E5642: Long-range Ising model

Submitted by Evgeniy Kogan

The problem:
Consider a cluster of N spins s
i
= 1. The interaction between any two spins is s
i
s
j
, with > 0.
The interaction of each spin with the external magnetic eld H is Hs
i
. The total magnetization
is dened as m =

s
i
. The inverse temperature is .
(a) Show that the partition function can be written as Z (, H) =

m
g (m) exp
_
1
2
Bm
2
+hm
_
.
Express g (m) and B and h using (N, , H, ).
(b) Assume that B =
b
N
, dene the magnetization as M =
m
N
, and write the partition function as
Z (b, h) =

M
exp (N A(M)).
Write the expressions for A(M) and for its derivatives A

(M) and A

(M).
(c) Determine the critical temperature T
c
, and write an equation for the mean eld value of M.
Make a qualitative plot of A(M) below and above the critical temperature.
(d) Write an approximation for A(M) up to order M
4
. On the basis of this expression determine
the temperature range where mean led theory cannot be trusted. Hint: you have to estimate
the variance M
2
in the Gaussian approximation. What happens with this condition in the
thermodynamic limit (N )?
(e) What is the susceptibility for T > T
c
.
(f) What is the heat capacity.
The solution:
(a) Hamiltonian of a system:
H =

<i,j>
s
i
s
j
H
N

i=1
s
i
(1)
where < i, j > means summation over all i and j from 1 to N except duplcations (for example
i=1,j=2 and i=2,j=1 its duplication) and cases when i=j.
First term in Hamiltonian describes interactions of spin s
i
with all other spins s
j
In view
of mean eld approximation we assume that each spin s
j
has average value < s >, thus
Hamiltonian takes following form:
H =
N
2
N

i=1
s
i
s H
N

i=1
s
i
(2)
Where factor
1
2
appears to exclude duplications and N comming from summation over j.
Average spin value given by:
s =
1
N
N

i=1
s
i
=
m
N
(3)
1
Thus we can rewrite Hamiltonian in following form:
H =
1
2
m
2
Hm (4)
Let us nd function g(m) which gives number of possible spins conguration for given m.
We use follwoing notations:
N

- total number of up spins

N

- total number of down spins

m = N

=
N+m
2
N

=
Nm
2
g(m) =
N!
N

!N

!
=
N!
_
1
2
(N +m)

!
_
1
2
(N m)

!
(5)
Now we can write partition function:
Z =
N

m=N
g(m) exp (H(m)) =
N

m=N
g(m) exp (
1
2
Bm
2
+hm) (6)
Where B and h H
(b) We assume B =
b
N
and dene the magnetization as M =
m
N
we can rewrite
partition function (6):
Z =
1

M=1
exp
_
N
_

1
2
bM
2
hM
ln(g(M))
N
__
=
1

M=1
exp (N A(M)) (7)
Where A(M)
1
2
bM
2
hM
ln(g(M))
N
.
First we would like to simplify expression (5) for ln(g(m)) and after Stirlings approximation
ln(x!) xln(x) x and little bit algebra we have:
ln(g(m)) N
_
ln(2)
M
2
ln
_
1 +M
1 M
_

1
2
ln(1 M
2
)
_
(8)
Thus A(M) gets following form:
A(M) =
1
2
bM
2
hM ln(2) +
M
2
ln
_
1 +M
1 M
_
+
1
2
ln(1 M
2
) (9)
First and second derivatives of A(M) with respect to M:
A

(M) = bM h +
1
2
ln
_
1 +M
1 M
_
= bM h +arctanh(M) (10)
A

(M) = b +
1
1 M
2
(11)
Here relation arctanh(x) =
1
2
ln
_
1+x
1x
_
has been used.
2
(c) In order to nd minima of A(M) we equal rst derivative (10) to zero:
A

(M) = bM h +arctanh(M) = 0 (12)

From here we deduce:
M = tanh(bM +h) (13)
We solve graphically this equation with zero external magnetic eld (h 0):
2 1 1 2
M
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
fM
TT
C
2 1 1 2
M
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
fM
TT
C
Figure 1: Graphs of f
1
(M) = M and f
2
(M) = tanh(bM) for dierent values of b.
Parameter b inuences on curvature of tanh(bM) (red line on graph) and starting from some
critical value of b the equation has two additional solutions (intersection points on a graph).
It happens when slope of blue line is equal to slope of red line near point M = 0. Expanding
tanh(bM) by Taylor expansion about point M = 0 we get:
tanh(bM) bM +... (14)
By comparing between slope b of tanh and slope 1 of line we get critical temperature:
T
c
=
N
k
B
(15)
Using (6) and (7) we can rewrite A(M) in following terms:
A(M) = (
1
2

