Chapter 2 Installation measuring with a dial indicator movement between machine foot and soleplate or baseplate.

If movement on loosening a nut exceeds approximately 0.002 inch (0.05 mm) at any foot, shim changes to eliminate the "soft foot" should be made before proceeding. With soleplates or baseplate set and leveled, machinery mounted and rough aligned, remove all temporary shipping braces. Then clean the bearings and bearing housings. All clearances should then be checked. Refer to clearance table and drawings. Thoroughly oil all bearings and reassemble bearing housings. Refer to appropriate sections in Chapter 4. The machinery is now ready to be "cold aligned". The "cold alignment" method to use is dependent on the distance between the coupling hubs. For greatest accuracy, the method suggested should be used whenever possible. Initial cold alignment should be obtained prior to grouting in soleplates or baseplate. In order to provide maximum flexibility and minimum confusion, the cold alignment should be completed with all piping disconnected from the machinery. Axial coupling separation indicated on outline drawing must be maintained during cold alignment. SHAFT ALIGNMENT The turbine and the driven equipment are normally connected by flexible couplings. Flexible couplings are used because changes in temperature and loadings during normal operation, start-up or shutdown can cause one shaft end to move relative to its companion shaft end. For high-speed, high-performance applications such as between compressors and turbines, the coupling is usually the gear, disk or diafram type. All flexible couplings have limits within which they can operate without failure or undue wear. Even when operating within the design limits, these couplings generate some resistance to flexing. The force usually increases as the misalignment increases, thereby increasing or decreasing bearing load fluctuations as the shaft rotates. Furthermore, operating with collinear shafts at normal operating conditions minimizes tooth sliding velocity or diafram flexure while providing the maximum reserve for movement in any direction should it be required. Experience indicates that excessive vibration of compressors and their drivers is often caused by improper shaft alignment. Frequently, high or unusual bearing and seal wear can be traced to improper shaft alignment. In extreme cases, poor alignment can precipitate a coupling, bearing or shaft failure. For smooth operation and long trouble-free runs, good shaft alignment procedures are essential and cannot be over-emphasized. An understanding of good shaft alignment techniques must begin with a few basic definitions. "Cold or ambient alignment" is the procedure that involves positioning the frames or casings of compressors and other rotating machines while at standstill and ambient conditions. The "cold shaft alignment" is normally accomplished using dial indicators, feeler gauges, micrometers or a combination of these instruments. This positioning should allow for thermal growth and material deflections that will occur between ambient conditions and stabilized operating temperatures. The incremental movement used to establish the cold shaft alignment may be actual measurements made during start-up or shutdown, growths estimated by the machinery manufacturer or estimates made by the installation man.

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Chapter 2 Installation To calculate thermal expansion or contraction, multiply original length (generally distance from machine shaft centerline to top of baseplate or soleplate) times expansion coefficient (0.0000067 for steel) times temperature change in degrees Fahrenheit. (Expansion coefficient is 0.000012 for steel and temperature change in degrees Celsius.) L (change in length) = L (length) x 0.0000067 x L (change in length) = L (length) x 0.000012 x NOTE: L and L in same units. T (change in temp. F) T (change in temp. C)

Normally, the vertical movement is minimized by use of a bolted joint where the support foot attaches to the casing. Therefore, the average temperature of the support foot may be considerably lower than the average of adjacent casing temperature to foot temperature. A good "hot shaft alignment" will either verify or suggest alternate growth figures to use. "Hot shaft alignment" also known as operating shaft alignment or service alignment is a procedure for monitoring the change in shaft alignment from cold or ambient conditions to normal operating conditions. Knowing the "cold shaft alignment" and measuring the change, provides a method for determining if the shaft alignment becomes collinear at normal operating conditions. This method is indirect, but if properly done, provides the most reliable and acceptable method available. "Collinear alignment". In Figure 2-10 the two machine shaft ends are considered to be "collinear aligned" when the two shaft ends rotate about the same straight line (no misalignment). All machinery shafts have some deflection; therefore, this reference is limited to the center of rotation of one shaft end relative to the opposite shaft end. Each coupling must be analyzed individually.

c L

c L

FIGURE 2-10 COLLINEAR ALIGNED SHAFTS "Parallel offset" indicates the amount of parallel misalignment between the centerlines of two adjacent shaft ends. Figure 2-11 shows two shafts with only parallel offset.

