Creation of a Power Flow Study

Final Report Spring Semester 2007 by Ben Pilato Bryan Lake Nick San Pietro Waylon Cash Andy Keller Vahram Stepanyan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523

Abstract On August 14, 2003 a series of seemingly unrelated events conspired to produce a massive power blackout, affecting an enormous swath of the northeastern United States and Canada. Shops and businesses closed, public transportation ground to a halt, and the economy lost billions of dollars1. Blackouts are related to hidden vulnerabilities that exist in the power system but cannot be seen when everything is fully operational. These vulnerabilities are exposed during system disturbances. Through simulation analysis, disturbances can be modeled and accounted for to possibly prevent future power system failure. The basic power-flow study starts with a known system state. A comparison will be made from this basic state. A predefined set of system disturbances are applied to the benchmark case, and violations are documented. This establishes a benchmark from which to compare. From this known state proposed system changes can be introduced. Again, the same system disturbances applied to the benchmark case are applied to the altered case. Violations that are a direct result of the system modifications are documented. These violations require a solution by the party requesting system modifications. Basically, power-flow studies determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various contingency conditions, and whether equipment such as transformers and conductors are overloaded. Power-flow studies are often used to identify the need for additional generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR support, or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system voltages within specified limits. The above procedures have been documented and explained in the CSU wind farm system impact study provided in the beginning of this report. The process of performing a power-flow study using the Siemens software tool PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) is also provided. Since power-flow studies require many steps and procedures, the process has been split into six, detail orientated, laboratories.

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Table of Contents
Title....i Abstract..........1 Table of Contents.......2 List of Figures........3 List of Tables.........3 Introduction....4 Summary of Previous Work...5 Executive Summary.....6 Introduction..7 Study Objectives..8 Methodology....8 Study Procedure...8 Study Approach....9 Power Flow Results........10 Cost for Upgrades.......11 Conclusion......12 Results.....11 Appendix.....17 Lab Work Created.........29 Introduction to PSS/E.........30 One Line Diagram .....45 Solving for Outages........59 Create ACCC Report......68 Multiple ACCC Report..79 Addition of Generation......91 Conclusions and Future Work108 References......109 Appendix110 Acknowledgments..111

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List of Figures
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Existing transmission between CO and WY Archer-Stegall Example from Table 1 Drawing 0 Drawing 1 Drawing 2 Drawing 3 Drawing 4 Drawing 5 Drawing 6 Drawing 7 Drawing 8 Drawing 9 Drawing 10 7 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

List of Tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 ACCC Report Busses Utilized for N-1 Contingency Analysis Branches Monitored for Voltage Violations (System Intact & N-1) Itemized Cost for Plant Implementation One-Line Diagram Index 13 14 15 16 17

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Introduction Our year long senior design project was based on the power industry. We worked with our industry advisor, Joe Liberatore, from Western Area Power Administration. At Western Area Power, a software tool made by Siemens is heavily utilized to perform system studies. The software is PSS/E (Power Systems Simulation for Engineering). In addition to Western, many other power companies use this software. The reason that so many companies rely on PSS/E is because of the many features and abilities that it has to offer. The functionality and performance of PSS/E doesnt come at a cheap price. The software costs roughly $90,000 per computer. Luckily, Siemens was kind enough to give us four free trial USB access keys and ENS was happy to install PSS/E on campus computers for our group to use. Each key was allotted 200 hours. The hardest part of our senior design project was actually learning how to use PSS/E. We were fortunate enough to have Joe guide us in times of need. We spent numerous hours outside of PSS/E just reading the help files that in our opinion are some what difficult to apply to create a power-flow study. In fact, Joe has been working with PSS/E for three years and is still constantly learning new things. Since this software has barely any user tutorials, it was requested by Dr. Collins and Joes boss at Western to create a series of laboratories to guide students and entry level power engineers through a power-flow study. In our first semester, we were introduced to PSS/E and power-flow studies. We learned how to use PSS/E to perform a mock power-flow study. Our study involved adding a wind farm to the existing power grid. We were able to draw several conclusions about the feasibility of this addition. The system impact study can be seen in its entirety in the following section of this report. Our second semester project was very unique because we actually went back and documented the entire process on how we performed our first semester project. This was very challenging because we needed to bring a whole semester of work into a well written series of labs that could guide anyone through a power-flow study of their own. There are six lab manuals with questions that directly follow our last semester project in this report. The answers to the questions have been omitted and turned into a solution manual that will only be provided to Dr. Collins. The labs are intended to be used in EE461 (Power Systems) at Colorado State University. Dr. Collins is working on getting PSS/E installed on campus computers for students to perform these labs. The reason that these labs are so critical is because if they are utilized at Colorado State, this will be one of the only schools in the nation that will introduce students to PSS/E. This will, in turn, give Colorado States electrical engineering students interested in working in the power industry a major advantage with their future job opportunities.

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Summary of Previous Work

CSU WIND FARM System Impact Study for Request 2010-G1 December 3, 2006

Studies Conducted by: Waylon Cash Andrew Keller Bryan Lake Ben Pilato Nick San Pietro Vahram Stepanyan

Colorado State University Power Corporation

In Conjunction with the Western Area Power Administration

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Executive Summary Colorado State University Power Corporation desires to add 150MW of wind generated power to the existing Western Area Power Administration network at the Colorado-Wyoming-Nebraska interface. The 150MW wind farm is intended to be used to meet the increasing demand for power in northern Colorado. Additional transmission capability must be explored to meet this request. By applying computer analysis, transmission system topology is modeled with planned infrastructure improvements and/or modifications to reflect system configurations relative to this new addition. Simulations were run and deficiencies revealed. Simulations with current system topology show efforts to deliver new generation to the load further stresses the Colorado-Wyoming-Nebraska 230kV system, which is very close to its operating limits today. Reinforcing transmission capability with an additional 150MW, located in northern Colorado, will certainly assist in relieving system overloads in this area. However, additional measures will need to be taken to make sure that the transmission system can accommodate the generation upgrade. In order to effectively deliver the new wind generated power to the surrounding areas, some existing equipment will need to be upgraded to relieve stresses due to the increased generation. The underlying fact is that during the N-1 contingencies, the addition of a 150MW wind generation plant further stresses the existing power grid. For an alternate course of action, this study has also explored the possibility of reducing the wind generation to 75MW. In summary, additional generation in the northern Colorado region will require additional upgrades to the existing infrastructure. This study has included a detailed analysis of the desired 150MW wind generation, and has also proposed a more costeffective solution with the option to reduce the generation capacity to 75MW. This report does not take into consideration the geographical, environmental, financial, legal or contractual obligations which may exist and/or inhibit the ability to implement the proposed solution.

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I.

Introduction This report will summarize the results of a transmission system study conducted by the Western Area Power Administration senior design project group at Colorado State University. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts associated with the addition of a 150MW wind turbine generation facility, as well as the optional 75MW facility, located in northern Colorado. The study will be conducted using Siemens PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) software to analyze the power flow and the overall impacts to the existing power grid with the addition of the wind generation. The study assumes an in service date of June 2010. The power flow analysis used will utilize a Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 2010 Heavy Summer (2010HS) base case. Steady state analysis will not be performed due to a lack of accurate wind turbine models. However, power flow and contingency analyses using a heavy summer base case were performed. A map of the major transmission lines near and around the area affected by the additional generation is included in figure1 below:

Figure 1 Existing transmission between CO and WY

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II.

Study Objectives A. B. C. D. Determine the feasibility of an additional 150MW of wind generation. Determine the feasibility of the alternative 75MW of wind generation. Determine system upgrades needed to accommodate the additional generation. Perform power flow studies to determine overall system impact.

III.

Methodology A. Base Case: The WECC 2010 heavy summer base case will be used in this study. The base case will be reviewed by all affected transmission providers in the area and will be adjusted for known additions, corrections, and modifications to the Rocky Mountain Region to ensure proper case topologies. B. The study will take into consideration the increase delivery capability of the Colorado-Wyoming-Nebraska network. C. The N-1 contingencies will be applied to considerations outlined in B (above).

IV.

Study Procedure A. Criteria NERC/WECC Planning Standards will be followed. System Intact (N-0): 1) Acceptable transmission line loading will be limited to 100% of thermal limits. 2) Bus voltages in the range of 0.95 to 1.05 per unit will be considered acceptable. 3) Acceptable transformer loading will be limited to 100% of thermal limits. 4) Power-flow solutions will allow all regulating items (i.e., transformer taps, phase shifting transformers, area interchange, switchable shunt devices) to adjust for the system normal configurations. Single Contingency (N-1): 1) Acceptable line loading will be limited to 100% of thermal limits. 2) Acceptable transformer loading will be limited to not exceed the highest nameplate rating or appropriate owners maximum rating. 3) Transmission bus voltages will be maintained between 0.90 p.u. and 1.10 p.u. of nominal system voltage.

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V.

Study Approach The power flow studies were conducted based on the 2010HS base case, which includes all the physical characteristics of each element contained within the Western Area Power Administration controlled network. Elements include; transmission lines, busses, transformers, and any other components that make-up the power grid. A pictorial representation of the grid was obtained by utilizing the drawing program included in the software to create a one-line diagram of the system. After a one-line diagram of a small portion of the grid was constructed, contingency, monitoring, and subsystem files were created. The contingency file is programmed to remove one line at a time from service; this is referred to as a contingency. When the system is fully operational, it has no outages, and is referred to as system intact or (N0). When a single line is taken out of service, the case is then referred to as an (N-1) contingency. The monitoring files tell the power flow simulator which branches to be supervised during (N-1) contingencies. Finally, the subsystem file informs the power flow analysis to only look at a prescribed section, or zone, of the overall network. A sample of each file will now be given; Contingency file:
TRACE CONTINGENCY DAV_STE TRIP LINE FROM BUS 65420 TO BUS 73190 END CONTINGENCY BRU_B.C TRIP LINE FROM BUS 70005 TO BUS 73013 END . . . . END

Trace starts the program. The next line names the (N-1) contingency. The third line describes which line will be removed. The next line ends the contingency. Then the process is repeated for all (N-1) contingencies that are desired. Monitor file:
MONITOR BRANCHES IN SUBSYSTEM TOT3 MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE SUBSYSTEM TOT3 0.90 1.10 MONITOR VOLTAGE DEVIATION SUBSYSTEM TOT3 0.5 0.5 MONITOR INTERFACE TOT3 RATING 1605 MW 73009 73011 73108 73012 73108 73193 73043 99200 73179 73150 73180 73143 END

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The first line informs which subsystem (zone) to monitor. The second line sets a per unit voltage range to monitor. The third line gives a +/- deviation from the prescribed values in line two. The fourth line indicates the power rating of the subsystem. The following six lines tell exactly which branches to monitor (from bus # to bus #). The final line ends that particular zone to be monitored. This is repeated for each additional zone that may be of interest. Subsystem file:
SUBSYSTEM TOT3 BUS 70202 BUS 70209 BUS 70210 . . . . . . . . END

