Literature review

1.To analyse entrepreneurs' expectations regarding future growth by analysing the relationship between information flows from networks and the perceived risk of decisions associated with the future size of a firm. This analysis indicates that networks are indeed information mechanisms; however, such information should be specific to problem-solving firm processes. Better-informed entrepreneurs are those that foresee higher growth in the future; yet, they are not blocked in only local networking. .( Irene Daskalopoulou, Anastasia Petrou, (2010) ).

2.To explore the relationship between general education, specific forms of entrepreneurial education and a range of entrepreneurial activities. It suggest strong evidence supporting the relationship between levels of general education and several entrepreneurial success measures. The findings are less clear in regards to the link between general education and the choice to become an entrepreneur. The findings linking specific programs of entrepreneurship education to entrepreneurship, although ambiguous, suggest a positive link between such education and both the choice to become an entrepreneur and subsequent entrepreneurial success.(Pat H. Dickson, George T. Solomon, K. Mark Weaver, (2008) ).

3. Entrepreneurship is currently at the focus of much theoretical, practical and political interest. In Europe, agriculture has faced increasing pressures for restructuring: facilitation of marketing and entrepreneurial skills of farmers and a stronger entrepreneurial orientation have been suggested as a possible solution for the emerging problems. The purpose is to examine the concept of entrepreneurial capability of farmers to diversify. The central focus of this article is on the entrepreneurial identity of portfolio farmers in Finland and the extent to which the differences between portfolio farmers, other farmers, and non-farm rural businesses can be explained. It emerges that portfolio farmers have a stronger entrepreneurial identity than conventional farmers. Compared to conventional farmers, the portfolio farmers in the sample perceive themselves as growth-oriented, risk-takers, innovative, optimistic and having more personal control upon their business activities.(Kari Mikko Vesala, Juuso Peura, Gerard McElwee, (2007) ).

4.To analyse the entrepreneurial process in Indian seed business and factors affecting entrepreneurship in this sector. It realizing the importance of availability of quality seed to the farming community in adequate quantity in the country, current government policies are geared towards promoting and fostering entrepreneurship in seed industry in India. The paper finds that the firms established during last five to ten years have shown continuous growth indicating attractiveness of the industry. Ability to build entrepreneurial team with complementary skills and knowledge and experience of the lead entrepreneurs are found to be the critical success factors in this industry. (Sushil Kumar, Jabir Ali, (2010) ).

5.A tacit theme emerging from this area has been the need for entrepreneurs to develop a competency in using their PCNs as a means of resolving marketing problems faced in developing their enterprises. The competency literature itself focuses primarily on the subject of management development, with scant attention given to the identification of specific competences for small firm entrepreneurs and, in particular, the challenges they face in marketing decision-making. Previous research by the authors addressed this shortcoming and pointed to the value of using PCNs for resolving marketing problems in the entrepreneurial small firm. (Jimmy Hill, Pauric McGowan, (1996) ).

6. To address key themes such as motivation to start-up, growing the business, gender issues and the challenges faced by these women. There has been increased policy and research interest in the growing number of female entrepreneurs and their potential contribution to both the local and global economy. Nevertheless, the extant literature on female entrepreneurship is often limited to the start-up phase of business. An important gap in the literature is an enquiry into the development of these female-owned organisations from inception to maturity, and their growth in domestic and/or international markets. (Emma McClelland, Janine Swail, Jim Bell, Patrick Ibbotson, (2005) ).

7. The inherent tension in the notion of entrepreneurship as developed by Ludwig von Mises and Israel Kirzner. Given that entrepreneurship is an omnipresent aspect of human action, it cannot also be the cause of economic development. Rather, for economic development to take place, certain institutions must be present in order for the entrepreneurial aspect of human action to flourish. After further developing this theoretical insight, an in-depth analysis of the institutions necessary for entrepreneurship is considered. (Peter J Boettke, Christopher J Coyne (2003), Austrian Economics and Entrepreneurial Studies (Advances in Austrian Economics,).