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Chapter 2 Installation

c L c L
OFFSET

FIGURE 2-11 PARALLEL OFFSET "Angular or Face displacement" indicates the amount of angular misalignment at a shaft end. In Figure 2-12, shaft end "A" has zero angular displacement while shaft end "B" has an angular displacement of . Normally, angular displacement is measured in mils of offset per inch (in mm of offset per meter) of coupling diameter or axial separation. Both definitions say the same thing as can be seen by an analysis of similar right triangles in Figure 2-11.
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

c L

c L

"A"

"B"

FIGURE 2-12 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT "Axial separation". When the coupling connecting two shaft ends is a gear type, an axial separation of plus or minus .0625 inch (1.60 mm) tolerance is usually acceptable. When the coupling connecting the two shaft ends is a disk or diafram type, an axial separation as shown in Figure 2-13 of less than plus or minus .015 inch (0.40 mm) tolerance is usually required. Check coupling drawing and coupling instructions for precise limits. When aligning disk or diafram type couplings, the dimension information shown on the coupling drawings must be adhered too. Measurements should be taken with the equipment in normal thrust position (compressor rotor toward suction and turbine rotor toward exhaust). Usually, the critical dimension is a coupling flange face dimension as shown in Figure 2-14. For further information on axial separation, refer to coupling vendor drawing and installation procedure.

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Chapter 2 Installation
AXIAL SEPARATION

c L

c L

FIGURE 2-13 AXIAL SEPARATION

GUARDS DIAFRAMS

CENTER TUBE

COUPLING FLANGE FACE TO FLANGE FACE

FIGURE 2-14 AXIAL SEPARATION - DIAFRAM COUPLING There are two similar procedures available for measuring parallel offset and angular displacement. The most accurate measurements are obtained when one of the following recommended methods is used. The "Rim and Face Method" is the preferred procedure when the distance between the two adjacent shaft ends is less than one-half the coupling diameter (this assumes face readings are taken near outside diameter). This procedure is also known as the "Hub and Face Method" or "Two Indicator Method." The "Reverse Indicator Method" is the preferred procedure when the distance between the adjacent shaft ends is greater than one-half the coupling diameter. Preparation and use of a "Shaft alignment map" for each installation is recommended. A typical shaft alignment map is shown in Figure 2-15. Use of a shaft alignment map provides a convenient form on which to record indicator readings and calculate equipment moves. Maintaining this information for comparison during maintenance inspections or for reference, should problems develop, can provide valuable diagnostic information. A blank form for your use is provided after Figure 2-15.

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Chapter 2 Installation In addition to providing machine identification information, date and shaft alignment method used, the shaft alignment map provides a plan (top) and vertical (side) elevation of the machine shafts, complete with all the important reference points identified. The horizontal or abscissa coordinate should be scaled using some convenient scale such as 1.00 or 2.00 inches per division (25 or 50 millimeters per division). All support feet and coupling faces should be located. When more than two machines are involved, a larger map or graph may be advantageous. The vertical or ordinate coordinate should be an expanded scale such as 1 mil (0.02 millimeters) per division in order to clearly identify misalignment. Mark North compass direction in plan view and corresponding compass directions in indicator reading circles so no confusion develops during measurements. When making shaft alignment corrections, it is usually advantageous to hold one machine in a fixed position and align other machine or machines to the fixed machine. Some guidelines to determine the best machine to hold stationary are as follows. 1. 2. 3. If the equipment consists of turbine driven compressor, it is generally preferred to level turbine and move compressor into desired cold alignment. If a gear is present, level and square the gear to the foundation or baseplate and move the other machinery into alignment with the gear. If the string consists of three or more pieces of equipment, level the machine nearest the center, square it to the foundation or baseplate, and move the other machinery into alignment with the selected machine. If a hot gas expander is present, securely attach the bearing pedestal to its baseplate with no shims are permitted under the bearing pedestal. Square the bearing pedestal and baseplate to the foundation, and move the other machinery into alignment with the hot gas expander.