The first line names the subsystem and the following lines indicate which busses are to be included in the subsystem. The final line ends this file. These three files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC) to perform a power flow study of the zone in question. The ACCC produces an analysis of the power system, from which the data was compiled and shown in Table 1 of the Results section. Each overload that occurred due to a contingency in Table 1, shown in the Results section, has been manually recreated and displayed in the one-line diagrams shown in the Appendix. VI. Power flow Results Simulations were constructed and ran based on the monitored busses and branches that are shown in the Results section, in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. All of the busses and branches represent a small portion of the overall power grid that may be affected by the addition of a wind farm. Before the wind farm was added, a simulation of the original (base) system was performed to reveal any power flow problems that currently exist. This base case is shown in Table 1 in the Results section. Table 1 also shows the positive and negative influences that a 75MW or 150MW wind farm brings to the existing system. The results of the addition of a wind farm are shown in the Results section, in Table 1. The monitored element is the branch that is overloaded when a disruption of service (or contingency) occurs. For example, when the line from Ault to Laramie is taken out of service, an overload on the Archer-to-Stegall (230kV) line occurs. The base case was overloaded, meaning above 100%, before the additions were made. It was operating at 103.3% of its rated capacity. Below the percentage shows the power level at the overload. With the addition of the wind farm, the operating levels for both the 75MW and 150MW increased to 103.7% and 104.7% respectively. This

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means that the owner of the wind farm will need to make the necessary upgrades to the Archer-Stegall line, to relieve the overloads, before the wind farm can be added. See example portion of Table 1 in Figure 2. Wind Farm at 50% (75MW)
103.7% 420MVA

Monitored Element
73009 ARCHER 73190 STEGALL 230 kV 230 kV 1

Contingency
AULT_LARAMIE

Base Case
103.3% 418MVA

Wind Farm at 100 % (150MW)

104.7% 424MVA

Figure 2 Archer-Stegall example from Table 1. If an overload occurs with the addition of a wind farm, but is less than the original overload within the base case, then the addition of the wind farm actually relieves the existing problem and the owner is not responsible for any upgrades. VII. Cost for Upgrades All of the projected costs for upgrades that will be given in this section are conceptual and can fluctuate by +/- 20%. In either case, for a 75MW or 150MW wind farm, there is an initial cost of roughly $2.8 million for the construction of a new substation to connect the wind generation to the existing grid. The costs that will now be given are strictly for upgrades to the limiting components of the overloaded branches and the addition of the required substation, they do not include the cost for the wind generation plant itself. For the 150MW wind farm, four transmission lines, one transformer, and eighteen current transformers will need to be replaced, as well as the removal of one wave trap. The total cost for these upgrades is $7,860,100 and the total cost for the substation and the upgrades is about $10.6 million. Please refer to the detailed costs analysis of the upgrades in Table 4 of the Results section. For the 75MW wind farm option, one transmission line, and one transformer will need to be replaced, as well as the removal of one wave trap. The total cost for these upgrades is $3,662,200 and the total cost for the substation and the upgrades is around $6.5 million. Please refer to the detailed costs analysis of the upgrades in Table 4 of the Results section. Table 4 was constructed based on the overflows calculated in Table 1 by PSS/E. Each overload that occurred as a direct result of the addition of a wind farm was further inspected to determine the limiting component or components on that particular branch responsible for the overload. If the conductor was the limiting factor, the apparent power at the time of overload was obtained from Table 1, and the line-to-line voltage was found from our one-line diagrams. With these two pieces of data, the line current was found using the following equation: 3 Vll I = VA . After the required line current was obtained, a corresponding Aluminum Conductor Steel

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Reinforced (ACSR) cable rated for greater than the required line current was found from a list of common ACSR conductors. The costs were then found by multiplying the length of the line in miles times the cost per mile of the conductor that was chosen. Other limiting components that were found in this study were transformers, current transformers, and wave traps. Transformers and current transformers need to be replaced by a new transformer with a rating that is greater than the apparent power at the time of the overload. The prices were obtained based on a list of commonly used transformers in the Western Area Power Administration database. Wave traps are no longer used in the industry. Therefore, if a wave trap was found to be the limiting factor, it will not be upgraded, but rather removed from service. The total expenditure for the required upgrades to the existing network is the sole responsibility of the owner of the wind farm. VIII. Conclusion After performing a detailed analysis of the system impact power flow study, it has been shown that a wind generation plant can be added to the northern Colorado region with few negative impacts resulting to the existing system. The studies of the power flow models used in PSS/E have revealed that fewer stresses occur with the introduction of a 75MW wind farm, in comparison to 150MW. However, it has been requested by the owner of the wind farm to build a 150MW plant. If the owner of the wind farm decides to build a 75MW plant, it can be fully upgraded to 150MW at a later date. The substation required for a 75MW plant is suitable for upgrades to allow for a 150MW plant. Furthermore, all of the upgrades that are required for a 75MW plant would also be necessary upgrades for a 150MW plant. Therefore, if the upgrade costs were considered to be the primary issue, the owner could install a 75MW plant now to be fully operational by the expected in service date of June 2010 and the capacity could be expanded to 150MW at a later date with relative ease.

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IX.

Results

Table 1
ACCC Report Wind Farm at 50% (75MW) Wind Farm at 100 % (150MW)

Monitored Element
70470 WELD PS 70471 WELD PS 73009 ARCHER 73190 STEGALL 73020 BEAVERCK 73464 ADENA 73059 FLEMING 73478 GALIEN 73059 FLEMING 99000 CSU_WIND 73063 FRENCHCK 73080 HAXTUN 73063 FRENCHCK 73210 WAUNETA 73080 HAXTUN 99000 CSU_WIND 73179 SIDNEY 73180 SIDNEY 73191 STERLING 73478 GALIEN 73211 WELD LM 73212 WELD LM 73211 WELD LM 73212 WELD LM 115 kV 230 kV 230 kV 230 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 230 kV 115 kV 115 kV 115 kV 230 kV 115 kV 230 kV 2

Contingency
WELD_WELD

Base Case
102.4% 154MVA (1x) 103.3% 418MVA (1x)

AULT_LARAMIE

103.7% 420MVA (1x) 103.0% 115MVA (1x)

104.7% 424MVA (1x) 107.2% 120MVA (1x) 169.4% 141MVA (3x) 112.4% 146MVA (2x) 107.1% 137MVA (3x) 144.6% 122MVA (3x) 112.5% 150MVA (3x)

BEAVERCK_BRUSH

HAXTUN_CSU

HAXTUN_CSU

FLEMING_CSU

FLEMING_CSU

FLEMING_CSU 113.7% 190MVA (1x) 105.6% 176MVA (1x)

N.YUMA_SIDNEY

HAXTUN_CSU 129.3% 194MVA (1x) 130.9% 196MVA (1x)

161.3% 134MVA (3x) 128.0% 192MVA (1x)

WELD_WELD

WELD_WELD

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Table 2
Busses Utilized for N-1 Contingency Analysis
Bus # 400 450 70202 70209 70210 70240 70290 70311 70368 70469 70470 70471 70474 73003 73005 73008 73009 73011 73012 73013 73014 73015 73016 73020 73023 73031 73037 73038 73043 73046 73047 73059 73063 73065 73080 73092 73095 73096 73097 73136 Bus Name FLEMLOW CSU_LOW GODFRETP GREELEY GREELEY1 JOHNSTN MONFORT PAWNEE ROSEDALE WELD WELD PS WELD PS WINDSOR AKRON ALVIN ARCHER ARCHER AULT AULT B.CK PS B.CK PS B.CK TRI B.CK TRI BEAVERCK BIJOUTAP BRUSHTAP BUSHNELL BUSHNLTP CHEYENNE DALTON DEERINGL FLEMING FRENCHCK GARY HAXTUN JACINTO KERSEYTP KIMBALL KIOWA CK MESSEX kV 34.5 34.5 115 115 46 115 115 230 115 46 115 230 230 115 115 115 230 230 345 115 230 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 Bus # 73140 73142 73143 73147 73150 73152 73158 73165 73166 73179 73180 73183 73190 73191 73192 73193 73199 73208 73210 73211 73212 73213 73224 73305 73309 73311 73355 73370 73378 73379 73464 73478 73480 73554 73558 90400 90450 94000 94200 99000 Bus Name MYERS TP N.YUMA N.YUMA ORCHARD PEETZ PINEBLUF PROSPEC RAWHIDE REDWILLW SIDNEY SIDNEY SKYLINE STEGALL STERLING STORY STORY TIMBERLN WAGES WAUNETA WELD LM WELD LM WIGGINS WRAY EFMORGTP BARLOW FMS KIMBALLC LOSTCKTP FMN FMWEST ADENA GALIEN CROWCRK BOOMERNG WHITNEY CLR_1 CLR_1 FLEMWIND MARIAH CSU_WIND kV 115 115 230 115 115 115 115 230 115 115 230 115 230 115 230 345 230 115 115 115 230 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 0.6 0.6 115 230 115

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Table 3
Branches Monitored for Voltage Violations (System Intact & N-1)
Bus # 65420 70005 70005 70192 70198 70202 70202 70209 70209 70240 70290 70311 70311 70368 70368 70410 70410 70470 70471 70474 73003 73003 73005 73005 73005 73008 73008 73008 73008 73008 73009 73009 73009 73011 73011 73011 73011 73012 73012 73013 73014 73015 73016 73020 73143 73143 73143 From Bus DAVEJOHN BRUSHCPP BRUSHCPP FTLUPTON GILCREST GODFRETP GODFRETP GREELEY GREELEY JOHNSTN MONFORT PAWNEE PAWNEE ROSEDALE ROSEDALE ST.VRAIN ST.VRAIN WELD PS WELD PS WINDSOR AKRON AKRON ALVIN ALVIN ALVIN ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER ARCHER AULT AULT AULT AULT AULT AULT B.CK PS B.CK PS B.CK TRI B.CK TRI BEAVERCK N.YUMA N.YUMA N.YUMA kV 230 115 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 115 115 230 230 115 230 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 345 345 115 230 115 230 115 230 230 230 Bus # 73190 73013 73013 70311 70202 70209 70240 70290 70470 70470 70439 70343 73192 70439 70470 70471 70474 73211 73212 73011 73020 73372 73175 73210 73304 73043 73140 73152 73183 73480 73011 73190 94200 73165 73199 73212 73212 73108 79014 73020 73192 73020 73192 73031 73180 73192 73224 To Bus STEGALL B.CK PS B.CK PS PAWNEE GODFRETP GREELEY JOHNSTN MONFORT WELD PS WELD PS UNC QUINCY STORY UNC WELD PS WELD PS WINDSOR WELD LM WELD LM AULT BEAVERCK OTIS LM SANDHILL WAUNETA CRETESWT CHEYENNE MYERS TP PINEBLUF SKYLINE CROWCRK AULT STEGALL MARIAH RAWHIDE TIMBERLN WELD LM WELD LM LAR.RIVR CRAIG BEAVERCK STORY BEAVERCK STORY BRUSHTAP SIDNEY STORY WRAY kV 230 115 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 115 115 230 230 115 230 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 345 345 115 230 115 230 115 230 230 230 ID 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bus # 73020 73020 73020 73023 73023 73031 73037 73038 73038 73043 73043 73043 73043 73046 73046 73047 73047 73047 73047 73059 73059 73059 73063 73063 73065 73078 73080 73080 73087 73088 73092 73092 73095 73095 73096 73097 73097 73097 73098 73098 73103 73106 73107 73108 73117 73211 73305 From Bus BEAVERCK BEAVERCK BEAVERCK BIJOUTAP BIJOUTAP BRUSHTAP BUSHNELL BUSHNLTP BUSHNLTP CHEYENNE CHEYENNE CHEYENNE CHEYENNE DALTON DALTON DEERINGL DEERINGL DEERINGL DEERINGL FLEMING FLEMING FLEMING FRENCHCK FRENCHCK GARY HARMONY HAXTUN HAXTUN WESTHILL HOYT JACINTO JACINTO KERSEYTP KERSEYTP KIMBALL KIOWA CK KIOWA CK KIOWA CK KODAK KODAK L.MEADOW LAPORTE LAR.RIVR LAR.RIVR LOST CK WELD LM EFMORGTP kV 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 115 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 345 115 115 115 Bus # 73065 73136 73464 73097 73379 73305 73038 73096 73152 73077 73480 73504 99200 73179 73236 73053 73142 73230 73372 73478 94000 99000 73080 73210 73221 73199 94000 99000 73190 73464 73096 73179 73158 73554 73355 73147 73158 73213 73558 73558 73213 73165 73190 73193 73370 73558 73309 To Bus GARY MESSEX ADENA KIOWA CK FMWEST EFMORGTP BUSHNLTP KIMBALL PINEBLUF HAPPYJCK CROWCRK PONNEQUI SYTECH SIDNEY GREENWOD ECKLEY N.YUMA YUMA OTIS LM GALIEN FLEMWIND CSU_WIND HAXTUN WAUNETA WOODROW TIMBERLN FLEMWIND CSU_WIND STEGALL ADENA KIMBALL SIDNEY PROSPEC BOOMERNG KIMBALLC ORCHARD PROSPEC WIGGINS WHITNEY WHITNEY WIGGINS RAWHIDE STEGALL STORY LOSTCKTP WHITNEY BARLOW kV 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 115 115 230 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 230 345 115 115 115 ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Bus # 73150 73150 73158 73165 73165 73166 73180 73180 73183 73188 73191 73208 73211

