Research, Management and Leadership (Review TCUP)
• Systematic, empirical, controlled and critical
investigation, or a hypothetical (hypothesis)
proposition related to nature phenomenon
• Must be conducted to affirm or deny hypothesis
• PHENOMENON/PHENOMENA- anything affects the
human life
o Disease, signs and symptoms, procedure, MD,
antidote, virus, bacteria
• HYPOTHESIS- educated guess, scientific guess,
tentative statement of a supposed answer to your
problem
o Not yet known if true or false, right/wrong
• PHENOMENON+HYPOTHESIS= RESEARCH PROBLEM
o Without hypothesis there is no research problem
on a problem
4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• SYSTEMATIC
o Follow step by step process/procedure
o From identification of problem to conclusion
• EMPIRICAL
o Proper objective
o To collect data, facts and evidence to support
hypothesis
o Readily observable (objective)
• CONTROLLED
o Proper planning/direction
o Must be appropriate system, strategy, method
and scheme
o Researched design- used to look for the truth
/date
• CRITICAL INVESTIGATION
o Fact finding investigation
PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC NURSING RESEARCH
• DESCRIPTIVE
o Observe, describe, record down the results, use
senses
o Gain richer familiarity regarding phenomena
o 100% known to RN
• EXPLORATORY
o Explore to those areas that is unknown
o Observe more
o 0% still unknown by the RN
• EXPERIMENTAL
o Perform manipulation
o Perform intervention
• DEVELOPMENT
o From improvement of system of care
o To develop, improve the existing
o present method of care
ETHICS AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE
o For patient benefits
o Has good faith
• CONSENT/COOPERATION
o Get appropriate consent from the owner
o Legally, who owns the patient chart HOSPITAL
• INTEGRITY
o What you’ve worked hard for
• EQUITABLE
o If you use or utilize research of another
researcher give acknowledgement
o PLAGIARISM is illegal replication or duplicate or
replicate another use of research without
appropriate knowledge of the researcher
• NOBLE
o Proper respect to the same subject (Human
Rights)
o 3 BASIC RIGHTS OF SUBJECT/SAMPLE RESEARCH
o They have the right not to arm- includes,
physical, mental, moral, harm *PHYSICAL HARM
NEGLIGENCE*
 COMMISION- unacceptable in standard of
practice
  OMMISION- no intervention done *MENTAL 10.Interpretation of data phase
HARM* 11.Communicating your conclusion and recommendation
 ASSAULT- threatened, a mere mental fear
 BATTERY- provide physical harm, force the STEP 1- IDENTIFICATION of research problem
patient *MORAL HARM* • Problem research- something /anything that requires
 SLANDER/ORAL DEFAMATION- morally solving through scientific investigation
destroyed the reputation of the client • Source of problem in Nursing research
 LIBEL- you had published picture of a o Concept in nursing- heart disease, M.I
person thru TV, MAGAZIN o Literature, essay, book, journal
o They have the right self determination o Issues
o They have the right of privacy o Experience
• TYPE OF PRIVACY o Nursing problem
o ANONIMITY- privacy are regard to identify of the o Theories
patient • CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
o CONFIDENTIALY- privacy of the information or o General applicability- useful and applicable for
data all
 RESTRAINT- dependent (stay with the o BASIC PURE RESEARCH- results is for personal
patient) knowledge curiosities, applicable to research
 Two types of restraints o APPLIED RESEARCH- problem solving of others,
• Physical- vest or jacket focus on other problem
• Chemical- valium o RESEARCHABLE- capable of collecting data
o TRUTHFULNESS- put only the data you have o FEASIBLE- measureable
collected  Factors/parameters
o IMPORTANCE- important to nursing • Time
o FACTUAL- facts or data • Money
o IDEAL- you need to comply on the step by step • Instrument
process (Identification-conclusion)  Apparatus
o COURAGE- • Population
• Experience of the researcher
RESEARCH PROCESS II SETP IN BASIC PROCEDURE o IMPORTANCE- importance of nursing profession
o NOVELTY- originality
1. IDENTIFICATION- of research o SIGIFICANCE- related to nursing profession
2. Review of related literature
 Variable- anything which is subject to
3. Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework
change for manipulation
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Selecting the appropriate research design  2 Major Variables of the study
6. Selecting your population and sample • Independent variable- cause target
7. Conducting a pilot/trial study population
8. Collecting of data phase • Dependent Variable- effect
9. Analysis of data phase response
 • Example: hypothesis- a study on • Revision of terms
the different income of a Filipino o STEP 2- review of related literature
nurse working at PGH NYGH o Purpose- update, overview, background, key to
INDEPENDENT TARGET DEPENDENT theoretical and conceptual framework
Hospital- PGH & Population $-P income
NYGH Conceptual framework Research work
Place of work Filipino Effect variable Formulated Researcher
Casual variable nurses Authors Research work only
Can be sold Future use of purpose
• Intervening variable- comes Books, general
between dependent and
independent • Step 3 FORMULATION OF CONCEPTUAL AND
o Example: organism variable, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
internal factor, sex, gender, • Theory- relationship between concept
colour • Conceptual framework- illustration showing