4.

The solid, dark, heavy lines on the shaft alignment map represent the desired hot shaft alignment; i.e., collinear alignment. Plot historical or calculated thermal expansion or contraction change for each support location on shaft alignment map. Connect points plotted for each machine with a dashed line. Use dashed line for desired "cold alignment setting". Read off differences between the two dashed lines in vertical plane and record desired readings in circles so marked. Plan or horizontal alignment usually remains unchanged from ambient (cold) of bottom reading. If system has a gear, the gear case is usually doweled or keyed under the pinion and allowed to expand toward bull gear shaft thus requiring alignment allowances in plan view at bull gear or lowspeed shaft end. NOTE (For All Rim Measurements) Actual measurement is 1/2 TIR (Total Indicator Reading), therefore, value of measurement shown on indicator reading circle should be twice the distance indicated on plot. Offset value is plus (+) if projected centerline of machine that indicator is attached to is above coupling mark of the machine that indicator is riding on.

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SHAFT ALIGNMENT MAP

USER NOTES: 1) Show North in Plan view of sketch. 2) Mark compass direction in circles. 3) If offset value is plus, projected center line of machine that the indicator was attached to will be above the coupling mark of the opposite machine. 4) If offset value is minus, projected center line of machine that the indicator was attached to will be below the coupling mark of the opposite machine. -10 ABC Company MP 153 SERVICE Propane Refrigeration LUBE ALIGNMENT METHOD Grease EQUIP. NO. AMBIENT TEMP. C508xxx / C5037xx 60 F ALIGNMENT BAR SAG DATE NAME 10 / 95 COUPLING TYPE

Reverse Indicator

Negligible

MILS/MM

LEFT
-12.5

0 COMP

RIGHT
-12.5

LEFT
+10

0 TURB

RIGHT
DESIRED COLD READING +10 -14 -4 0 -10 C/T ACT

W TO E TURB -25 0 COMP W TO E TURB -14

W TO E COMP

+20
0 TURB -4 +7 W TO E COMP +16 +9

Vo = Bot - Top = 2

-7

Ho = Right - Left = +3 2
ACTUAL COLD READING

STEAM END FOOT PLAN

EXHAUST FOOT

DISCHARGE FOOT

SUCTION FOOT

DESIRED OPERATING LINE

MOVE 6 MIL WEST

SEPG5 STEAM TURBINE

MOVE 22 MIL WEST

W E

c L

c L

COUPLING

38M4

c L

COMPRESSOR

c L
DESIRED OPERATING LINE

VERTICAL

MOVE 3 MIL UP

MOVE 17 MIL UP

48 "
PICK A CONVENIENT SCALE

14"
SCALE

14"

18"
2 inches

57"
PER DIVISION
SUGGEST 1" OR 2" PER DIVISION

Chapter 2 Installation Sometimes the work descriptions such as used on an alignment map can be confusing. Figure 2-16 is a pictorial view of Note 3 on alignment map. It reads: "If offset value is plus, projected centerline of machine that the indicator was attached to will be above the coupling mark of the opposite machine."

FIGURE 2-16 PICTORIAL OF NOTE 3 ON ALIGNMENT MAP Figure 2-17 is a pictorial view of Note 4 on alignment map. It reads: "If offset value is minus, projected centerline of machine that the indicator was attached to will be below the coupling mark of the opposite machine."