From Bus PEETZ PEETZ PROSPEC RAWHIDE RAWHIDE REDWILLW SIDNEY SIDNEY SKYLINE STEGALDC STERLING WAGES WELD LM

kV 115 115 115 230 230 115 230 230 115 230 115 115 115

Bus # 73179 73191 73370 73199 73467 73208 73181 73190 73375 73190 73478 73210 73554

To Bus SIDNEY STERLING LOSTCKTP TIMBERLN DIXON WAGES SIDNEYDC STEGALL WARRENLM STEGALL GALIEN WAUNETA BOOMERNG

kV 115 115 115 230 230 115 230 230 115 230 115 115 115

ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bus # 73305 73305 73309 73311 73311 73433 73555 73555 79039 73136 73139 73140 73142

From Bus EFMORGTP EFMORGTP BARLOW FMS FMS WINDSORT BRACEWLL BRACEWLL HAYDEN MESSEX MYERS MYERS TP N.YUMA

kV 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 115 115 115 115

Bus # 73378 73379 73310 73377 73379 73558 73558 73558 94200 73191 73140 73154 73166

To Bus FMN FMWEST FME EXCEL FMWEST WHITNEY WHITNEY WHITNEY MARIAH STERLING MYERS TP POLE CK REDWILLW

kV 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 230 115 115 115 115

ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

Table 4
Itemized Cost for Plant Implementation
Line Cost using Single Pole Steel Osprey Bittern Transmission Lines Beavercrk to Adena Flemming to CSU Wind Frenchck to Haxton Haxton to CSU Wind Line Reconductor Beavercrk to Adena with OSPREY Flemming to CSU Wind with Bittern Frenchck to Haxton with Bittern Xaxton to CSU Wind with Bittern Total Line Reconductor Cost k/mile 126 147 Miles 15 8.625 16.2 2.875 Cost $1,890,000 $1,267,875 $2,381,400 $422,625 $5,961,900 A 690 1200 KV 115 115 115 115 Substation Cost (2) Bus Section A 653 753 753 753 Bus Tie Steel Footings Bus System Control (3) Switches (3) Breakers Site prep Transformer Total Substation Cost Single Cost 1 Bus $298,000 $359,000 $87,333 $69,000 $61,000 1 Switch $35,000 1 Breaker $72,000 $46,000 $1,258,000 $2,797,333 Multiple Cost 2 Bus Cost $596,000 3 Switches $105,000 3 Breakers $216,000 -

75MW Wave Trap Removal Transformer rated 200MVA Transformer Foundation 1% Transformer Installation 3% Line Reconductor (Beavercrk to Adena with Osprey) Total Substation Cost Total Cost

Cost $25,000 $1,680,000 $16,800 $50,400 $1,890,000 $2,797,333 $6,459,533

150MW Wave Trap Removal Transformer rated 200MVA Transformer Foundation 1% Transformer Installation 3% Total Line Reconductor Cost (12) Current Transformer 150MVA (6) Current Transformer 160MVA Total Substation Cost Total Cost

Single Cost $25,000 $1,680,000 $16,800 $50,400 $5,961,900 1 150MVA $7,000 1 160MVA $7,000 $2,797,333 $10,657,433

Multiple Cost 12 150MVA $84,000 6 160MVA $42,000 -

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X.

Appendix

Table 5
Drawing # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 One-Line Diagram Index Description No Wind Farm System Intact-(Base Case w/ no wind farm) 150MW Wind Farm System Intact (Base Case w/ 150MW) 150MW Wind Farm Ault-Larimie Outage 150MW Wind Farm Beaver Creek Brush Outage 150MW Wind Farm Haxton-CSU Outage 150MW Wind Farm Flemming-CSU Outage 150MW Wind Farm Weld-Weld Outage 75MW Wind Farm System Intact (Base Case w/ 75MW) 75MW Wind Farm Ault-Larimie Outage 75MW Wind Farm Beaver Creek-Brush Outage 75MW Wind Farm Weld-Weld Outage

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Lab Work Created Lab 1 provides an introduction to PSS/E and power flow studies. This lab explains the files used within PSS/E. Emphasizing the *.sav data file and its components. The data file is a spread sheet representation of the power system being studied. This lab describes the different tabs used in the data file and their contents. Lab 2 introduces the-one line diagram, known as a slider file in PSS/E. This lab explains the components of a one-line diagram, including buses, branches, loads, etc. A one-line diagram is a three phase power system simplified and represented graphically with single lines. Lab 3 explains how to solve for outages in the power system. This lab will focus on performing a power flow study by manually taking lines out of service to create outages, solving the system and documenting each effect an individual outage has on the power system. Lab 4 provides an introduction to the contingency file, monitor file, and the subsystem files. This lab will explain how the three files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC) feature of PSS/E to perform a power flow study on a particular zone. An introduction to a power flow study is also given in this lab. A power flow study is performed in this lab by automatically taking contingencies and viewing the overloads due to the outages. Lab 5 explains how to modify the contingency file, monitor file, and the subsystem files previously introduced. This lab introduces and explains how the Multiple AC Contingency calculation report feature of PSS/E is capable of creating a single report with the results of multiple ACCCs into one file. Lab 6 covers the introduction of a wind farm into a base case and analyzes the effects using PSS/E. A model of a wind farm based on characteristics of GE built wind turbine generators rated at 1.5 MW, 60 Hz, will be added to the base case. From this a system impact study, or power flow study can be performed and produced.

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LAB1 INTRODUCTION TO PSS/E EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to introduce PSS/E. This lab will introduce the following aspects of PSS/E: Introduction to PSS/E How to access PSS/E on campus computers Explanation of file types Explanation of tabs Introduction to PSS/E Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSS/E) is composed of a comprehensive set of programs for studies of power system transmission network and generation performance in both steady-state and dynamic conditions. Currently two primary simulations are used, one for steady-state analysis and one for dynamic simulations. PSS/E can be utilized to facilitate calculations for a variety of analyses, including: Power flow and related network functions Optimal power flow Balanced and unbalanced faults Network equivalent construction Dynamic simulation The lab manuals that will be considered throughout the duration of this course will be primarily focused on power flow, dynamic simulations will not be explained. PSS/E uses a graphical user interface that is comprised of all the functionality of state analysis; including load flow, fault analysis, optimal power flow, equivalency, and switching studies. In addition, to the steady-state and dynamic analyses, PSS/E also provides the user with a wide rage of auxiliary programs for installation, data input, output, manipulation and preparation. Furthermore, one of the most basic premises of PSS/E is that the engineer can derive the greatest benefit from computational tools by retaining intimate control over their application. Power Flow A power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (ie: reactive, real, and apparent). Power flow studies are important because they allow for planning and future expansion of existing as well as non-existing power systems. A power flow study also can be used to determine the best and most effective design of power systems.

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The PSS/E interface supports a variety of interactive facilities including: Introduction, modification and deletion of network data using a spreadsheet Creation of networks and one-line diagrams Steady-state analyses (load flow, fault analysis, optimal power flow, etc.) Presentation of steady-state analysis results Dynamics The dynamic simulation program includes all the functionality for transient, dynamic and long term stability analysis. The dynamic simulation interface is operated as a separate program, currently independent of the PSS/E interface. This can be observed when going to a PSS/E program and viewing the dynamics as a separate program. The purpose of the dynamics is to facilitate operation of all dynamic stability analytical functions. The dynamics program, in addition to supporting the dynamics activities, also continues to support the traditional load flow interface through the LOFL activity. This lab will not address dynamic simulations. How to access PSS/E on campus computers 1. Log onto your computer 2. If an access key was provided, put USB access key in USB port of computer 3. In the start menu. Go to Start Engineering Application PSSE 30.2 (Power Flow) (This step is shown below):

PSSE

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Note: The following error message will be displayed if PSS/E does not detect an access key:

Click OK. Continue clicking OK on any other error messages that may occur. PSS/E will close down and you will need to insert your access key into the USB port before attempting to open PSS/E again. 4. PSS/E initial configuration After PSS/E opens, go to the top tool bar and in the Misc drop down menu select Change program settings (OPTN)

A screen like the one below will appear.

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Now change the Startup bus dimension to 150000 and select OK. This will allow PSS/E to load a case with up to 150000 busses.

Now close out of PSS/E by clicking the in the upper right hand corner. Once PSS/E has shut down reopen it and the changes will be saved. This initialization procedure will need to be performed before starting any lab in this course. 5. Loading a *.sav file - Re-launch PSS/E (Power Flow) application In the upper left hand corner of PSS/E click the open file icon.

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Now go to the folder that the *.sav file is located and click on it.

Now click open in the lower right hand corner of the box and your *.sav file will be displayed. A sample of the screen that should be displayed is shown below:

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Note: If the startup bus dimensions are not changed and the *.sav file that you are attempting to open has more than the default 12000 busses an error message similar to the one shown below will be displayed. Click OK and make sure to follow step 4. PSS/E initial configuration above. Also Note: If PSS/E is not closed and reopened the message below will also be displayed when trying to open a *.sav file.

Explanation of file types (This section is for reference only) PSS/E uses many types of files. Here is a brief description of important file types that may be used by PSS/E: *.sav Saved case file The saved case file is a binary image of the load flow working case. To conserve disk space and minimize the time required for storage and retrieval, saved cases (*.sav) are compressed in the sense that unoccupied parts of the data structure are not stored when the system model is smaller than the capacity limits of the program. The user may create as many saved cases as desired. Each saved case is a complete power flow data set including analysis results that may be imported into PSS/E as a new base case at any time.