8.It identifies performance factors of a firm that has received hardly any external support and, as a result, the entrepreneur had to independently sustain his firm through creative abilities.It revealed that there are external and internal constraints such as lack of financial capital, inadequate infrastructure facilities, competition from large firms, unfavorable government policies, dearth of machines and spare parts and paucity of raw materials. Internal obstacles like incompetent planning, poor organizational skills and limited knowledge were also obstacles. Funding assistance is biased on the basis of favoritism and not on developmental goals being achieved. This particular case is an example of a potential avant-garde entrepreneur whose talent should not be neglected.( Charles Jabani Mambula, Frank E. Sawyer, (2004) ).

9.To suggest a framework for competing theories of entrepreneurship but to argue for transparency in one's attempts to understand this phenomenon. Then to argue that, when matching small business advisers to small business, one should consider their entrepreneurial abilities and match as appropriate. A parsimonious method is suggested to measure entrepreneurial ability divergent thinking. A simple test for divergent thinking is suggested to measure entrepreneurship, applied to some hypothetical scenarios, and is supported by some broad evidence on the relationship between small businesses and commercial banks.( John Day, Paul Reynolds, Geoff Lancaster, (2006) ).

10. It aims to contribute by applying the existing theory on push and pull factors; and using a gender comparative approach to explore the nature of potential gender differences within entrepreneurial motivations.Both women and men appeared similarly motivated by a combination of push and pull factors. Three gender differences were found in the incidence of motivations: women were more influenced by a desire for independence; women considered their children as motivators more so than did men; men were influenced more by job dissatisfaction than were women. The discussion focuses on analysing the nature of gender differences rather than merely their incidence.( Jodyanne Kirkwood, (2009) ).

11. To advocate the employment of bounded emotionality, as borrowed from organisational studies on emotionality, as an alternative framework to examine and understand entrepreneurial behaviour and practice. The adoption of an alternative methodological framework, involving bounded emotionality, within a broad socio-cutural and political-economic perspective, can assist policy makers to rethink their generalised approach to the design and implementation of specific programmes and initiatives to support entrepreneurial development in favour of devising alternative approaches to fit particular contexts and localised settings. ( Kelum Jayasinghe Dennis Thomas, Danture Wickramasinghe, (2008)).

12.It examines structural elements and factors regarding whether or not these factors can result in being either stimulating or dampening entrepreneurial activity. Also provides a set of recommendations on what a society or locale can do to provide the positive structure needed to maintain or propel innovation and entrepreneurship. (Paul Herbig, James E. Golden, Steven Dunphy, (1994)).

13.The effects of training support on their entrepreneurial skills and attitudes, co-operatives' viability and growth prospects, and work-family balance. That the participants perceived benefits in terms of skill improvements, i.e. identification and capturing of business opportunities, effective co-operation and flexibility in decision making and more positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. In addition, perceptions related to the development and growth prospects of the co-operative and to work-family balance have also been positively affected.( Eugenia Petridou, Niki Glaveli, (2008)).

14.Baumal (1968), Bianchi and Henrekson (2005), In neoclassical economics individuals are assumed to act rationally and maximize their expected utility within an equilibrium framework. Both preferences and action alternatives .Action thus becomes choice and choice merely calculation. It has therefore been argued that neoclassical economics has no real place for entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial action will only occur when the economic system is at a disequilibrium. 15.According to Lavoie(1992), Potential for financial gain was not the primary motivating factor for women entrepreneur. They were more likely to start a business for the challenge and opportunity for self-fulfillment. Other researchers have suggested that women are more likely to start a business for control over the quantity and quality of work and as an option to limitations in career advancement (Berard&Brown,1994). 16.According to Echoing Bates, Zoltan Acs and Kadri Kallas , He argue that the role of the entrepreneur is to shift resources yielding a low return in to activities that yield a high return and a personal gain to the entrepreneur. In the absence of entrepreneur resources continue to be employed in activities yielding low return which leads to Ossified economy where resources are under utilized.

17. To investigate empirically whether entrepreneurship causes growth or whether growth creates a prosper
environment for entrepreneurship. The results from an error correction model show that self-employment Granger causes GDP per capita while the opposite direction is not statistically accepted. Moreover, these results suggest that increases in self-employment increase GDP per capita over the short-term but leads to a GDP per capita decrease at a long-term horizon.( Sana El Harbi, Gilles Grolleau, Insaf Bekir (2011)).