• Extraneous variable- external relationship between variable
influence can be changed • Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation/illustration
o Ex. Allure, citizenship, between variable
educational status • STEP 4- formulation of hypothesis
• Dichotomous variable- 2 o Hypothesis- mere educated guess, temporary,
choices/results tentative
o Ex. Male/female o Types of Hypothesis
• Polychotomous variable- multiple  Null or statistical hypothesis- no
choices/multiple variable relationship or difference between 1
o Ex. Prepared foods variable to another
RESEARCH  Single variable- alternative operational
• Identify problem research hypothesis, shows difference
• Purpose- objective (SMART) between 1 variable to another single
o S-smart variable
o M- measurable  Complex hypothesis- shows
o A-attainable relationship/shows difference between
o R-realistic two or more variable
o T-time bound • Using other intervening variable
• Define terms • Same as simple hypothesis
o Conceptual definition- dictionary  Directional Hypothesis- used only
meaning/ordinary diction of nurses directional of the relationship between
 Ex.toxic-waste products variable
o Operational definition- difference in accordance  Non-directional hypothesis- only predicts
of how the researcher used his problem the relationship but has no specific
 Ex. Very busy day for nurses direction between variable
• STEP 5 Research design
o Systematic, controlled plan for finding answer
problem
o It is the roadmap, blueprint to provide result
o Plan, structure/strategy conducting an
investigation
• Application-useful/applicable to whom?
o Basic/pure research
o Applied research
• Method- observe
o Experimental- active participation
o Manipulation (cause & effect)
o Give certain intervention
o Controlled setting
 Ex. Laboratories/researched unit
o Non experimental- research is a passive
participant
o Observes and describe, record
o Natural setting-where people naturally exist
such as homes, hospital, schools, office,
community
• Data
o Qualitative- subjectively collected-internal,
physical, the subject just said it
o Belief, understanding, emotions, opinions,
attitude, behaviour, culture, perception, feelings
o Quantitative- data collected is based on
objective reasoning, numerical interpretation
o EX. TEMP, bp result, weight, distance, height,
reading observable using sense
• Step 6 selecting your population and sample
• Population- bigger than the sample
• Sample- data, people
• Sampling
o Probability- equal chance for all, equal
opportunity as a sample to be chosen
o Simple random sampling- only for identical
group, same qualifications, equal opportunities,
method: draw out
o Stratified random sampling- first created a
substrata in a population before doing
randomization, un-identical group
o Cluster random sampling- create sub areas in
the population before doing randomization, to
hospital in Manila, UST 3rd floor, south wing tb
patients
o Systematic Sampling- list of names appearing in
population, choose a multiple number
o Non-probability- pre selected group, based
group, non equal chance for all
o Accidental/convenience- accessible, near to the
researcher, based on proximity of sample
o Purposive/judgemental- based on popularity,
common knowledge
o Snowball sampling- based on lat referral
o Quota Sampling-
• Step 7 trial Study
• Step 8 collection of data phase- information are being
gathered from subject to verify a given hypothesis
o Questionnaires- method of collecting data using
a paper and a pencil instrument completed by a
subject
o Types of questionnaires-
 Checklist/dichotomous- yes or no option
 Rating scale- choices arranged in order by
the subject according to a certain
underlying criteria
 Multiple choice- a, b, c, d
o Record- published, documented- easiest, pre
existing data, journal, essay, documents,
newspaper, patient chart
o Interview- use oral communication
o Observation-
 participants- the observe involve in the
setting together with the subject active
participant
 non participants- the researcher is merely
viewing the subject
o problem encountered
  hawthorns effect- obviously, consciously
being observed, experimental
 remedy- perform double blind research
must not now that they are being
observed
 halo effect- effect by special treatment or
relationship, rating/performance, because
of special relationship praised
• Step 9- analysis for data phase
o Stage whrein the researcher is performing a
body of knowledge out of data collected affirms
or deny hypothesis
o Method of analysis of data (tabulation,
measurement of data)
o Nominal- tabulating data based on category
 Ex. Male/female
o Ordinal- tabulating data base on ranking
 Ex. Good, better, best, mild, moderate,
severe
o Interval- tabulating data based on measurement
 Ec. Numerical value
• Step 10 interpretation of data phase
o 2 methods of interpretation
 Quantitative method- present the result
using numerical graphical
• Ex. Pie chart, line graph
 Qualitative- narrative method, through
words, sentences, phrases
• Step 11 communicating your conclusion
o Explaining the result of the investigation by
publishing it, spoken presentation and mass
report
o Conclusion-final answer of your research
o Recommendation- suggestion to other
dissemination
 Write a book thesis- most basic
 Symposium, oral method- conference
 Publication/published- more wider, journal
 Internet- modern technology