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*.raw Power flow raw data file (input data file) A raw file is a collection of unprocessed data. This means the file has not been altered, compressed, or manipulated in any way by the computer. Raw files are often used as data files by software programs that load and process the data. These files contain power flow system specification data for the establishment of an initial working case. Several of these files may be read when a new power flow case is being built up from subsystem data being provided by several different power companies or organizations *.sld Slider file (Single Line Diagram) This file allows for performing network analysis studies on the grid. Sliders are visual displays of the grid. It includes buses, branches, lines, loads, generators, transformers etc... All components should be color coded based on voltage flow. The slider file can also show the operational ratings (power flowing across the component relative to the capacity) of the listed components. *.txt Text file A text file (or plain text file) is a computer file which contains only ordinary textual characters with essentially no formatting. Text files are commonly used throughout PSS/E. Soft code is often needed to complete tasks. This code can be written in a *.txt file to be loaded and processed appropriately. This will become more prevalent later when using the ACCC function. *.idv Response file Comes from Unidata/UCAR, which is a Java based software framework for analyzing and visualizing geoscience data. *.idv is a response file. These files allow the user of PSS/E to automate the execution of a sequence of activities. A response file is an ordinary source file that is typed in by the user with a text editor before starting up PSS/E. *.dat Input data file PSS/E must, from time to time, accept large volumes of data from external sources. Such large volumes of data could be typed directly into the PSS/E working case using the Spreadsheet View but this could be an onerous task. Voluminous data is best assembled in an input data file independent of PSS/E before PSS/E is started up. This file may then be used as the input source for PSS/E to feed the data through the appropriate input activity into the PSS/E working case. Input data files may be obtained by reading from storage medium (i.e. CDs) or e-mail attachments from external sources (other computer installations), or by the typing and file editing facilities of the host computer. In the case of power flow and dynamics data

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input, the input data files may often be created by reading and reformatting data obtained from other computer installations. While they are not a part of the PSS/E activity structure, reformatting programs are available for translating several widely used power flow and dynamics data formats into the PSS/E input format. Explanation of tabs Once the *.sav file is opened, there are 19 tabs to choose from at the bottom of the data file (shown below). Each tab can be accessed by clicking on it. There are six tabs that will be focused on in this section:

1. Buses

All equipment information associated with each bus in the system can be obtained by accessing the buses tab. Inside the buses tab there will be several parameters that can be set or adjusted. The important parameters will be described below: Displays the number assigned to a specific bus (1 through 999997). Alphanumeric identifier assigned to bus "#". The name may be up to twelve characters. The bus name may contain any combination of blanks, uppercase letters, numbers and special characters. The bus name is twelve blanks by default. Bus base voltage; entered in kV. Bus type code: 1 - Load bus (no generator boundary condition) 2 - Generator or plant bus (either voltage regulating or fixed Mvar) 3 - Swing bus 4 - Disconnected (isolated) bus 5 Same as type 1, but located on the boundary of an area in which an equivalent is to be constructed Code = 1 by default. Bus voltage magnitude; entered in per unit, V = 1.0 by default. Bus data input is terminated with a record specifying a bus number of zero.

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2. Branches

Each ac network branch to be represented in PSS/E as a branch is introduced by reading a branch data record. The important branch data records that will be considered are: Branch "from bus" number outside brackets with bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. Branch "to bus" number outside brackets with bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. Branch resistance; entered in per unit. A value of R must be entered for each branch. Branch reactance; entered in per unit. A nonzero value of X must be entered for each branch. Total branch charging susceptance (imaginary part of admittance); entered in per unit. B = 0.0 by default. First power rating; entered in MVA. Rate A = 0.0 (bypass check for this branch) by default. Second power rating; entered in MVA. Rate B = 0.0 by default. Third power rating; entered in MVA. Rate C = 0.0 by default. Line length; entered in user-selected units. All lengths are in miles for the purposes of this lab. Branch data input is terminated with a record specifying a "from bus" number of zero.

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3. Loads

Each network bus at which load is to be represented must be specified in at least one load data record. The load tab accesses the load data record. The important parameters for the load tab are described below:

This displays the Bus Number (where the load resides) outside of the brackets and displays the bus name as well as the bus voltage in kV inside the brackets. This is a one, or two, character uppercase, nonblank, alphanumeric load identifier. It is used to distinguish among multiple loads at the same "Bus Number/Name". At buses in which there is a single load present, the ID = 1. A check mark indicates that a certain load at a "Bus Number/Name" is fully operational. If for any reason a certain load at a "Bus Number/Name" needs to be taken out of service, simply un-check that particular one and click the line above or below to make your changes final. Active power component of constant MVA load; entered in MW. Reactive power component of constant MVA load; entered in MVAR.

4. Machines

Data entered in the spreadsheet view will be entered in the load flow working case (*.sav file). The source data records may be input from a Machine Impedance Data File or from the dialog input device (console keyboard or Response File). The machines tab can be used to:

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1. Add machines at an existing generator bus (i.e., at a plant). 2. Enter the specifications of machines into the working case. 3. To divide and distribute the total plant output power limits proportionally among the machines at the plant. The important parameters for the machines tab are described below: This displays the Bus Number (where the machine is located) outside of the brackets and displays the bus name as well as the bus voltage in kV inside the brackets. This is a one, or two, character uppercase, nonblank, alphanumeric machine identifier. It is used to distinguish among multiple machines at a plant (i.e., at a generator bus). At buses in which there is a single machine present, ID = 1. A check mark indicates that a certain machine at a "Bus Number/Name" is fully operational. If for any reason a certain machine at a "Bus Number/Name" needs to be taken out of service, simply un-check that particular one and click the line above or below to make your changes final. This shows the active power that the generator is putting out; entered in MW. This shows the minimum active power that the generator can output; entered in MW. This shows the maximum active power that the generator can output; entered in MW. This shows the reactive power that the generator is putting out; entered in MVAR. This shows the minimum reactive power that the generator can output; entered in MVAR. This shows the maximum reactive power that the generator can output; entered in MVAR. 5. 2 Winding Transformer

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Each transformer to be represented in PSS/E is introduced by reading a transformer data record block. The transformer data record block can be accessed by clicking on the 2 Winding Transformer tab. The important parameters for this tab are explained below: This states the first bus number outside of the brackets with the bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. It is connected to winding one of the transformers included in the system. The transformers magnetizing admittance is modeled on winding one. Winding one is the only winding of a two-winding transformer whose tap ratio or phase shift angle may be adjusted by the power flow solution activities. No default is allowed. This states the second bus number outside of the brackets with the bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. It is connected to winding two of the transformers included in the system. No default is allowed. A check mark indicates that a certain two winding transformer between two buses is fully operational. If for any reason a transformer needs to be taken out of service, simply un-check that particular one and click the line above or below to make your changes final. The default is in service. 6. Switched Shunts

Shunts are used in the power system to improve the quality of the electrical supply and the efficient operation of the power system. There are two types of shunt compensation; shunt capacitive compensation and shunt inductive compensation. The shunt capacitive compensation is used to improve the power factor while the shunt inductive compensation is used to maintain the required voltage level, generally in the case of a very long transmission line. Switched shunts are simply shunts that have the ability to be controlled. The Switched Shunts tab in PSS/E lists all of the shunt compensation in the overall system, both capacitive and inductive, along with all of the pertinent information for the switched shunts: This displays the Bus Number outside of the brackets and displays the bus name as well as the bus voltage in kV inside the brackets. This is the bus to which the shunt is connected. This lists the bus, by number, whose voltage or connected equipment reactive power output is controlled by this switched shunt. For example, if there is a bus number other than 0 in the remote bus column then that bus number is controlled

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by the shunt. If the value is 0 the bus in the column Bus Number/Name is controlled by the shunt. This lists the high voltage limits (in per unit) or the reactive power upper limit (in per unit) of the total reactive power range of the controlled voltage controlling device of the switched shunts, depending on which control mode is selected. The control mode is an inherent characteristic of the shunt device and we wont consider it much more than that. The default for VHI is 1. This lists the low voltage limits (in per unit) or the reactive power lower limit (in per unit) of the total reactive power range of the controlled voltage controlling device of the switched shunts, depending on which control mode is selected. The default for VLO is 1. This lists the initial surge (or charge) admittance of the connected shunt (in Mvars at unity voltage). Enter a (+) for capacitance or (-) for inductance.

&

Block # Step, lists the number of steps in that block and Block # Step BSTEP (MVAR) lists the surge (or charge) admittance increment for each of the number of step for each of the number of blocks of the connected shunt (in Mvars at unity voltage). The switched shunt elements at a bus may consist entirely of reactors (each BSTEP is a negative quantity) or entirely of capacitor banks (each BSTEP is a positive quantities). In these cases, the shunt blocks are specified in the order in which they are switched on the bus. If the switched shunt devices at a bus are a mixture of reactors and capacitors, the reactor blocks are specified first in the order they are switched on, followed by the capacitor blocks in the order they are switched on.

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Questions Open the sample.sav data file to answer the following questions. 1) Go to the Busses tab. Find bus #3008. a) What is the name of this bus and its rated voltage? ___________________ b) Based on the code number, what type of bus is this? _________________ 2) Now go to the Branches tab. Find the branch that connects bus #201 to bus #207. a) What are the names of the buses that are connected and the rated voltage of the branch? _________________________ _ b) What is the rated resistance and reactance of this branch (both in per unit)? _ ______________________________________ _ 3) Now go to the Loads tab. Find load connected to bus #214 (LOADER, 230kV). a) What are the active (MW) and reactive (Mvar) components of this load? _ ______________ _ b) Based on the results from above, what is the real power and power factor of this load? _ __________________ _ 4) Now go to the Machines tab. Find generator connected to bus #402 500kV). (COGEN-2,

a) What are the maximum and minimum active power ratings of this generator (in MW)? _ _______ _ b) What are the maximum and minimum reactive power ratings of this generator (in Mvar)? _ _______ _ 5) Now go to the 2 Winding XFMR tab. Find the transformer connected to bus #204 and bus #205. a) What is the voltage rating of this transformer? ______ b) Is this transformer in service? ___________________________ _ _

6) Now go to the Switched Shunt tab. Find shunt compensator connected to bus #152 (MID500, 500kV). a) How many steps are there to the shunt compensator and what are each of their values (in Mvar)? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ b) What type of shunt compensator is this (capacitive, inductive, or mixed)? _ ____________________________________________ _

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LAB2 ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to introduce the one-line diagram, also known as the Slider file in PSS/E. This lab will introduce the following aspects: Introduction to a one-line diagram Explanation of the Slider (*.SLD) file Using the Slider file to create a one-line diagram To properly perform this lab, start PSS/E and open the sample.sav file. Refer to Lab 1 on how to do this. Introduction to one-line diagrams A one-line diagram is a simplified graphical representation of a three phase power system, used extensively in power flow studies. In power engineering, one can make the assumption that the three phases of a system are balanced and can therefore be examined as a single phase. The assumption can be made because what happens on one of the three balanced phases, theoretically, will happen to all three phases. This makes the evaluation of the system much less complicated without losing any information. Per unit is also used extensively in one-line diagrams to further simplify the process. The main components of a one-line (or single line) diagram are; Buses, Branches, Loads, Machines, 2 Winding Transformers, Switched Shunts, Reactor and Capacitor Banks. An explanation of these components will now be given: Buses

Buses are represented as a dot, circle or a thick line. The bus name (EAST500) and number (202) are given, as well as the voltage measured on the line (510.5kV and 1.021V in per unit). The final characteristic given is the angle (-26.1 degrees). The voltage is indicated by the color of the bus. In this example, red indicates 500kV. Branches

Branches are represented as a thin line. The real power P, as shown on the branch above, flows from 478MW to -473MW and the reactive power Q, flows from 89.9MVA flow to -229.4MVA. In other words, the power flows from the positive number to the negative number, and the number on top is the real power while the number on the bottom is the reactive power. The voltage is indicated by the color of the branch. In this example, red indicates 500kV.