FIGURE 2-17 PICTORIAL OF NOTE 4 ON ALIGNMENT MAP

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SHAFT ALIGNMENT MAP

USER COUPLING TYPE NOTES: 1) Show North in Plan view of sketch. 2) Mark compass direction in circles. 3) If offset value is plus, projected center line of machine that the indicator was attached to will be above the coupling mark of the opposite machine. 4) If offset value is minus, projected center line of machine that the indicator was attached to will be below the coupling mark of the opposite machine. SERVICE LUBE ALIGNMENT METHOD EQUIP. NO. AMBIENT TEMP. ALIGNMENT BAR SAG DATE NAME MILS/MM

LEFT

RIGHT

LEFT

RIGHT

Vo =
TO TO

Bot - Top
2 Right - Left 2

= =

Ho =

TO

TO

PLAN

DESIRED OPERATING LINE

LEFT

RIGHT VERTICAL

PICK A CONVENIENT SCALE

SCALE

PERDIVISION

SUGGEST 1" OR 2" PER DIVISION

Chapter 2 Installation

NOTES

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Chapter 2 Installation Rim and Face Method of Alignment 1. 2. 3. 4. Use Rim and Face Method when distance between the two adjacent shaft ends is less than one-half the coupling diameter. Lubricate bearings before rotating shafts. Mark both coupling hubs at four locations 90 apart so that their position is evident at all times during alignment work. All piping strain must be removed from machine. After cold alignment has been secured, arrange dial indicators between shaft ends, or between foundation and machine case such that any movement of machine can be detected. Connect one flange at a time and observe indicator readings continuously. Should movement exceed 2 mils (0.05 mm), piping strain is considered excessive. Reason for strain should be investigated and condition corrected before proceeding with alignment. Shift rotors to running position and determine that coupling spacer distance is as specified on coupling drawing. Mount dial indicator so indicator button rides near center of rotation. Rotate shaft against which button rests to measure axial wobble. If unable to maintain axial wobble to less than 0.001 inch (.025 mm) on either shaft, use of two face indicators 180 apart or multiple measurements is recommended. NOTE Axial shaft movement during face reading measurements can cause false readings. Two dial indicators mounted 180 apart should be used when axial float cannot be easily controlled. When using this setup, set dial indicators at 0 and 180 position and zero indicators. Dial indicator at 0 should be tagged prime dial indicator. At each interval, subtract second dial indicator's reading from prime dial indicator reading. Divide this result by two and record result in prime's location. Be sure to retain proper plus or minus signs. 7. Measure angular misalignment with inside micrometer, feeler gauges or dial indicator such as shown in Figure 2-18. This is best accomplished by marking measurement point at 0 and recording readings or change in readings between 0 point and points at 90, 180, 270 and 360. On return to 0 position, indicator should return to zero or repeat measurement. Take several sets of readings, to be sure no mistake has been made or something has moved that shouldn't have. When taking measurements, rotate both shafts equal amounts to cancel out eccentricity and surface imperfections.

5. 6.

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Chapter 2 Installation
DIAL INDICATOR WITH HOLE ATTACHMENT

INSIDE MICROMETER

MEASUREMENT POINT

270

90

FEELERS GUAGE BLOCK OR BAR STOCK

180

FIGURE 2-18 MEASURING ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT 8. Readings observed in 7, above should be recorded on alignment map. As face readings provide the slope of shaft on which dial indicator is mounted relative to coupling face of the opposite machine (See Figure 2-19), use an indicator recording circle for an axial location equal to the "face reading measurement diameter" away from the hub on which the indicator button is riding.
A B

ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE EQUAL TO MEASUREMENT DIAMETER

FIGURE 2-19 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT 9. To measure Parallel Offset, attach the dial indicator to bracket mounted on machine that will be moved. Set the indicator button to contact periphery of opposite coupling hub at top approximately 0.25 inch (6 mm) from edge (as shown in Figure 2-20). Set the indicator to zero at top, rotate both shafts together and record dial readings on alignment map for 90, 180, 270. On return to top position, the indicator should return to zero. Repeat this procedure several times to be sure no mistake has been made or something moved. These four readings will be TIR (Total Indicator Readings), and actual parallel offset is one-half of indicator (TIR) readings.

