Research, Management and Leadership (Review TCUP) o Gain richer familiarity regarding phenomena
• Systematic, empirical, controlled and critical o 100% known to RN
investigation, or a hypothetical (hypothesis) • EXPLORATORY proposition related to nature phenomenon o Explore to those areas that is unknown • Must be conducted to affirm or deny hypothesis o Observe more • PHENOMENON/PHENOMENA- anything affects the o 0% still unknown by the RN human life o Disease, signs and symptoms, procedure, MD, • EXPERIMENTAL antidote, virus, bacteria o Perform manipulation • HYPOTHESIS- educated guess, scientific guess, o Perform intervention tentative statement of a supposed answer to your • DEVELOPMENT problem o From improvement of system of care o Not yet known if true or false, right/wrong o To develop, improve the existing • PHENOMENON+HYPOTHESIS= RESEARCH PROBLEM o present method of care o Without hypothesis there is no research problem on a problem ETHICS AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH • SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH o For patient benefits o Has good faith • SYSTEMATIC • CONSENT/COOPERATION o Follow step by step process/procedure o Get appropriate consent from the owner o From identification of problem to conclusion o Legally, who owns the patient chart HOSPITAL • EMPIRICAL • INTEGRITY o Proper objective o What you’ve worked hard for o To collect data, facts and evidence to support • EQUITABLE hypothesis o If you use or utilize research of another o Readily observable (objective) researcher give acknowledgement • CONTROLLED o PLAGIARISM is illegal replication or duplicate or o Proper planning/direction replicate another use of research without o Must be appropriate system, strategy, method appropriate knowledge of the researcher and scheme • NOBLE o Researched design- used to look for the truth o Proper respect to the same subject (Human /date Rights) • CRITICAL INVESTIGATION o 3 BASIC RIGHTS OF SUBJECT/SAMPLE RESEARCH o Fact finding investigation o They have the right not to arm- includes, physical, mental, moral, harm *PHYSICAL HARM PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC NURSING RESEARCH NEGLIGENCE* • DESCRIPTIVE COMMISION- unacceptable in standard of o Observe, describe, record down the results, use practice senses OMMISION- no intervention done *MENTAL 10.Interpretation of data phase HARM* 11.Communicating your conclusion and recommendation ASSAULT- threatened, a mere mental fear BATTERY- provide physical harm, force the STEP 1- IDENTIFICATION of research problem patient *MORAL HARM* • Problem research- something /anything that requires SLANDER/ORAL DEFAMATION- morally solving through scientific investigation destroyed the reputation of the client • Source of problem in Nursing research LIBEL- you had published picture of a o Concept in nursing- heart disease, M.I person thru TV, MAGAZIN o Literature, essay, book, journal o They have the right self determination o Issues o They have the right of privacy o Experience • TYPE OF PRIVACY o Nursing problem o ANONIMITY- privacy are regard to identify of the o Theories patient • CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH o CONFIDENTIALY- privacy of the information or o General applicability- useful and applicable for data all RESTRAINT- dependent (stay with the o BASIC PURE RESEARCH- results is for personal patient) knowledge curiosities, applicable to research Two types of restraints o APPLIED RESEARCH- problem solving of others, • Physical- vest or jacket focus on other problem • Chemical- valium o RESEARCHABLE- capable of collecting data o TRUTHFULNESS- put only the data you have o FEASIBLE- measureable collected Factors/parameters o IMPORTANCE- important to nursing • Time o FACTUAL- facts or data • Money o IDEAL- you need to comply on the step by step • Instrument process (Identification-conclusion) Apparatus o COURAGE- • Population • Experience of the researcher RESEARCH PROCESS II SETP IN BASIC PROCEDURE o IMPORTANCE- importance of nursing profession o NOVELTY- originality 1. IDENTIFICATION- of research o SIGIFICANCE- related to nursing profession 2. Review of related literature Variable- anything which is subject to 3. Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework change for manipulation 4. Formulation of hypothesis 5. Selecting the appropriate research design 2 Major Variables of the study 6. Selecting your population and sample • Independent variable- cause target 7. Conducting a pilot/trial study population 8. Collecting of data phase • Dependent Variable- effect 9. Analysis of data phase response • Example: hypothesis- a study on • Revision of terms the different income of a Filipino o STEP 2- review of related literature nurse working at PGH NYGH o Purpose- update, overview, background, key to INDEPENDENT TARGET DEPENDENT theoretical and conceptual framework Hospital- PGH & Population $-P income NYGH Conceptual framework Research work Place of work Filipino Effect variable Formulated Researcher Casual variable nurses Authors Research work only Can be sold Future use of purpose • Intervening variable- comes Books, general between dependent and independent • Step 3 FORMULATION OF CONCEPTUAL AND o Example: organism variable, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK internal factor, sex, gender, • Theory- relationship between concept colour • Conceptual