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Loads

Loads are represented as a triangle with the ID number located inside the triangle. The real power, PLOAD, is denoted by the number on top (250MW), and the reactive power, QLOAD, is denoted by the number on bottom (100Mvar). The voltage is indicated by the color of the load. In this example, black indicates 230kV. Machines

Machines are represented as a circle with the ID number located inside the circle. The real power, PGEN, is denoted by the number on top (321.0MW), and the reactive power, QGEN, is denoted by the number on bottom (142.3RMvar). The R indicates this machine is in voltage regulation mode, and it is controlling a specific bus to a voltage set point which requires it to generate 142.3Mvar. The voltage is indicated by the color of the machine. In this example, red indicates 500kV. Two Winding Transformers

Two winding transformers are represented as two separate windings with a gap separating them. The arrow pointing in at the connection reflects the primary side of the transformer. In this example, the primary voltage (1.0000V in per unit), is given on the primary side of the transformer and the secondary voltage (1.0000V in per unit), is given on the secondary side of the transformer. The voltage is indicated by the color of the transformer and is dictated by the primary side voltage. In this example, purple indicates 21.6kV. Switched Shunts or Switched shunts are represented as either a capacitor or an inductor at the end of a line. The SW shown on top (or on the left if the shunt is shown vertical) indicates that this unit is a switched shunt compensator. If you see these symbols with a number in place of the SW, that particular device is a permanently installed reactor or capacitor bank (see below). The number on bottom (or on the right if the shunt is shown vertical) indicates the initial reactive charge admittance, BINIT (253.8Mvar or -599.6Mvar). The voltage is indicated by the color of the shunt. In this example, red indicates 500kV. Reactor Bank

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Reactor banks are represented as an inductor at the end of a line. The number on top (or on the left if the reactor is shown vertical) indicates the real charge admittance, GSHUNT, of the line (3.6MW). If you see a SW instead of a number, you are looking at a switched shunt compensator (see above). The number on bottom (or on the right if the reactor is shown vertical) indicates the reactive charge admittance, BSHUNT, of the line (490.0Mvar). The voltage is indicated by the color of the reactor. In this example, red indicates 500kV. Capacitor Bank

Capacitor banks are represented as a capacitor at the end of a line. The number on top (or on the left if the capacitor is shown vertical) indicates the real charge admittance, GSHUNT, of the line (0.0MW). If you see a SW instead of a number, you are looking at a switched shunt compensator (see above). The number on bottom (or on the right if the capacitor is shown vertical) indicates the reactive charge admittance, BSHUNT, of the line (-1080.0Mvar). The voltage is indicated by the color of the capacitor.

The Slider File

As described in the previous lab, the Slider (*.SLD) file is a file that contains the one-line diagram. As can be see from the figure above, the one-line diagram can get pretty complicated.

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To simplify matters, all the physical data related to each element shown in the one-line diagram is linked to the data file (*.SAV). This way, a simple thin line represents all of the data located in the branch tab. All of this data is interconnected and linked so as to perform power flow analyses. Once a one-line diagram is created, it can be saved as a Slider (*.SLD) file. The Slider file can be amended and updated as necessary, as long as the amendments and updates correspond with the *.SAV file, since the two files are intertwined. Another advantage of the Slider file is that one can view the power flow and the operating levels of a branch. This allows a Power Engineer to quickly see potential trouble spots in a power system and correct them before problems occur. The process of performing a power flow analysis is the main objective of these labs. Using the Slider file to create a one-line diagram As mentioned above, in order to properly perform this lab, PSS/E needs to be running and the data file sample.sav opened. Refer back to Lab 1 if problems arise in doing this. Now go ahead and load a new file and get some buses drawn! Load new slider (file new diagram) I. II. III. First we need to load a file, and to accomplish this please do the following. Open PSS/E (it is shown on the previous lab) Go to file, and click new as shown:

IV.

After clicking new you will see the following:

V.

Select Diagram and click OK. A new diagram will be opened. This is where the future drawing will be constructed.

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VI.

The color code for analyzing the one-line diagram will need to be programmed to distinguish the various voltage ratings for all the different components that the system consists of. This is done by selecting Diagram Annotation).

This will display the Powerflow Data Annotation window. Select the Diagram Range Checking tab shown below:

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Check Use voltage level thresholds. The voltage level thresholds with their corresponding colors can now be set. Set all values and colors to match the following window.

Click on the color bar to set the width and color of the voltage level threshold. Click on the width drop down outlined in red to select the line pixel width. Click the color box outlined in red to select the color of the line. Click OK to return to the Power flow Data Annotation window.

(Threshold voltages from left to right: 12.47, 34.5, 69, 115, 138, 230, 345) (Colors from left to right: dark green, black, blue, bright green, yellow, orange, red, purple) (Widths from left to right: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4) Note: all other values should be default Click OK to close window and return to blank diagram.

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VII.

A bus can be imported from the data (*.sav) file into the diagram. To do this select Auto Draw (located on the tool bar) as shown below:

Click on an open space in the blank diagram and the following window will be displayed:

Next click select in the Select Bus window, or type the desired bus number, which comes from the *.sav file. (in this case, bus number 102 comes from the sample.sav file);

Click OK to return to the select bus window, which will show the bus selected.

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Click OK. Note: As previously mentioned the bus can also be manually typed in to skip the bus selection window. Note: If a bus number is not in the *.sav data file the following error message will be displayed:

Click OK and enter bus number 102 from the data file. Bus number 102 and all devices that are directly connected to it will now be displayed as shown below:

Click cancel to close out of the Select Bus window. Select the pointer from the tool bar to exit out of the auto draw function.

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***If needed, the toggle bus symbol feature can be applied to display buses as dots, circles, or lines. This is done by selecting a component by left clicking on it (the selected component will have a black square on each corner), and then right click on the bus symbol and selecting Toggle bus symbol. Different bus symbols shown below; Dot: Circle: Line:

***For all purposes of this lab the line bus symbol will be used.

VIII. **IMPORTANT: The data file (*.sav) and slider (*.sld) diagram are interconnected, therefore deleting a bound item from a diagram removes it from the *.sav data file and will result in analysis corruption. This means that if a change is made to either of the files the other will be affected. To avoid possible corruption of the data file, the bind items feature should be turned off. This is done by right clicking on a bus and clicking on bind items as shown below:

IX.

Once the bind items have been unselected, it is safe to grow a small section of the data file into a one-line diagram. This is done by right clicking on a bus and selecting Grow.

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X.

Try to grow out bus number 151. This will display all the elements connected to bus number 151. The following will be produced:

Notice how PSS/E automatically places the buses and branches in no particular layout. To allow for a legible display, manipulation to the above diagram is required. After growing out a bus, all the elements associated with the grow command will be selected. Click on a white space off the drawing to deselect the grown items. Now it is possible to rearrange the drawing by selecting a bus and dragging it to the desired location. XI. Try to rearrange the one-line diagram so that no wires or ratings are overlapping. In other words, make the diagram clean; meaning easy to read and understand. Notice how much clearer the diagram below is.

***If needed, a knee can be used to bend and manipulate a transmission line.

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To bend a line, insert a knee point. This is done by selecting Knee Point from the tool bar and then clicking on the line where the knee is desired. Multiple knees on a line may be necessary in order to have more control of the design of the layout. Once the knee is placed the line can be bent to any angle by grabbing and dragging the point. An example of a line with two knees in it is shown below:

XII.

After a clean layout has been achieved the system is ready to be solved. Solving a system allows PSS/E to make all the necessary calculations used in a power flow analysis. This can be done by clicking on the solve icon on the toolbar.

The following window will be displayed: Configure the Loadflow solutions window to match the one displayed. This could include selecting the Lock all radial button under Switched shunt adjustments and uncheck Adjust DC taps.

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Click on solve and PSS/E will solve the system and store the results in the progress window. XIII. After the system has been solved, the loading percentages can be displayed by clicking the current loadings icon on the tool bar. The following will be displayed:

XIV. Once the system has been solved, the Flow animation can be displayed by clicking the animate flows icon on the tool bar. The following will be displayed:

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Questions The sample.sav data file must be open to perform this section of the lab. First, build out a one-line diagram to include the follow ten buses: 101 102 151 152 153 201 202 3004 3021 3022 NUC-A NUC-B NUCPLANT MID500 MID230 HYDRO EAST500 WEST WDUM EDUM

Solve for the system. Display the current loading percentages and the power flow animation. Print out the one-line diagram and include it in the report. Save the one-line diagram as lab2.sld, this will be needed for future labs. Using the one-line diagram, and answer the following questions to include in the report. Turn off the loading percentages and the power flow animation for clarity. Make sure that the system has been solved. 1) Looking at Bus #152 (MID500), what is the PLOAD and QLOAD of the load connected to this bus? _______________________________________________ Find the two generators in this system. Which buses are they connected to? What is the PGEN and QGEN of the two generators? ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ How many switched shunts are in this system? ____________________________ How many reactor banks are in this system? ______________________________ How many capacitor banks are in this system? ____________________________ Looking at Bus #153 (MID230), what is the actual voltage of the bus and per unit voltage? __________________________________________ what is the

2)

3)

4)

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LAB3 SOLVING FOR OUTAGES EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to introduce how to solve for outages in the power system. This lab will focus on performing a power flow study by manually creating outages, solving the system and recording the effects of the individual outages. This lab will introduce the following aspects: Loading a Slider file (*.sld) Interpreting a power flow analysis Creating an outage Solving for outages To properly perform this lab, start PSS/E and open the sample.sav file. Refer to Lab 1 on how to do this. Loading a slider file (*.sld) After the sample.sav file is displayed, select open on the toolbar.

The open dialog box will be displayed, and will automatically narrow the search to *.sav file types. To load a slider (*.sld) file, simply change the file type to a Slider Binary File (*.sld) and select the slider file created in Lab 2.

The slider file created in lab 2 should be displayed on the screen and should be similar to the figure shown below: If the data on the branches is grayed out, the system needs to be solved. PSS/E grays out the data to let the user know that the system needs to be solved. Simply solve the system as shown in Lab 2.

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Interpreting a power flow analysis With the slider file open and the system solved, display the current loading percentages. This process was explained in Lab 2. Once the current loadings are displayed and the system is solved the slider will be similar to the one below:

PSS/E automatically displays the current Creating and solving for outages Now take one line at the time, solve it, and display it with current loadings. Go ahead right click on the desired bus/line, from which you will see the following menu.