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Chapter 2 Installation
DIAL INDICATOR 0

270

90

180

FIGURE 2-20 MEASURING PARALLEL OFFSET 10. Readings observed in Step 9 should be recorded on alignment map in indicator recording circle corresponding to same axial location as dial indicator measuring location (fixed machines coupling). 11. Vertical offset (Vo) and horizontal offset (Ho) for projected centerline of machine to be moved at fixed machine's coupling face can be determined by using alignment map Note 3 or 4. 12. Slope of machine's shaft to be moved relative to fixed machine is determined by (a) drawing a line thorough point determined in Step 11 and parallel to fixed machine's centerline, (b) applying alignment map Note 3 of 4 to face readings at the axial location previously determined in Step 8 above. 13. In each view, draw a straight line through points located in Step 11 and 12 with line extended to intersect both supports of machine to be moved. Read off distance between line just completed and desired cold shaft position (dashed line) at each support for component to be moved. This measurement represents movement necessary to obtain correct cold alignment. 14. Make adjustments indicated in Step 13. 15. Repeat Steps 7 through 14 to verify adjustments made in Step 14 correct. 16. Unless otherwise noted, a final hot alignment should provide for an angular displacement between machine coupling hub centerline and coupling spacer centerline of approximately 0.25 mil per inch (0.25 mm per m) at the coupling gear teeth or flex elements. This angular displacement is not a limit, but a suggested alignment goal. Refer to coupling literature for more information on maximum allowable misalignment.

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Chapter 2 Installation Reverse Indicator Method of Shaft Alignment 1. Use the reverse indicator method of shaft alignment when distance between two adjacent shaft ends is greater than one half the coupling diameter. NOTE For alignment purposes, the effective distance between shaft ends can be increased by spanning the shaft end to obtain a dial indicator location inboard of actual shaft ends. Key factor is to spread two indicators as far apart as practical with negligible bracket sag. (As spread increases, so does possibilities for bracket sag.) The reverse indicator method of shaft alignment eliminates the need for taking face readings. 2. The reverse indicator method involves taking readings from one shaft to the rim surface on the hub of the adjoining shaft and vice versa as shown in Figure 2-21.

READ HERE SHAFT "A"

SHAFT "B" FIRST SET OF READINGS READ HERE

SHAFT "A"

SHAFT "B" SECOND SET OF READINGS

FIGURE 2-21 REVERSE INDICATOR READINGS 3. 4. Lubricate bearings before rotating shaft. Mark both the coupling hubs at four locations 90 apart so that their position can easily be seen at all times during the alignment work.

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Chapter 2 Installation 5. All piping strain must be removed from machine. After cold alignment has been secured, arrange dial indicators between shaft ends or between foundation and machine case such that any movement of machine can be detected. Connect one flange at a time and observe indicator readings continuously. Should movement exceed 2 mils (0.05 mm), piping strain is considered excessive. Reason for strain should be investigated and condition corrected before proceeding with alignment. When spanning the coupling gap with an indicator rig or bracket, zero sag is impractical to achieve; therefore, the actual amount of sag should be determined and recorded on the alignment map. The bracket should be sturdily constructed to minimize shifting and sag during use. NOTE For purposes of this explanation, the fixed machine is called shaft "A". The shaft of machine to be aligned to shaft "A" will be called shaft "B". Therefore, shaft "B" belongs to machine that will be moved. 7. 8. Attach the indicator bracket to shaft "A". Attach the dial indicator to the bracket so that the button will rest on the outer rim of coupling hub "B". The indicator button should contact in about 0.25 inch (6 mm) from the hub face. Position dial indicator at top dead center, in line with 0 marking on coupling "B" and zero indicator.

6.

9.

