Date CHAPTER

Period

Name

15

Study Guide

Sound
Vocabulary Review
Write the term that corresponds to the description. Use each term once. beat closed-pipe resonator consonance decibel dissonance 1. 2. 3.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Doppler effect fundamental harmonics loudness

open-pipe resonator pitch sound level sound wave

the lowest resonant frequency a pressure variation transmitted through matter as a longitudinal wave the logarithmic scale that measures the amplitudes of sounds that humans can hear the unit of measurement for sound level depends on the frequency of a sound wave the change in frequency caused by a moving source or a moving detector the oscillation of wave amplitude heard when two frequencies are nearly identical a pleasant combination of pitches a factor perceived by the ear that depends primarily on the amplitude of the wave the observer hears a resonating tube with both ends open a resonating tube with one end closed to air multiples of the fundamental frequency an unpleasant combination of pitches

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Physics: Principles and Problems

Chapters 1115 Resources

145

Name

15
Section 15.1

Study Guide

continued

Properties and Detection of Sound

echoes frequency greater interfere longitudinal oscillation pressure slower solid temperature transverse vacuum velocities volume wavelength

In your textbook, read about properties and detection of sound on pages 403410. Write the term that correctly completes the statement. You will not use every term. 334 m/s 343 m/s amplify distance

Sound waves move in the same direction as the particles of the medium and are therefore (1) (2) waves. The waves are caused by variations in relating to the different (3) of the .

atoms or molecules. Therefore, sound cannot travel through a(n) (4) The (5) second. The (6) of a sound wave is the number of pressure oscillations per is the distance between successive regions of

high or low pressure. At 20C, the sound moves through air at sea level at a speed of (7) . In general, the speed of sound is (8) . The between a source

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

in liquids and solids than in gases. Reflected sound waves are (9) reflection of sound waves can be used to find the (10) and a reflecting surface. Answer the following questions. Show your calculations.

11. If a sound wave produced by a speaker is at room temperature and has a wavelength of 1.85 m, what is the frequency of the sound that is generated?

12. How long is a wave that has a frequency of 2.70 102 Hz and is moving through copper at 3560 m/s?

146 Chapters 1115 Resources

Physics: Principles and Problems

Name
continued

Study Guide

15

13. The speed of sound at room temperature (20C) is 343 m/s. If the speed of sound in air increases about 0.60 m/s for every 1 increase, what is the temperature when the speed of sound is C 353 m/s?

14. A car horn has a frequency of 448 Hz when the car is stationary. If the car approaches a stationary recorder at a speed of 19.0 m/s, what frequency does the device record if the temperature is 20C? What frequency does the device record after the car passes by?

15. If the recorder in question 15 were moving toward the stationary car at 42 m/s, what frequency would it record?

16. How much greater is the sound pressure level of a 100-dB siren than an 80-dB alarm clock? How much louder would most people perceive the siren to be?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Section 15.2

The Physics of Music

. c. increases in temperature d. electromagnetic waves of the air column.

In your textbook, read about the physics of music on pages 411419. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Sound is produced when there are a. increases in pressure b. oscillations in pressure

2. The frequencies of vibrating air set into resonance are determined by the a. radius b. length 3. Resonance occurs when . c. a standing wave is created d. no nodes are formed resonators. c. mass d. width

a. any constructive interference occurs b. any destructive interference occurs

4. The pressure of a reflected wave is inverted a. only in closed-pipe b. only in open-pipe Physics: Principles and Problems

c. in both open- and closed-pipe d. in neither open- nor closed-pipe

Chapters 1115 Resources

147

Name

15

Study Guide
.

continued

5. In a standing sound wave in a pipe, nodes are regions of a. maximum or minimum pressure and low displacement b. maximum or minimum pressure and high displacement c. mean atmospheric pressure and low displacement d. mean atmospheric pressure and high displacement

6. In a standing sound wave in a pipe, two antinodes are separated by a. one-quarter wavelength b. one wavelength c. one-half wavelength d. two wavelengths