This view makes it possible to pinpoint where possible overloads and/or problems may exist in the system. By inspecting the branch between Bus #151 (NUCPLANT) and Bus #201 (HYDRO), it can be seen that this branch is operating at 50% of its rated capacity. Looking at the branch between Bus#152 (MID500) and Bus #3021 (WDUM), it can be seen that the branch is operating at 127% of its rated capacity. Overloaded percentages are shown in dark red. This

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is because the branch is running much higher than its rated capacity and requires immediate attention to avoid permanent damage to the branch and/or the equipment. At the end of this lab, a results table is provided. Fill out the first row, labeled No Outages, with the current ratings of each branch from the figure above. Creating an outage It is important to see how the system is reacting in its base case with everything fully functional. However, it is necessary to investigate how the system will react if an outage occurs. To do this, it is necessary to deliberately take a bus, branch or piece of equipment out of service and investigate its impact on the rest of the system. In order to switch out a bus, branch or piece of equipment, select the item to be switched out by right clicking on the device and selecting Switch from the menu box as shown in the image below: **REMEMBER: The data file (*.sav) and slider (*.sld) diagram are interconnected, therefore deleting a bound item from a diagram removes it from the *.sav data file and will result in analysis corruption. This means that if a change is made to either of the files the other will be affected. To avoid possible corruption of the data file, the bind items feature should be turned off. This is done by right clicking on a bus and clicking on bind items.

Now switch Bus #101 (NUCA) out of service.

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Notice when a device is switched out of service it turns into dotted lines and the one-line diagram is grayed out. The dotted lines indicate that the items are not in service and when the system has been grayed out it has been changed and needs to be solved again.

Now solve the system. Record the current ratings for each branch in the second row, marked 101 NUC-A in the table provided at the end of this lab.

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In order to switch an item back into service, left click the switched out item to select it, right click and select Switch just as before. Now, switch Bus #101 (NUC-A) back on and solve the system. Everything should look as it did before the bus was switched out.

Next, switch Bus #102 (NUC-B) out of service and solve the system.

Record all of the current ratings in the appropriate row of the results table and then switch the bus back into service. Repeat this for each bus in the system and record all of the ratings in the Results Table.

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Note: When some buses are switched out, you will receive the following error message.

Click OK and switch the device back into service. Fill in the corresponding row in the results table with N/A for each column on each of the buses that display this message upon being switched out. This is because; there can be multiple islands each of which contains a system swing bus, with DC links connecting them. PSS/E performs the required bus type code and branch status flag changes to disconnect all buses that were listed as not tied back to a swing bus. Any in service dc lines connected to such buses are blocked. Any in-service series FACTS devices connected to such buses are placed out-of-service. This process is repeated for each island.

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Questions The sample.sav data file as well as the lab2.sld slider file must be open to perform this section of the lab. As was mentioned before, this process can be done on branches and equipment as well as on buses. With all buses switched on and the system solved for, select the generator connected to Bus #101 (NUC-A), switch it out and solve for the system. 1) What is the difference between just switching out the generator and switching out bus #101? __________ _____ ____ Why is this? ________ _ __

Switch the generator back on and solve for the system. Now, switch off the branch between Bus #151 and #201 and solve the system. You might need to remove the current rating boxes to do this, just turn them back on once the branch is switched off. 2) What is the difference between just switching out the branch and switching out bus #201? __ ________ _____ ____ Why is this? ________ _ __

Now switch the branch back on and switch off the transformer between Bus #152 and #153 and solve. 3) What is the difference between just switching out the transformer and switching out bus Why is #153? __________ ____ ____ this? ________ _ __

Now switch the transformer back on and switch off the load connected to Bus #153 and solve. 4) What is the difference between just switching out the load and switching out bus #153? ____ ______ ____ ____ Why is this? ________ _ __

Now switch the load back on and switch off the load connected to Bus #152 and solve. 5) What is the difference between just switching out this load and switching out the load Why is connected to bus #153? ____ _____ _ ___ there such a large increase of power flow on the branch between bus #152 and #153? ________ _ _ Looking at the table you have completed, which bus being switched out had the most negative impact on the system? ____ ____ ____ What would indicate this? ____ __ __ __ Which bus being switched out had the least negative impact on the system? _ _ ____ _ _ What would indicate this? ____ __ __ __

6)

7)

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Answer these questions and display the results in the table given below.

Results Table
BRANCHES / OUTAGES NO OUTAGES 101 NUC-A 102 NUC-B 151 NUCPLANT 152 MID500 153 MID230 201 HYDRO 202 EAST500 3004 WEST 3021 WDUM 3022 EDUM 101 151 GEN 101 102 151 GEN 102 151 152 151 152 151 201 152 153 152 202 152 3004 152 3021 152 3022

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LAB4 CREATE AC CONTINGENCY CALCULATION REPORT EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to introduce the contingency file, monitor file, and the subsystem files. This lab will explain how the three files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC) feature of PSS/E to perform a power flow study on a particular zone. This lab will introduce the following aspects: Introduction to power flow study Contingency file (*.con) Monitor file (*.mon) Subsystem file (*.sub) ACCC Using the *.con, *.mon, and *.sub to create an ACCC report To properly perform this lab, start PSS/E and open the sample.sav file. Refer to Lab 1 on how to do this. Introduction to power flow study The power flow study that will be conducted in this lab will be based on the sample.sav file. The base case, or system intact, is a fully operational system in which everything is working the way it was intended to. However, in a real world scenario the system is not always functioning within its operating limits. In addition, if a change to the system is required, it is desired to have a way to predict the positive and negative effects that may arise with the change. In lab 3, lines were manually switched out of service to simulate how the grid reacts due to the contingency. The slider file that was manipulated is just a piece of the whole system. It would be very hard to grow the whole system into a slider file to see all the overloads that may occur when a contingency is taken. This lab will explain how to automatically take contingencies and view all the overloads due to the outages. Contingency file (*.con) The contingency file is programmed to remove equipment, one piece at a time from service; this is referred to as a contingency. When the system is fully operational, it has no outages, and is referred to as system intact or (N-0). When a single line is taken out of service, the case is then referred to as an (N-1). The easiest way to program how to do this is to see a portion of the code used in the *.con file and understand what everything does. Here is a portion of a contingency file.
COM COM Contingency Description File for SAMPLE Study, Outages COM TRACE CONTINGENCY NUC-MD5 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 151 TO BUS 152 END CONTINGENCY NUC-HYDR TRIP LINE FROM BUS 151 TO BUS 201 END END

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Trace starts the program. The next line names the (N-1) contingency. The third line describes which line will be removed. The next line ends the contingency. Then the process is repeated for all (N-1) contingencies that are desired. Monitor file (*.mon) The monitor file tells the power flow simulator which branches to be supervised during the (N-1) contingencies. A sample of the monitor file will now be given:
COM COM Monitored Element Description File for SAMPLE Study, Outage COM MONITOR BRANCHES IN SUBSYSTEM OVERAL MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE SUBSYSTEM OVERAL 0.90 1.10 MONITOR VOLTAGE DEVIATION SUBSYSTEM OVERAL 0.5 0.5 MONITOR INTERFACE ZONE6H RATING 500 MW 152 3004 3002 3004 END END

The first line after the comments informs which branches to monitor in the subsystem named OVERAL. The second line sets a per unit voltage range for that subsystem. The third line gives a +/- deviation from the prescribed values in line two. The fourth line indicates the power rating for a defined set of lines. The following two lines tell exactly which branches to monitor (from bus # to bus #). The first END ends that particular zone to be monitored. This is repeated for each additional zone that may be of interest, and this file is completed with a final END to stop the monitor file. Subsystem file (*.sub) The subsystem file informs the power flow analysis to only look at a prescribed section, or zone, of the overall network. A sample of the subsystem file will now be given:
COM COM System discription file for SAMPLE FLOW STUDY COM SUBSYSTEM OVERAL BUS 101 BUS 102 BUS 151 BUS 152 BUS 153 BUS 154 BUS 155 END END

The first line after the comments names the subsystem OVERAL as indicated in the monitor file. The seven bus number lines indicate which busses are to be included in the subsystem. The first end stops the subsystem and the final end concludes the file.

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ACCC The contingency, monitor, and subsystem files are utilized by the AC Contingency Calculation (ACCC) feature of PSS/E to perform a power flow study on a prescribed zone. The ACCC produces an analysis of the power system. Using the *.con, *.mon, and *.sub to create an ACCC report For the purpose of this lab a sample.con, sample.mon and sample.sub file are provided as examples to perform an ACCC analysis. Start PSS/E and load the sample.sav file. To perform an ACCC analysis click on the Power Flow drop down menu and select Solution AC contingency solution (ACCC).

The AC Contingency Solution window will be displayed:

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A Distribution Factor Data File (DFAX) needs to be created by loading the provided sample.con, sample.mon and sample.sub files. Click on the Create DFAX button, and the Build Distribution Factor Data File window will be displayed:

Click on the three dots sample.sub file.

next to the Subsystem description data text field to load the

Locate the directory containing the sample files to select the Sample.sub file and click Open. The sample.sub file will be loaded in the Subsystem description data text field in the Build Distribution Factor Data File window.

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Next, click on the three dots sample.mon file.

next to the Monitored element data text field to load the

Select the Sample.mon file and click Open. The sample.mon file will be loaded in the Subsystem description data text field in the Build Distribution Factor Data File window. Now, click on the three dots the sample.con file. next to the Contingency description data text field to load

Select the Sample.con file and click Open. The sample.con file will be loaded in the Subsystem description data text field.

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Next, a location for the DFAX output file needs to be assigned. This is done by clicking on the three dots next to the Distribution factor data output file text field.

Select the File name text field, type sample.dfx to name the DFAX output file, and click Open. This will create the output file in the directory listed in the window and can be created in a different directory if needed. The sample.dfx file will be loaded in the Distribution factor data output file text field in the Build Distribution Factor Data File window. The Build Distribution Factor Data File window will look like the one below after all the sample files and Distribution factor data output file have been specified.

Click OK to return to the AC Contingency Solutions window, with the sample.dfx file loaded in the Distribution factor data output file text field.

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Finally, a location for the ACCC output file needs to be assigned. This is done by clicking on the three dots next to the Contingency output file text field.

Select the File name text field, type sample.acc to name the ACCC output file, and click Open. This will create the output file in the directory listed in the window and can be created in a different directory if needed. The sample.acc file will be loaded in the Contingency output file text field in the AC Contingency Solution window as shown below:

Click Solve to solve the system with the loaded sample files.

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Now, click Reports to load the AC Contingency Reports window:

Leave everything set to the default values and click the Go button to run the ACCC report. Click close to exit the AC Contingency Reports window, click close again to exit the AC Contingency Solutions and return to the terminal window. Click on the report tab to view the completed ACCC Report.

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The monitored branch section shows all the branches that were overload due to a contingency. The contingency section shows which branch was automatically taken out of service by the ACCC, which resulted in an overload. The base case contingencies show the system intact overloads before any branches were removed from service. Scroll to the right on the report window to view the rating of the line in MWs, the power flow of the line in MWs, and the percent overload. At the bottom of the report the Monitored voltage report & Contingency legend can be seen, but is not of significant importance for this lab.