10. Rotate both shafts together and record dial readings on alignment map at 90, 180 and 270 positions. On return to top position, the indicator should return to zero. Repeat this step several times to be sure no mistake has been made or something moved. 11. The accuracy of the readings may be verified by algebraically adding the side readings and comparing this sum to bottom reading. The readings should be equal to or within 1 mil (.25 mm). 12. Remove the bracket from shaft "A" and install on shaft "B". Using the same procedure obtain indicator readings from shaft "B" to the rim of coupling hub "A". 13. Using the two equations shown on the suggested shaft alignment map, calculate the vertical offset (Vo) and the horizontal or plan view offset (Ho). Plot these results in the proper view and in the axial location where indicator readings were taken. Note 3 or 4 on the alignment map can assist in determining the shaft location above or below other shaft. When making this determination, it is sometimes helpful to locate centerline of shaft end "B" first that is shaft end of machine to be moved, and then the projected centerline of shaft end "B" at shaft end "A". In this explanation shaft end "A" is fixed and therefore shaft "B" must be located relative to shaft "A".

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Chapter 2 Installation NOTE Correct the bottom reading for sag in the bracket by algebraically adding to bottom indicator reading. No correction is needed on the side readings since it is negative on both sides and will cancel out. 14. In each view draw a straight line through points located in Step 13, extending the line to intersect both supports of machine "B". Read off distance between line just completed and desired cold shaft position (dashed line) at each support for machine "B". This measurement represents movement necessary to obtain correct cold alignment. 15. Make adjustments indicated in Step 14. 16. Repeat Steps 7 through 14 to verify adjustments made in Step 15 were correct. 17. Unless otherwise noted, a final hot alignment should provide for an angular displacement between machine coupling hub centerlines and coupling spacer centerline of approximately 0.25 mil per inch 0.25 mm/m) at the coupling gear teeth or flex elements. This angular displacement is not a limit but a suggested alignment goal. Refer to coupling literature for more information on maximum allowable misalignment. After cold alignment has been made, the soleplates or baseplates must then be grouted; refer to previous section titled "Grouting". COUPLING INSTALLATION A flexible coupling is used between the turbine and the driven equipment. This type of coupling can be manufactured for use with either straight or tapered shaft ends. Individual preferences or certain operating conditions may dictate using different types of couplings. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to the manufacturer's instructions for specific details pertaining to the coupling. Installing A Straight Bore Coupling 1. 2. 3. Clean and de-burr the coupling hub and shaft end. Place the coupling sleeve (if applicable) on the equipment shaft with the bolting flange positioned toward the shaft end. Check the key fit in the coupling hub and the shaft keyways. The key must have a side clearance of .001 inch to .003 inch (0.03 mm to 0.07 mm) between the key and coupling keyway. The fit between the key and shaft keyway must be .000 inch to .002 inch (0.0 mm to 0.05 mm) interference. The key must be fitted to provide .005 inch to .013 inch (0.13 mm to 0.33 mm) top clearance in the coupling keyway. After the key has been fitted to provide the proper clearances, insert it in the shaft keyway.

4.

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5. 6.

Chapter 2 Installation Apply a light coat of suitable anti-galling lubricant on the mounting surface of the shaft. Heat the coupling hub in oil or in an oven to approximately 300F (150C). The coupling should not be heated with an open flame or be allowed to exceed 600F (315C).

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Chapter 2 Installation

-WARNINGASBESTOS GLOVES SHOULD BE HANDLING THE HEATED COUPLING.

BOLT FLANGE

WORN

WHEN

HUB

KEYWAY

SLEEVE

FIGURE 2-24 FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS/STRAIGHT BORE 7. Place the coupling hub on the shaft and position it so that the hub face is flush with the shaft end. CAUTION Do not drive the coupling on or off the shaft with a hammer. The force of the hammer will result in internal equipment damage. Installing a Tapered Bore Coupling 1. 2. 3. 4. Clean and de-burr the coupling hub and compressor shaft. Apply a light coating of Prussian Blue to the rotor shaft. Place the coupling hub on the shaft. Remove the coupling and check the contact with the shaft. CAUTION Hand lapping the coupling hub on the rotor shaft may form a ridge which will affect the coupling contact when pulled up. Correct the contact by lightly stoning any ridges, burrs or high spots.