m
2
N
H
m
N

1

ln(g(m))
N
) =

N
(E(m) TS(m)) =

N
F(m) (16)
Where E(m) is energy of given magnitization dened by (4), S(m) ln(g(m)) is entropy for
given magnitization and F(m) is nothing else Helmholtz free energy for given magnitization.
To understand A(M) function behavior under and above T
c
with and without magnetic eld
we plot following qualitative graphs:
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1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
M
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
AM
TT
C
(a)
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
M
0.60
0.55
0.50
AM
TT
C
(b)
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
M
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.66
AM
TT
C
, H0
(c)
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
M
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
AM
TT
C
, H0
(d)
Figure 2: A(M) for dierent values of temerature and external magnetic eld.
We note that above T
c
in average magnitization of a system is zero. Under T
c
and without
external magnetic eld system can be in one of two possible magnitizations are dierent from
zero. Magnitudes both of them are equal, because without external magnetic eld system
is symmetric and there is no preference to be in one of possible magnitizations. If we add
external magnetic eld spins get preference direction (direction of magnetic eld) symmetry
is broken and we see in graph that one minima is above the other.
(d) We can expand A(M) dened by (9) about M = 0 up to order M
4
:
A(M) = ln(2) hM +
1
2
(1 b)M
2
+
1
12
M
4
(17)
We can rewrite 1 b by using previous denitions b = BN = N, T
c
=
N
k
B
and = 1/(k
B
T)
and we get:
1 b =
T T
c
T
t (18)
and thus A(M) becomes:
A(M) = const hM +
1
2
tM
2
+
1
12
M
4
(19)
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Case of T > T
c
(t > 0)
We can neglect term of M
4
in (19) in case its much smaller than contribution from M
2
term:
tM
2
M
4
t M
2
(20)
In the absence of external magnetic eld from (7) and (19) we get that partition function is:
Z

exp (
1
2
NtM
2
) =

exp (
M
2
2
2
) (21)
Width or variance of Gaussian is
2
, where
1

Nt
.
In mean eld approximation we neglect uctuations, therefore

M
2
_
= M
2
= M
2
.
Gaussian approximation (21) is valid if disperssion of M
2
is of order
2
or smaller.
M
2

2
=
1
Nt
(22)
By substitution (22) into (20) we get following condition:
t
1
Nt
t
1

N
(23)
Case of T < T
c
(t < 0)
We dene t

t.
When T < T
c
function A(M) has two minima (see gure 2(c)), which in the absence of
external magnetic eld are:
M
1,2
=

3
_
T
c
T
T
_
=

3t

(24)
The disctance between two minima is:
d = M
2
M
1
= 2

3t

(25)
In this case Gaussian approximation is valid if dispersion of magnitization is much smaller
than distance between minima. Comparing (22) with last result we have:
d

M
1

Nt

N
(26)
We can combine two conditions (23) and (26) and we have:
|t|
1

N
(27)
In thermodynamic limit N this condition is always satised excluding cases when tem-
perature is in the vicinity of critical temperature.
5
(e) Expression (13) we can be written as arctanh(M) = bM +h. We derivate both side with
respect to external magnetic eld H and write magnetic susceptibility of the system:
=
_
M
H
_
T
= N
_
M
h
_
T
=
N
k
B
1 M
2
T T
c
(1 M
2
)
(28)
At high temperature (T > T
c
) M 1 and we obtain Curie-Weiss law:

N
k
B
1
T T
c
(29)
(f) To calculate heat capacity we use denition C
V
=
_
E
T
_
N,V
. From (4) we can write in the
absence of magnetic eld:
E(M) =
1
2
M
2
N
2
(30)
Thus heat capacity is:
C
V
= N
2
M
_
M
T
_
(31)
Expression (13) we can be written as arctanh(M) = bM. We derivate both side with respect
to T (taking into account dependence of b on T) and after a little bit algebra we have:
_
M
T
_
=
M/T
c
T/T
c
(T/T
c
)
2
1
1M
2
(32)
Substituting this result into (31) we get expression for heat capacity:
C =
k
B
NM
2
(T/T
c
)
2
1
1M
2
T/T
c
(33)
Heat capacity for T > T
c
is always zero (mean value of magnitization is zero).
In T = T
c
straight line is tangent to tanh(bM) see gure 1 and only one possible solution
of M = tanh(bM) is M(T = T
c
) = 0, therefore near T = T
c
we can expand tanh by Teylor
series and using fact that T T
c
we get:
M(T) = tanh(bM) bM
1
3
(bM)
3
M(T)
_
3(1 T/T
c
) (34)
We substitute our result into (33) and take a limit:
lim
TT

c
3k
B
N(1 T/T
c
)
(T/T
c
)
2
1
13(1T/Tc)
T/T
c
=
3
2
k
B
N (35)
When T 0 we can expand (13) about T = 0:
M(T) 1 2 exp (2T/T
c
) (36)
We again substitute our result into (33) and get heat capacity for low temperature:
C(T) 4Nk
B
_
T
c
T
_
2
exp (2T
c
/T) (37)
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