%
delay spread
%
delay spread
% %
>
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
II Tg Tdelyspread
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol
Tdelyspread
II Tg ~ Tdelyspread
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol Tg Symbol 3
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol Tg Symbol 3
Tdelyspread
####
####
####
####
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
%o eIiminofe C, fe OFDM symboI is cycIicoIIy
exfended in fe guord infervoI.
%is ensures fof deIoyed repIicos of fe OFDM
symboI oIwoys ove on infeger number of cycIes
wifin fe FF% infervoI, os Iong os fe deIoy is
smoIIer fon fe guord infervoI.
v=rd Tufrv=l
,l+ lxfu>+u)
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Effecf of muIfipof wif ;ero signoIs in fe guord
infervoI, fe deIoyed subcorrier Z couses C on
subcorrier I ond vice verso.
Part oI subcarrier #
causing ICI on
subcarrier #1
Guard time FFT integration time1/carrier spacing Guard time FFT integration time1/carrier spacing
OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol time
Subcarrier #1
Delayed subcarrier #
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
%ime ond frequency represenfofion of OFDM wif
guord infervoIs.
Time
Frequency
T
Tg
1/T
Subchannels
Fast Fourier TransIorm
Guard Intervals
Symbols
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.
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CCU
Advuntuges und Disudvuntuges
Advonfoges
mmunify fo deIoy spreod
Symbol duration ~~ channel impulse response
Guard interval
Pesisfonce fo frequency seIecfive foding
Each subchannel is almost Ilat Iading
SimpIe equoIi;ofion
Each subchannel is almost Ilat Iading, so it only
needs a onetap equalizer to overcome channel eIIect.
Efficienf bondwidf usoge
The subchannel is kept orthogonality with overlap.
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

CCU
CCU
Disodvonfoges
%e probIem of syncroni;ofion
Symbol synchronization
Timing errors
Carrier phase noise
Frequency synchronization
Sampling Irequency synchronization
Carrier Irequency synchronization
Meed FF% unifs of fronsmiffer, receiver
The complexity oI computations
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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CCU
Sensifive fo corrier frequency offsef
The eIIect oI ICI
%e probIem of ig peok fo overoge power rofio (PAPP)
Problem 1. It increased complexity oI the analogto
digital and digitaltoanalog converters.
Problem. It reduced eIIiciency oI the RF power
ampliIier.
The solutions
1.Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes simply by
nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around the peaks.
.Coding techniques using a special Iorwarderrorcorrection code
3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with diIIerent scrambling sequences
and then the sequence that gives the smallest PAP ratio is selected.
+icc.. /..c.. Ic.n. v.

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CCU
References
[I] Picord von Mee, Pomjee Prosod, OFDM wireIess muIfimedio communicofion, Arfec House 8osfon
London, Z000.
[Z] Amod P. S. 8ooi ond 8urfon P. SoIf;berg, MuIfi-corrier digifoI communicofions - %eory ond
oppIicofions of OFDM, IIuwer Acodemic / PIenum PubIisers Mew York, 8osfon, Dordrecf, London,
Moscow, I999.
[3] Pomjee Prosod, "OFDM bosed wireIess broodbond muIfimedio communicofion," Leffer Mofes on
SCOM'99, Ioosiung, %oiwon, Mov. 7-I0, I999.
[4] L. Hon;o, W. Webb ond %. IeIIer, SingIe- ond muIfi-corrier quodrofure ompIifude moduIofion -
PrincipIes ond oppIicofions for personoI communicofions, WLAMs ond broodcosfing, Jon WiIey & Sons,
Lfd, Z000.
[b] Mork EngeIs, WireIess Ofdm Sysfems: How fo Moke %em Work7 IIuwer Acodemic PubIisers.
[o] Lojos Hon;o, WiIIiom Webb, %omos IeIIer, SingIe ond MuIficorrier ModuIofion: PrincipIes ond
AppIicofions, Znd edifion, EEE Compufer Sociefy.
[7] Zou, W.Y., Yiyon Wu, " COFDM: An overview " 8roodcosfing, EEE %ronsocfions on, VoI. 4I, ssue I,
pp. I -8, Mor. I99b.
[8] EmmonueI C. feocor & 8orrie W. Jervis, DigifoI signoI processing - A procficoI opprooc, Addision-
WesIey, I993.
[9] 8Iouf, P. E., Fosf AIgorifms for digifoI processing. Peoding, Mo: Addison-WesIey, I98b.
[I0] Simon Hoykin, Communicofion Sysfems, Jon WiIey & Sons, nc., 3
rd
edifion, I994.
[II] Poger L. Peferson, Podger E. Ziemer, Dovid E. 8orf, nfroducfion fo spreod specfrum
communicofions, Prenfice HoII nfernofionoI Edifions, I99b.

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CCU

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

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