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Skeleton

The skeleton is very important, as it supports the whole of the human body and protects vital the organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. Our skeleton also influences our shape. Types of bones in the skeleton
Long bones Hands and feet: Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. Arms: Humerous, Ulma and Radius Legs: Femur, Tibia and Fibula Short bones Wrist: Carpals Ankle: Tarsals Flat (plate) bones Upper Body: Cranium, Scapula, Sternum, Ribs and Clavicle Mid Section: Ilium Irregular bones Upper Body: Vertebrae Leg: Patella
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Function of bones
Movement; Muscles pull on the attached bones for movement. Different sports require extremely wide variety of movements from moving the legs in a running motion to swinging to arms to perform a drop shot in badminton.

Shape; The shape of the body is influenced by the skeleton. Posture and figure is important for shape which are valued in sports such as, gymnastics and dance. Each individual athlete needs a different shape and figure for what event they specialise in. For example, a swimmer need to be thin and streamline to cut through the water quickly whereas, a weight lifter needs mass muscle to help them life heavy weights.
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Blood production; Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells. A good athlete needs good blood production to make their body stronger as they train. Also the red blood cells that are being pumped around the body carries oxygen to the muscles. Support; the organs of the body are supported by skeleton in tough body posture sports such as gymnastics, as the body in positioned as shown the picture to your left the organs are held in place and supported by the ribs and spinal column.

Protection; Our bones help protect vital organs in heavy contact sports such as rugby. Bones such as the ribs and cranium stop us causing major damage to our vital organs.

JOINTS
There are three main types of synovial joint which allow us to move for exercise. Ball and socket joint: This joint is made to move in all directions and this type of joint is found in the shoulders and hips. Hinge joint: This joint only allows movement in two directions through a hinged motion. The type of joint is used in elbows and knees

Pivot joint: This joint in the body only allows rotation, for example this joint is used in the vertebrae of the neck.
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Other types of joints: Fixed joints: These types of joints make the bone immoveable. For example, the skull Slightly moveable joints: These types of joint allows the bones a restricted amount of movement. For example the ribs Freely moveable joints: These joints are known as the synovial joints which I have gone into depth over the previous page, these joints are amongst the largest group of joints in the body. For example, the knees, elbows and spinal column.

Movement of Joints and Muscles

The five types of movement in joints are as follows:

Flexion: the bending of the joint. Extension: the straightening of a joint. Abduction: a movement away from the body. Adduction: a movement towards the body. Rotation: a joint moving in a rotational motion.

Muscular skeletal system

The three types of muscle

The human body has three types of muscles for specific purposes. For example, the first type of muscle is the cardiac muscle, the Heart is the cardiac muscle which has the purpose of pumping oxygenated blood the required muscles for exercise, also to remove the deoxygenated blood from the body. The heart is controlled by the automatic nervous system (ANS) The Involuntary muscles has the purpose to help maintain the function of the major organs in the body, such as the heart and lungs. This type of muscle is controlled by the ANS. The ANS is a system that the brain automatically sends electronic impulses to keep the muscles working. For example, we can go to sleep and the brain will keep the lungs and heart working together while the body rests. Finally the Voluntary muscles, these are the muscles that are commanded by the central nervous systems (CNS) these muscles are purely for the purpose of movement.

Cardio Vascular System

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Blood vessels
In the body there are 3 types of blood vessel:
The Capillaries: Have the purpose of allowing carbon dioxide and any other waste products of the body to pass through into the blood system from our body tissues, this is enabled because, the Capillaries are only one cell thick. The Capillaries are tiny vessels that link the Arterioles and the Venules. The Veins: All Veins carry deoxygenated blood apart from the Pulmonary Vein. Veins have a large passage way to allow the most blood flow around the body, due to these large passageways blood pressure is low in the veins. Veins also have vales which can lead to stopping the blood flowing back into the body. The Arteries: All Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the Heart as the blood needs to get to the muscles quickly when the body is moving quickly during exercise. Blood pressure is high in Arteries that why blood exits the body fast when the artery is obstructed.

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The Respiratory system

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How we breath
Inspiration (breathing in) As the Diaphragm contracts, the Intercostals muscles contract and expand the Ribs which allows the pressure to decrease and the Lungs to fill with oxygen. Expiration (breathing out) The Diaphragm relaxes and moves up towards the chest also intercostals muscles relax which increases pressure on the lugs emptying them of carbon dioxide.

How the air flows through our lungs?

As we breath in Oxygen, the gases flow through the Larynx at the top of the neck and into the Trachea. As the Oxygen flows into the Lungs via the Bronchus/ Bronchi it then flow down into smaller areas of the lung which are called Bronchioles. Then the Oxygen will flow into the Alveoli, which allows the Oxygen to access the blood stream.

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