For each statement below, write true or rewrite the italicized part to make the statement true. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. An open pipe can only have resonance if it has antinodes at both ends. In a closed pipe, a column of length /4 is in resonance with a tuning fork. An open pipe can only have resonance if it has nodes at both ends.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

In an open pipe, a column of length 3 /4 is in resonance with a tuning fork. For both open and closed pipes, resonance lengths are spaced at half-wavelength intervals. A string resonates only when there are nodes at both ends of the string. The resonant frequencies of a string are whole-number multiples of the second harmonic. The standing waves in a string occur when the string length is a whole-number multiple of quarter wavelengths.

Refer to the accompanying figures to answer questions 1517. 15. In the three open tubes below, draw standing waves that show the fundamental, second harmonic ( f2 2f1), and third harmonic ( f3 3f1). Under each tube, indicate the wavelength of the standing wave in terms of L.

148 Chapters 1115 Resources

Physics: Principles and Problems

Name
continued

Study Guide

15

16. In the three closed tubes below, draw standing waves that show the fundamental, third harmonic ( f3 3f1), and fifth harmonic ( f5 5f1). Under each tube, indicate the wavelength of the standing wave in terms of L.

17. In the pressure and displacement graphs below, fill in the types of nodes and antinodes in the spaces provided.
Closed Pipe
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

a.

c.

b.
Air Pressure

d.
Displacement of Air

Open Pipe

e.

g.

f.
Air Pressure

h.
Displacement of Air

Physics: Principles and Problems

Chapters 1115 Resources

149

Name

15

Study Guide

continued

18. A particular note played on a cello has a frequency of 240 Hz. What is the frequency of the third harmonic of that pitch?

19. While tuning her guitar, a guitarist compares the pitch one string produces to the pitch produced by a string on another guitar. If the second guitar plays a note with a frequency of 330.0 Hz and the first guitar plays a note with a frequency of 335.0 Hz, what is the beat frequency produced?

20. The two guitars in Question 19 are playing so that the beat frequency between them is 3 Hz. If one of them is playing a frequency of 348 Hz, what are the possible frequencies the other instrument is playing?

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

21. A musical instrument produces a beat frequency of 3 beats per second with another sound source that produces a frequency of 8.80 102 Hz. What are the possible wavelengths if the sounds are generated at 20C?

22. When a tuning fork with a frequency of 440 Hz is used with a resonator, the loudest sound produced occurs when the length of the closed-pipe tube is 20.5 cm and 58.5 cm. a. Resonance occurs at intervals of one-half wavelength. What is the value of the wavelength? b. What is the speed of sound in this case? c. What is the approximate temperature, assuming the measurements are made at sea level?

150 Chapters 1115 Resources

Physics: Principles and Problems

Date CHAPTER

Period

Name

15

Supplemental Problems
5. While fishing from a boat anchored offshore, you see another fishing boat between your boat and the shore. The other boat sounds a 510-Hz horn as it heads toward the shore at a speed of 18 m/s. a. If your fishing boat is stationary, what is the frequency of the sound waves from the horn that reach you? b. If your fishing boat now heads out to sea at a speed of 15 m/s, what is the frequency of the sound waves from the horn that reach you? 6. A species of bat navigates by emitting short bursts of sound waves that have a frequency range that peaks at 58.0 kHz. a. If a bat is flying at 4.0 m/s toward a stationary object, what is the frequency of the sound waves reaching the object? b. What is the frequency of the reflected sound waves detected by the bat? c. What is the difference between the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the bat and the frequency of the sound waves detected by the bat if the bat is flying at 4.0 m/s and the object is a moth approaching at 1.0 m/s? 7. Hannah places an open, vertical glass tube into a container of water so that the lower end of the tube is submerged. She holds a vibrating tuning fork over the top of the tube while varying the water level in the tube. Hannah notices that the loudest sound is heard when the distance from the water to the top of the tube is 32.7 cm, and again when the distance is 98.2 cm. What is the frequency of the tuning fork?