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Questions The sample.sav data file must be open to perform this section of the lab. Using the sample.con contingency file, the sample.mon monitor file and the sample.sub subsystem file that have been provided, create a sample.dfx DFAX and a sample.acc AC contingency file. Solve the system with the loaded sample files and run the ACCC report as shown above. View the report generated by PSS/E and print out the report, this print out will need to be included in the lab report. It will also be helpful in answering the following questions. 1) Which six branches suffer from overloads during the BASE CASE contingency and ______________ ________ what is their percentage of overload? _ ______________ _____ _ Looking at the NUC-HYDRO contingency, which branches suffer from overloads that did not suffer from overloads during the Base Case, and what is their percentage of overload? _________ _ ____ __ ____ Of the branches suffering from overloads during the Base Case, which one(s) got worse during this contingency, and by how much? ________ __ ____ __ ____ Did any of these branches actually see a reduction in overload, if so, which ones and by how __ much were they reduced? ________ ____ __ ____ Which of the contingencies created the highest number of overloaded branches? ___ ____ __ __ _ ____ Which branch was taken out of commission in this contingency? __ __ __ __ __ Find the DNTN-CAD contingency. What is the rating of the branch between bus #202 and #203 (in MW) and what is the actual power flow (in MW) on this branch? __ __ __ What is the rating of the branch between bus #204 and #205 (in MW) and _ what is the actual power flow (in MW) on this branch? _ __ _ _ Assuming a power factor of 0.9, how much actual power (in MVA) must the power _ company provide to each of these branches? _ __ _ How much actual power (in MVA) must the power company provide to each of these branches if the power factor was at 0.8, just 10% lower? _ _ _ _

2)

3)

4)

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LAB5 MULTIPLE ACCC REPORT EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to gain an understanding of how to modify the contingency file, monitor file, and the subsystem files previously introduced in lab 4. This lab will explain how the Multiple AC Contingency calculation report feature of PSS/E creates a single report with multiple ACCCs into one file. This lab will introduce the following aspects: Modify contingency file (*.con) Modify monitor file (*.mon) Modify subsystem file (*.sub) ACCC Multiple AC contingency calculation report To properly perform this lab, start PSS/E and open the sample.sav file. Refer to Lab 1 on how to do this.

Open the sample.sld slider file included with PSS/E.

Make sure to select Slider Binary File (*.sld) file in the Files of type: drop down menu.

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The sample.sld slider file provided is shown below:

This slider file illustrates the sample grid broken up into 9 zones. The zones are shown within the dotted lines. From this point a *.con, *.mon and *.sub file need to be created for each zone to create an ACCC output file for that zone. The ACCC output files can then be implemented in a multiple AC contingency calculation report. The *.con, *.mon and *.sub files were explained in lab 4, and can be referred to if needed. These files are created and edited in notepad then saved as their specified file types. Open a blank notepad document

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Complete the specific *.con, *.mon & *.sub files. The Zone6.con file is provided as an example.

The Zone6.con file is completed and ready to be saved.

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Select All Files in the Save as type drop down menu, type in the name of the specific file and click save. Examples of Zone6.con, zone6.mon and zone6.sub files are created in notepad, and provided. Note: In order to edit *.con, *.mon and *.sub files notepad needs to be associated to the file types.

Double click on the *.con, *.mon or *.sub file, choose the Select the program from a list radial button and click OK. The Open With window is displayed.

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Scroll down and select Notepad from the list of programs. Next, check the box next to Always use the selected program to open this kind of file and click OK. This will allow *.con, *.mon and *.sub files to be opened and edited in notepad by double clicking the files. Modify contingency file (*.con) Create the Zone#.con in notepad and save it. The Zone6.con file can be copied into notepad, edited and saved to the specific zone file as needed to help with the editing process. The zone6.con file is provided below as an example.
COM COM Contingency Description File for ZONE6 Study, Outages COM TRACE CONTINGENCY MD5-WMN TRIP LINE FROM BUS 152 TO BUS 3004 END CONTINGENCY MINE-SMN TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3001 TO BUS 3003 END CONTINGENCY EMN-WMN TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3002 TO BUS 3004 END CONTINGENCY SMN-WEST TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3003 TO BUS 3005

END END Modify monitor file (*.mon) Create the Zone#.mon in notepad and save it. The Zone6.mon file can be copied into notepad, edited and saved to the specific zone file as needed to help with the editing process. Notice in Zone6 there are two different monitor interfaces provided (listed as ZONE6H for the 500MW rating and ZONE6L for the 230MW rating) that will need to be edited or removed based on the ratings for different zones. The zone6.mon file is provided below as an example.
COM COM Monitored Element Description File for ZONE6 Study, Outage COM MONITOR BRANCHES IN SUBSYSTEM ZONE6 MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE SUBSYSTEM ZONE6 0.90 1.10 MONITOR VOLTAGE DEVIATION SUBSYSTEM ZONE6 0.5 0.5 MONITOR INTERFACE ZONE6H RATING 500 MW 152 3004 3002 3004 END MONITOR INTERFACE ZONE6L RATING 230 MW 3001 3003 3003 3005 END END

The monitor interface ratings are taken from the branches tab of the sample.sav data file as shown below:

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Modify subsystem file (*.sub) Create the Zone#.sub in notepad and save it. The Zone6.sub file can be copied into notepad, edited and saved to the specific zone file as needed to help with the editing process. The zone6.sub file is provided below as an example.
COM COM System discription file for ZONE6 FLOW STUDY COM SUBSYSTEM ZONE6 BUS 3001 BUS 3002 BUS 3003 BUS 3004 BUS 3011 END END

The buses tab below shows the zone Number/Name that each particular bus belongs too:

ACCC An ACCC needs to be created for each zone. This is done after the *.con, *.mon and *.sub files for each zone are made. These are used to create the zone#.acc files required for the multiple AC contingency calculation report. The ACCC function of PSS/E was covered in lab 4 and should be referred to as needed. An example of what should be included when creating the Zone6.dfx file and Zone6.acc file is provided below:

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Click the Solve button to create the Zone#.acc output file. Note: This process will need to be repeated for all 9 zones that are displayed in the sample.sld slider file. Multiple AC Contingency calculation report The multiple AC contingency calculation report utilizes the Zone#.acc output files created with the ACCC feature of PSS/E. A report is generated which includes the information from all the Zone#.acc files that are used. This is a very powerful tool when side by side study comparisons are needed.

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Once all of the Zone#.acc files have been created, the multiple AC contingency calculation report feature of PSS/E can be utilized. This is done by clicking on the Power Flow drop down menu and selecting Reports Multiple AC Contingency calculation report as shown:

The AC Multiple Contingency Run Report window will be displayed:

Click on the three dots next to the text field at the bottom of the window, and load each Zone#.acc output file one at a time.

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After all nine zones have been loaded; Click the Go button to produce the multiple contingency report in the terminal window. Click the Close button to close the AC Multiple Contingency run report window and return to the terminal window. Click on the Report tab to view the multiple AC contingency calculation report.

This report contains a lot of important information, however it is not all needed for this lab. Scroll up to the AC CONTINGENCY REPORT FOR 9 AC CONTINGENCY CALCULATION RUNS section on pages 8 and 9 of the report to view the table produced above. The monitored element section shows all the branches that were overload due to a contingency. Label shows which branch was automatically taken out of service by the ACCC, which resulted in an overload. Zones are categorized vertically and display the overload percentage on the monitored element. All 9 zones can be viewed by scrolling to the right and each monitored element can be viewed by scrolling down.

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Questions The sample.sav data file as well as the sample.sld slider file must be open to perform this section of the lab. Inspect the sample.sld slider file and note which buses are included in which zone. Also note which of the branches without transformers are contained within, or originate from, each zone. This information will be used to create zone#.con, zone#.mon and zone#.sub files for each of the nine zones. Zone 6 was given as an example in this lab. Compare this example to what can be seen from the slider file. Notice that the subsystem file contains only the buses contained within Zone 6. Also notice that the contingency file contains all of the branches that are not connected to a transformer that are either contained within or originate from Zone 6. In particular, notice how the monitor file creates an interface for each of the different power ratings of the branches contained in the contingency file. Please note that when a redundant line occurs (multiple branches between the same two buses), the connection between those two buses is only listed once. This is exactly how the rest of the files will look for each zone, except for with the appropriate buses and branches. A Multi-ACCC report will now be created. Create a contingency, a monitor and a subsystem file for Zone 1 through Zone 9. There will be a total of 27 files created. Refer to Lab 4 if you have difficulties. Create an ACCC and a DFAX file for Zone 1 through Zone 9. There will be a total of 18 files created. Refer to Lab 4 if you have difficulties. Create a Multi-ACCC report by loading all nine *.acc file that were created. This process is laid out in detail earlier in this lab. Print out this report and include it in the lab write-up. All the information that this lab will focusing on will be in the AC CONTINGENCY REPORT FOR 9 AC CONTINGENCY CALCULATION RUNS section on pages 8 and 9. Just pages 8 and 9 can be printed by simply highlighting those pages and right-clicking the mouse to bring up the sub-menu and selecting print. This will only print the highlighted region and will save a few pages of unnecessary printing. Also, these reports tend to print nicer if they are printed in landscape mode. Use the printed report to answer the following questions. Review the tables that were created on page 8 and page 9. The table on page 8 shows all of the overloads that occur in the Base Case contingency. The table on page 9 shows all of the overloads that occur, or greater overloads then that occurred in the Base Case condition, in each of the contingencies. 1) Which zone contains the most overloads during the Base Case contingency? __________ Which zone contains the most overloads during the other contingencies? ___ ___ 2) Which branch suffered from the largest overload (compared to the Base Case) and what is the overload? _______ __ During what contingency did this occur (which branch was taken out)? __________

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3) What happens to the branch connecting the buses SUB500 and SUB230 when the branch between bus #154 and bus #205 is taken out of service? __________ 4) Which contingency causes the branch between MINE_G and 3WNDSTST1 to see an increase in the overage caused during Base Case? _________ _ How much of an increase occurred? _________ _ Were there any other overloads that occurred under this contingency? ______ ___ To which branch did this occur? _________ _ How much was the overload? ___ ______

Answer these questions and include the printed section of the Multi-ACCC report with your lab write-up.

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LAB6 ADDITION OF GENERATION EE461: POWER SYSTEMS COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to introduce a wind farm into a base case and analyze the effects using PSS/E. Introduction to Power Flow Study Load Slider File Adding New Buses Addition of Transformer Addition of Wind Generation Multi ACCC Report To properly perform this lab, start PSS/E and open the sample.sav file. Refer to Lab 1 on how to do this. Introduction to Power Flow Study As in previous labs, the base case used for this power flow study is the sample.sav data file. A portion of this system will be visually represented by a slider file. A model of a wind farm based on characteristics of GE built wind turbine generators rated at 1.5 MW, 60 Hz, can be added to this case. From this a system impact study, or power flow study can be performed. Load Slider File For this lab, load the sample.sld slider file, and use save as to save the sample.sld as sample1.sld. This will prevent the original sample.sld file from being corrupted during the process of this lab. Perform the same process to save the sample.sav data file as sample1.sav. Locate bus 154; this bus represents a central bus with a number of loads at a base 230 kV rating. Spread out the branches and the other buses to better view the diagram and ratings, like in the diagram below:

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This will make more space for the addition of the wind generation. *NOTE: ITEMS ARE BOUND. SO WHEN MAKING A CHANGE TO A SLIDER, THAT CHANGE IS MADE IN THE CASE. IF THIS CHANGE IS UNDESIRED, RIGHT CLICK AND UNCHECK BIND ITEMS. Adding New Buses A new bus can be added between two existing buses by using the Tap line feature. To do this, select the branch between buses 153 and 154 by left clicking it as shown in the following diagram:

Two circles will appear at either end. Now right click on the branch and scroll down and select Tap line.

The following window will appear.

