Upper resp.

tract *filters, warms, humidifies air Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses pharynx

Respiratory tract Lower resp. tract Conducting portion larynx from nasal cavity to smallest bronchioles trachea bronchi Respiratory portion lungs Includes respiratory bronchioles & air sacs Nose, nasal cavity

Respiratory zone the region where gas exchange occurs : Respiratory Bronchiole, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs

Nose Primary passage for air to enter External nares: - Vestibule : contained within flexible parts of external nose, coarse hairs trap dust, foreign particles - Nasal septum : divides cavity into right & left, bony part is formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone - Anterior part of septum is formed by hyaline cartilage (septal cartilage)

Nasal cavity Projecting from lateral wall : - Superior, middle, inferior concha - Air flows btwn adjacent conchae through superior, middle or inferior meatuses - Besides promoting filtration, it creates turbulence provides extra time for warming and humidifying air Frontal and maxillary air sinuses drain into middle meatus Lacrimal secretion drains into inferior meatus via naso-lacrimal duct Pharynx Laryngopharynx Most inferior part of pharynx Lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Nasopharynx Connected to nasal cavity by internal nares Separated by oral cavity by soft palate Lined by respiratory epithelium Pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil on posterior wall Opening of auditory tube on lateral wall Cartilages

Oropharynx Between soft palate and base of tongue (epiglottis) Tonsils on each sides

Larynx Other features Vestibular & vocal ligaments: covered by mucosa extends btwn thyroid cart. & aritenoid Vocal folds (pale white) : vibrate when expired air rushed out from lung via glottis producing sound Vestibular folds: (above) do not vibrate. False vocal folds.

SINGLE Thyroid: largest cart. Angle infront called laryngeal prominences (Adams apple) Cricoid : ring-shaped, posterior part expanded, Support paired aritenoid Epiglottis: elastic cartilages - During swallowing, larynx is elevated,epiglottis fold back over glottis preventing entry of liquid or solid food PAIRED aritenoid, corniculate,cuneiform

Trachea Tracheal cartilage (hyaline) stiffen tracheal walls &protect airways prevent collapsing or overexpansion Posterior wall: no cartilage, but trachealis muscle (make way for expansion of esophagus when food travels down Ciliated columnar epithelial cells

flexible tube, diameter of 2.5cm & length of 12 cm Begins C6 vertebra attachment to cricoid cartilage Ends in mediastinum at level of Lower Border T4 (Sternal Angle) Branches to form right & left primary bronchi Lining of trachea consists of respiratory epithelium Other structures: tracheal cartilages, trachealis muscle

Lung pair of respiratory organ situated in thoracic cavity Each lung invaginates corresponding pleural cavity Right & left lungs separated by mediastinum Right & left lungs situated in right & left pleural cavities APEX pointing superiorly Base of lung rests on diaphragm ROOT of LUNG Tubular sheath of pleura connecting hilum of lung to heart & right-left bronchi Structures: principal bronchus, pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, bronchial vessel, lymphatics, nerves Right lung 3 lobes superior, inferior, middle lobes Superior lobe separated from middle lobe by horizontal fissure Middle lobe is separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure Horizontal fissure runs at level of 4th costal cartilage; meets oblique fissure in midaxillary line Straight anterior border Larger, heavier ( 620g) Shorter, broader Shallow cardiac impression 10 broncho-pulmonary segment Left lung 2 lobes -- superior & inferior Separated by oblique fissure Tongue shaped projection of left lung below cardiac notch is called LINGULA ; corresponds to middle lobe of right lung Anterior border interrupted by cardiac notch Smaller, lighter (560) Longer, narrower Deep cardiac impression on medial surface 8 broncho-pulmonary segment

Bronchi Primary bronchi Right is wider, shorter, more vertical Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi) RIGHT- superior, middle, inferior LEFT- superior, inferior Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi) Supplies air to single broncho-pulmonary Segment 10 right, 8/9 left

Bronchioles Tertiary bronchi Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles (thinnest, most delicate branches of bronchial tree ; deliver air to the exchange surfaces of lung) alveoli

Broncho-pulmonary segment Each lobe contains many pyramid-shaped BRONCHO-PULMONARY SEGMENTS separated by connective tissue septa Each B.P Segment is an independent respiratory district supplied by a segmental or tertiary bronchus, a segmental branch of pulmonary artery. But pulmonary veins are intersegmental draining adjoining segments IMPORTANCE OF BRONCHO-PULMONARY SEGMENT Segmental resection or lobectomy possible Intersegmental septa limits infection Knowledge of segments help natural drainage of sputum by adopting postures Bronchography Apical segment of lower lobe, posterior segment of upper lobecommon site of aspiration---thereby LUNG ABSCESS Right lung BP Left lung BP 10 segments 8 segments Upper lobe: apical, posterior, anterior Upper lobe: apicoposterior, anterior, superior Middle lobe: lateral, medial lingular, inferior lingular Lower lobe: apical, medial basal, anterior basal, Lower lobe: apical, antero-medial basal, lateral lateral basal, posterior basal basal, posterior basal Alveolar ducts and alveoli Respiratory bronchioles connected to alveoli along regions called alveolar ducts Passageways end at alveolar sacs Each lung has 150 million alveoli gives lung spongy appearance Type I squamous cell form barrier Type II cuboidal cell secrete surfactant Respiratory membrane - Alveolar and capillary walls and the fused basement membrane form AIR-BLOOD BARRIER (5 micron thick) Blood supply Artery Vein Conducting part (from bronchi to beginning Conducting bronchial veins of respiratory bronchiole : bronchial artery ( R- Respiratory pulmonary vein drains into left 1, L-2) atrium Respiratory part pulmonary artery via Right bronchial vein drains into azygos vein; left pulmonary capillary plexus (systemic bronchial vein drains into accessory hemiazygos circulation) vein or left superior intercostal vein

Pleura Pleura is a serous membrane lined by mesothelium Two pleural sacs one on either side of mediastinum Pleural sac invaginated from medial side by lung so it has outer layer (parietal pleura) & inner layer (visceral pleura) Two layers continuous with each other around hilum of lung & enclose between them a potential space (pleural cavity) Visceral pleura (Pulmonary pleura)intimately invests the entire lung except hilum (nerve supply-autonomic nerves of lung) (a) Costal pleura (b) Diaphragmatic pleura (c ) Cervical Pleura (d) Mediastinal pleura Nerve supplyby intercostal nerves & phrenic nerve (nerve supplying diaphragm)

Parietal pleura - lines ribs, costal cartilages, diaphragm and mediastinum