Sound
Assume that the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, at 20C, unless otherwise noted. 1. The sound a mosquito makes is produced when it beats its wings at the average frequency of 620 wing beats per second. What is the wavelength of the sound waves produced by the mosquito? 2. You are listening to an outdoor concert on a day when the temperature is 0C. The sound of a wavelength of 0.490 m is emitted by a flute on the stage 125 m from where you are standing. a. What is the time elapsed before you hear the sound emitted from the stage? b. What is the frequency of the sound? 3. The pulse-echo technique is used in diagnostic medical imaging. A short ultrasound pulse is emitted from the device, and echoes are produced when the pulse is reflected at a tissue interface. The echo signals are received back at the device and then analyzed to build up an image of the organ. The speed of sound in soft tissue is 1540 m/s. If an echo is received 58.2 10 6 s after the pulse was emitted, how far is the tissue interface from the ultrasound device? 4. The engine of a jet plane taking off produces a sound level of 140 dB, and the sound wave has a pressure amplitude of 200 Pa. A baggage handler working next to a jet plane that is taking off is wearing specially designed hearing protectors that reduce the sound level entering his ear by 40 dB. What is the pressure amplitude of the sound waves entering his ear?

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Physics: Principles and Problems

Supplemental Problems

29

Name

15

Supplemental Problems

continued

8. The six strings of a standard guitar are tuned to the following frequencies: 165, 220, 294, 392, 494, and 659 Hz. a. Find the lengths of the shortest openended organ pipes that would produce the same frequencies. b. Sketch the pipes, showing their lengths to scale. 9. The fundamental tone of an open-pipe resonator with a length of 48 cm is the same as the second harmonic tone of a closed-pipe resonator. What is the length of the closed-pipe resonator? 10. You receive a CD with the following note: The first sound on the CD is the sound of a 238-Hz tuning fork and a second tuning fork being struck simultaneously. The second sound on the CD is the sound of the second tuning fork and a 240.0-Hz tuning fork being struck simultaneously. What is the frequency of the second tuning fork? Listening to the CD, you hear that the first sound has a beat frequency of 3.00 Hz and the second sound has a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz. Answer the question found in the note. 11. A radio station broadcasts their signal with a wavelength of 3.5 m. Although your radio will translate this signal into audible sound, explain why you cannot hear the radio signal directly. 12. Antennas are designed to be as long as the wavelengths they are intended to receive. An amateur radio operator sets up an antenna line in his backyard in order to receive a signal from across the country. What length should this antenna line be to receive a signal of 3.0 102 Hz?

13. You hear the siren of a fire engine as you stand on the side of the road. As it approaches, the siren which broadcasts at a frequency of 645 Hz is heard by you as being 660 Hz. How fast is the fire engine traveling? 14. A friend talks to you as she walks past you at a speed of 2.25 m/s. Why do you not notice a Doppler shift in her voice as she passes? 15. If a submarine emits a sonar ping underwater and detects an echo 4.00 s later, how far away is the object that reflected the echo? 16. An open tube is filled with water which is slowly drained as a tuning fork of frequency f = 1.00 103 Hz is held over the open end. As the water drains, the level of the water is marked as a maximum of sound is heard in the tube. These maxima are detected at distances of 16.7 cm, 33.4 cm and 50.1 cm, measured from the open end of the tube. What is the speed of sound in the air within the tube? 17. A piano tuner is trying to tune one of the piano strings by listening for a beat frequency between the unknown string and a known tuning fork of frequency 262.0 Hz. a. He notices a beat frequency of 4.0 Hz when the string and tuning fork are struck at the same time. What is the frequency of the piano string? b. After an adjustment, he notices a beat frequency of 0.11 Hz when the string and tuning fork are struck. What is the new frequency of the piano string? 18. In music, the middle C has a frequency of 256 Hz. What frequency is a note that is exactly one octave higher than middle C?

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

30 Supplemental Problems

Physics: Principles and Problems