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Chapter 2 Installation 5. Check the key fit in the coupling hub and the shaft keyways. The key must have a side clearance of .001 inch to .003 inch (0.03 mm to 0.07 mm) between the key and coupling keyway. The fit between the key and shaft keyway must be .000 inch to .002 inch (0.0 mm to 0.05 mm) interference. The key must be fitted to provide .005 inch to .013 inch (0.13 mm to 0.33 mm) top clearance in the coupling keyway.
BOLT FLANGE

HUB

LOCKNUT THREADED SHAFT END

KEYWAY SLEEVE

FIGURE 2-25 FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS/TAPERED BORE 6. 7. 8. 9. After the key has been fitted to provide the proper clearances and the coupling contact is determined to be satisfactory, insert the key in the shaft keyway. Place the coupling sleeve (if applicable) on the compressor shaft. bolting flange toward the shaft end. Position the

Fit the coupling hub on the shaft (at room temperature) and tap with wood, rubber or lead hammer until snug on taper. Take a reference dimension from the hub to a fixed part on the machine case or a shaft shoulder. Make certain the shaft is seated against either of the thrust bearings.

10. Put a small amount of thread lubricant on the drive nut. 11. With the drive nut, slowly mount coupling hub to the required pull-up per Table 4-2. 12. Recheck referenced dimension (step 9) and record for future use. 13. Lock drive nut.

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Chapter 2 Installation CAUTION Do not drive the coupling on or off the shaft with a hammer. The force of the hammer will result in internal compressor damage. Installation or Removal of a Keyless Hydraulic Coupling Keyless Hydraulic Couplings depend solely on friction to transmit torque, and as such the interference fits are generally greater than with either keyed straight or keyed tapered fit couplings. Refer to Table of Contents for coupling arrangement drawing(s) and pump package assembly and schematic drawing. These drawings provide detailed instructions on the proper set up and procedures to use.

-WARNINGINSTALLATION AND REMOVAL OF HYDRAULIC FITTED COUPLINGS INVOLVE VERY HIGH HYDRAULIC PRESSURES THEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE UP CONNECTIONS PROPERLY AND OBSERVE PRESSURE LIMITS NOTED SO AS TO AVOID PERSONAL INJURY OR DAMAGE TO SHAFT.

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Chapter 2 Installation COMPRESSOR PIPING RECOMMENDATIONS Compressor flanges should remain sealed until the final piping is to be connected. The piping should not be connected until the grout has thoroughly set. The piping interior must be free from all dirt, scale, rust, weld slag and other foreign material. It should be designed for ease of inspection and cleaning. Pipe flange bolt holes should be in line with compressor flange bolt holes. Flanges should be parallel to within 0.010 inch (0.25 mm). All connecting piping must be properly supported and anchored to avoid casing strains. If connecting piping differs in size from compressor flanges, a seven degree cone should be used for making the transition. Adequate means of allowing for expansion of the inlet and discharge piping should be provided. Expansion joints with limit rods are recommended. Piping deadweight must be carried by suitable hangers. Spring hangers should be installed on horizontal piping runs to minimize stresses resulting from temperature changes. This will also reduce the effect of piping vibrations caused by other machinery. If the compressor is to be connected to a system from which it must be isolated, shutoff valves should be provided on both the inlet and discharge sides of the compressor. When the compressor is running in parallel with other compressors or discharging into a system, a check valve should be installed in the compressor discharge piping to prevent reverse rotation during shutdown or upon loss of driver power. A straight run of unrestricted piping ten diameters in length is recommended by the ASME code to provide satisfactory inlet flow distribution. As a practical matter, five diameters is usually considered adequate. If less than five diameters is used, consideration should be given to velocity and density of gas and use of straightening vanes or to turning vanes in an elbow should be evaluated. For maximum forces and moments on compressor flanges, refer to NEMA standards. Before piping is connected to compressor, mount at least two indicators from one coupling hub to the other coupling hub. One to measure any vertical movement, the other to measure any horizontal movement. Then connect piping to compressor. If movement shown on any indicator exceeds 0.002" (0.05 mm) loosen piping and refabricate, realign or adjust anchors as required.

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Chapter 2 Installation NOTES

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