framework- illustration showing • Extraneous variable- external relationship between variable influence can be changed • Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation/illustration o Ex. Allure, citizenship, between variable educational status • STEP 4- formulation of hypothesis • Dichotomous variable- 2 o Hypothesis- mere educated guess, temporary, choices/results tentative o Ex. Male/female o Types of Hypothesis • Polychotomous variable- multiple Null or statistical hypothesis- no choices/multiple variable relationship or difference between 1 o Ex. Prepared foods variable to another RESEARCH Single variable- alternative operational • Identify problem research hypothesis, shows difference • Purpose- objective (SMART) between 1 variable to another single o S-smart variable o M- measurable Complex hypothesis- shows o A-attainable relationship/shows difference between o R-realistic two or more variable o T-time bound • Using other intervening variable • Define terms • Same as simple hypothesis o Conceptual definition- dictionary Directional Hypothesis- used only meaning/ordinary diction of nurses directional of the relationship between Ex.toxic-waste products variable o Operational definition- difference in accordance Non-directional hypothesis- only predicts of how the researcher used his problem the relationship but has no specific Ex. Very busy day for nurses direction between variable • STEP 5 Research design o Stratified random sampling- first created a o Systematic, controlled plan for finding answer substrata in a population before doing problem randomization, un-identical group o It is the roadmap, blueprint to provide result o Cluster random sampling- create sub areas in o Plan, structure/strategy conducting an the population before doing randomization, to investigation hospital in Manila, UST 3rd floor, south wing tb • Application-useful/applicable to whom? patients o Basic/pure research o Systematic Sampling- list of names appearing in o Applied research population, choose a multiple number • Method- observe o Non-probability- pre selected group, based o Experimental- active participation group, non equal chance for all o Accidental/convenience- accessible, near to the o Manipulation (cause & effect) researcher, based on proximity of sample o Give certain intervention o Purposive/judgemental- based on popularity, o Controlled setting common knowledge Ex. Laboratories/researched unit o Snowball sampling- based on lat referral o Non experimental- research is a passive o Quota Sampling- participant • Step 7 trial Study o Observes and describe, record o Natural setting-where people naturally exist • Step 8 collection of data phase- information are being gathered from subject to verify a given hypothesis such as homes, hospital, schools, office, o Questionnaires- method of collecting data using community a paper and a pencil instrument completed by a • Data subject o Qualitative- subjectively collected-internal, o Types of questionnaires- physical, the subject just said it o Belief, understanding, emotions, opinions, Checklist/dichotomous- yes or no option attitude, behaviour, culture, perception, feelings Rating scale- choices arranged in order by o Quantitative- data collected is based on the subject according to a certain underlying criteria objective reasoning, numerical interpretation o EX. TEMP, bp result, weight, distance, height, Multiple choice- a, b, c, d reading observable using sense o Record- published, documented- easiest, pre • Step 6 selecting your population and sample existing data, journal, essay, documents, newspaper, patient chart • Population- bigger than the sample o Interview- use oral communication • Sample- data, people o Observation- • Sampling participants- the observe involve in the o Probability- equal chance for all, equal setting together with the subject active opportunity as a sample to be chosen participant o Simple random sampling- only for identical non participants- the researcher is merely group, same qualifications, equal opportunities, viewing the subject method: draw out o problem encountered hawthorns effect- obviously, consciously being observed, experimental remedy- perform double blind research must not now that they are being observed halo effect- effect by special treatment or relationship, rating/performance, because of special relationship praised • Step 9- analysis for data phase o Stage whrein the researcher is performing a body of knowledge out of data collected affirms or deny hypothesis o Method of analysis of data (tabulation, measurement of data) o Nominal- tabulating data based on category Ex. Male/female o Ordinal- tabulating data base on ranking Ex. Good, better, best, mild, moderate, severe o Interval- tabulating data based on measurement Ec. Numerical value • Step 10 interpretation of data phase o 2 methods of interpretation Quantitative method- present the result using numerical graphical • Ex. Pie chart, line graph Qualitative- narrative method, through words, sentences, phrases • Step 11 communicating your conclusion o Explaining the result of the investigation by publishing it, spoken presentation and mass report o Conclusion-final answer of your research o Recommendation- suggestion to other dissemination Write a book thesis- most basic Symposium, oral method- conference Publication/published- more wider, journal Internet- modern technology