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Choose 75% for bus location as percent of line. This will tap the line 75% away from Bus 153 and 25% away from Bus 154. Choose a new bus number over 90000. This is done to distinguish between buses added for a study and those with lower bus numbers originally in the case. Name the bus; in this case, it has been named CSU. The base kV should automatically say 230. If not, type in 230, and click OK. The new bus should now appear in the diagram as shown below:

Notice that on the left side all the values are gray. This means that the file needs to be solved. Solve the case. After solving the case the values will darken as shown on the right in the figure above. Next, add another bus by clicking on the Sizable Busbar button in the tools menu.

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When the cursor is moved over the diagram, a star will appear as in the picture below. Click on an area near buses 153 and 154. A new bus will appear. Then, click on Select in toolbar to get rid of the star. If the diagram is maximized, double click on the new bus and it will locate the new bus in the sample1.sav data file.

Double click on the new bus or go to the buses tab in the sample1.sav data file, and a new line will appear with the new busses information. Click in the Bus Name field and, rename it to CSU_ LOW. Then click in the Base kV field, and set it to 34.5. This is a typical value for wind generation. After making these changes, make sure to click off of that line to make the updates active. Bus CSU_LOW from the data file can be seen in the figure below: Addition of Transformer

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To add a transformer between two buses, Click on the 2-Winding Transformer button.

When the cursor is over the diagram, a cross will appear. When moved over a bus, a familiar circle will appear. Click on the CSU bus when the circle is present then stretch the cursor over to the CSU_LOW bus and click on it. A dotted line will show up while doing this. In this case, a transformer will be added between CSU and CSU_LOW.

With the new transformer in place on the slider diagram, go to the 2-winding transformer tab in the data file and find the new transformer that was just added. In the Rate A slot, change the rating from 0.0 to 25.0 MVA.

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Addition of Wind Generation On the toolbar, select Run Automation File. Or, select I/O Control file. Run program Automation

For file type, select IPLAN File (*.irf). Select the gewinda.IRF file provided and click open.

The following window will appear.

Click OK.

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The next window will ask to select the model of turbines to use. Select 1. GE1.5 MW, 60 Hz.

Click OK. The next window will ask for a *.dat file. Select collector_1buses.dat and click open.

The next window will ask how would you like to dispatch the units? Type 2 into the command line and click OK.

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For the next window, type 30.0 for 30%, click OK. This is a typical output for wind generation.

In the next window, type 2 for voltage control mode and click OK.

Next, type 1.05 and click OK.

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Another window will open asking for a *.dat file. Select the ge15f60a file provided and click open.

Next, select the ge15f50_ddispatch_vcontrol.dyr file provided and click open.

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After the ge15f50_ddispatch_vcontrol.dyr file is opened, the case should have the addition of the wind farm. Its possible that a few windows will appear asking for more parameters of the wind farm to be entered. If these windows appear, choose the default values. Type Y (yes), for a remote bus for windvar emulator.

Click OK.

Click OK. Type Y, for default.

Click OK.

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Click OK. Type 1 for the manufacturer suggested protection scheme with fault ride through capability.

Click OK.

Click OK.

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Click OK. Type 1 for the manufacturer suggested protection scheme.

Click OK.

Now, solve the system. Right click on the CSU_LOW bus and grow. The new transformer, bus, and wind generator are now present on the slider diagram as well as in the sample1.sav data file. The *.IRF file that was just used added all the values and parameters for the wind generation. If the system does not solve, try selecting Lock all for Switched shunt adjustments, and apply immediately for VAR limits. The Loadflow solutions window shown on the right can be access by selecting Power Flow Solution Solve. Note: This window will not appear by clicking on the solve button in the toolbar after the initial solve has been performed.

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The new wind generation is shown in the one-line diagram below:

Multi ACCC Report As explained in Lab 5, run the multiple AC contingency report.

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Select all the *.acc files for each zone and click Go to run the report.

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Questions The sample.sav data file as well as the sample.sld slider file must be open to perform this section of the lab. NOTICE: Before continuing, make sure the sample.sav data file has been saved as sample1.sav and the sample.sld slider file as sample1.sld. It is very important not to overwrite the existing files in the process of completing this lab. Add an 18MW (5.4MW @ 30%) wind farm to the system as described above. Tap the branch between Bus #153 (MID230) and Bus #154 (DOWNTN) and add a new 230kV bus. Give this new bus number 90000 and name it CSU. Bus #90000 (CSU) will be in Area #1 and Zone #3. Add a new 34.5kV bus. This bus will be number 1 and name it CSU_LOW. Bus #1 (CSU_LOW) will be in Area #1 and Zone #1. Add a branch between Bus #1 and Bus #90000 with a 25MVA, 34.5kV/230kV transformer. Add a 18MW, 60Hz wind farm that is connected to Bus #1 (CSU_LOW). Create a new Multi-ACCC report with the wind farm added to the system. Use the *.con, *.mon and *.sub files that were saved from Lab 5. Revise the Zone1.sub file to include Bus #1 and Bus #90001. The contingency and monitor files for this zone do not need to be revised because no branches without transformers have been added to this zone. Revise the Zone3.con file. Remove the contingency MD2-DNTN which is the branch between Bus #153 and Bus #154 (since it no longer exists). Add the contingency MD2CSU which is the branch between Bus #153 and Bus #90000. Add the contingency DNTNCSU which is the branch between Bus #154 and Bus #90000. Revise the Zone3.mon file. Remove the requirement to monitor the branch between Bus #153 and Bus #154 (again, since it no longer exists). Add the requirements to monitor the branches between Bus #153 and Bus #90000 and between Bus #154 and Bus #90000. Revise the Zone3.sub file to include Bus #90000. Create a new ACCC and a new DFAX file for Zone 1 through Zone 9. To reduce the possibility of confusion, name the ACCC files Zone#_wind.acc and the DFAX files Zone#_wind.dfx for each zone. There will be a total of 18 files created. Refer to Lab 4 if needed.

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Create a Multi-ACCC report by loading all nine *.acc file that were created. This process is laid out in detail in Lab 5. Print out this report and include it in the lab write-up. As in Lab 5, all the information that this lab will focus on will be on pages 8 and 9. Use the printed report to answer the following questions. Review the tables that were created on page 8 and on page 9 and compare these tables with the tables obtained in Lab 5. Just as a reminder, the table on page 8 shows all of the overloads that occur in the Base Case contingency while the table on page 9 shows all of the overloads that occur, or greater overloads then that occurred in the Base Case condition, in each of the contingencies. 5) Which zone contains the most overloads during the Base Case contingency? __________ Which zone contains the most overloads during the other contingencies? ___ ___ Has this changed from the results obtained in Lab 5? __ _ ___ 6) Which branch suffered from the largest overload (compared to the Base Case) and what is the overload? _______ __ During what contingency did this occur (which branch was taken out)? __________ Has this changed from the results obtained in Lab 5? __ _ ___ 7) Compare the contingency EMN-WMN from Lab 5 and what was obtained for this lab. Each had two overloads. How do they differ? __ _ __ _ 8) Compare the Zone 8 columns from page 9 of the Multi-ACCC report generated in this lab and from Lab 5. How do they differ? __ _ __ _ 9) If the addition of a wind farm (or any other source of generation) creates more overloads in the system during contingencies then without it, it is said to hurt the system. If it creates fewer overloads, it is said to help the system. Based on the Multi-ACCC reports generated in this lab and in Lab 5, how does the addition of the 150MW wind farm affect this system? Does it hurt, help or make no discernable difference? __ _ _ _ 10) If you were the engineer in charge of this region of the power grid you would be responsible for the stability of the grid if anything were to be added to the grid (like a 150MW wind farm). Inspect the one-line diagram with the current loading percentages displayed. Based on what you see and the information you have obtain from compiling this Multi-ACCC report compared to the data from Lab 5, would you recommend this wind farm addition for approval and why or why not? __ _ _

Answer these questions and include the printed Multi-ACCC report with the lab write-up.

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Conclusions and Future Work Our year long senior design project was a success. Although the hardest part of our senior design project was learning PSS/E, all of our group members are now proficient in performing a power-flow study with this tool. Through our dedication and hard work we have completed all of the tasks that were required by not only our faculty advisor but also our industry advisor. We managed to use roughly 200 hours working within PSS/E this year. In addition, to the time spent working within PSS/E, countless hours of preparation went into producing and editing each of the laboratories and system impact study that have been viewed in this report. We were very successful in creating a system impact study that actually portrayed the way that these studies are performed and created in the power industry. In addition, we developed laboratories that document the steps and processes involved in performing a powerflow study. The labs were created because there are barely any user tutorials available that will teach a power engineer how to perform power-flow studies using PSS/E. Each lab was laboriously tested and checked for errors to ensure that the point and purpose of each lab is plainly obvious. We feel that we have excelled in getting the point across so well that not just a power engineer would be capable in performing and understanding how to create a power-flow study using PSS/E, but any individual with the will and determination could easily follow the process that has been outlined in this report. As a direct result of the success of our senior design project, Western Area Power Administration as well as Colorado State University has immediate plans on implementing the lab manuals that have been created. Our project is complete and will not need any continuation. However, Joe has taken the initiative to lead another group of students interested in performing a senior design project in the power industry next year. We have given these students permission to review our lab manuals and system impact study to further their understanding of PSS/E in their future senior design project. Since our project was primarily software oriented, our groups budget of $600 was not heavily utilized. We spent around $50 on our poster board for E-days and binding of the labs and our project. The only other budget that we had was to not use up all of our trial hours for PSS/E that was provided to us by Siemens. The remaining time that has been left on the access keys will be passed on to the future senior design group.

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References John Moore. System Switching Diagram-Subsystem Index, April 6, 2000 PSS/E-Help Tutorial, [Online Document] cited August November 2006, available www.ptius.com/pti/software/psse/index.cfm Sociey for Applied and Industrial Mathematics, The Power Grid as Complex System, [Online Document], Sara Robinson, December 1, 2003[cited April 25, 2007], available http://www.siam.org/news/news.php?id=377.

Wind Energy, Bare All Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR), [Online Document], cited November, 2 2006, available http://www.windnenergy.com/ACSR.htm

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Appendix

Abbreviations AC DC DFAX ACSR p.u. WY CO HS WAPA CSU ACCC PSSE WECC NERC USB VAR MVAR VA MVA W MW V kV FACTS mon con sub sld ENS Hz GE

Definition Alternating Current Direct Current Distribution Data Factor File Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced Per Unit Wyoming Colorado Heavy Summer Western Authority Power Administration Colorado State University Alternating Current Contingency Calculation Power System Simulator for Engineering Western Electricity Coordinating Councel North American Electric Reliability Corporation Universal Serial Bus Volt-Amperes Reactive Mega Volt-Amperes Reactive Volt-Amperes Mega Volt-Amperes Watt Mega-Watt Volt Kilo-Volt Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System Monitored File Contingency File Subsystem File Slider File (Single Line Diagram) Engineering Networking Services Hertz General Electric

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Acknowledgements First and foremost we would like to thank our industry advisor, Joe Liberatore from Western Area Power Administration, for all of his guidance and support throughout the duration of this senior design project. Without Joe, the success of this project would not have been possible. We would also like to thank our faculty advisor, Dr. Collins from Colorado State University, for initiating and overseeing this project from the beginning. We would also like to thank him for his influence and instruction in power engineering at CSU. Finally, we would like to thank Daniel Woo and Siemens for allowing the free use of Siemens PSS/E during the coursework.

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