Annual Report 2000

Centrum fr internationale Migration

und Entwicklung Annual Report 2000

contents

4 4 6 7 8 9 11

CIM 2000 Management Report Key focuses of promotion, finances CIM experts: placement CIM experts: the demand CIM experts: profiles and background Measuring success CIM Experts by Country and Region CIM in Partner Countries Africa: Networks in the South, Vocational Training in the North Latin America: Consulting on Environmental Policy Asia: A Growing Economy Growing Environmental Problems Central and Eastern Europe: Economic Cooperation Spurs Reform

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CIM in Numbers 38 Facts and figures: experts, sectors, finances Inside CIM 42 The Joint Committee 42 Joint Operation Management 43 Imprint

Development calls for people development calls for cooperation

CIM has placed experts in partner countries for 20 years There was something special to celebrate this year: 20 years ago, on October 27, 1980, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and the German Federal Employment Institute (BA) signed a cooperation agreement that laid the foundation for a joint operation between the two institutions: the Centrum fr internationale Migration und Entwicklung CIM. Thus development cooperation know-how was yoked to job placement know-how. Ever since then, German and other European experts have been seconded to partner-country employers significant in the development of their transition and developing countries when the partner country requests such a placement, that is. In its first year, CIM had 270 experts under contract. Today, this number has more than tripled. Since 1980, a total of 3000 experts have set out to support partner countries development efforts for a limited period of time. Still, only a fraction of the demand has been and is being met, and the shortage will become acute as industrialized countries begin to recruit more experts from transition and developing countries for their own economic development. The new orientation of development cooperation as specified by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) left its mark on CIM in the year 2000 in a pronounced focus on fewer countries and fewer sectors. At the same time, GTZs decentralization policy which enhanced the performance capacity of field offices presented an opportunity to combine more effectively than ever before the various development cooperation instruments being used on site. CIM took advantage of this opportunity. Twentyseven GTZ Offices are now charged with administering CIM placement programs on site. Also particularly notable was the development taking place in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the year 2000, the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe established at the initiative of the European Union in 1999, in the wake of the war in Kosovo could be implemented step by step. CIM, too, received funding from the Stability Pact to step up its efforts for economic promotion, restructuring of agriculture, and vocational training. By the end of 2000, a total of 25 CIM integrated experts had been placed in the StabiPact countries Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro), Croatia, Macedonia and Romania. CIM will also in future continually expand its active involvement in South Eastern Europe.

editorial

management report

Key focuses of promotion, finances

Less in the traditional developing countries, more in South Eastern Europe
Placements of experts in the traditional developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America markedly declined in the year 2000. In 1999, 236 experts were seconded to countries on these continents: in 2000, only 126. However, since markedly more experts were seconded to Central and Eastern Europe and also to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Newly Independent States (NIS) (54 in the year 2000 as opposed to 38 in 1999), the overall tally of experts continued at satisfactory levels. The total number of experts worldwide was reduced by 36 to 735. In the year 2000, 216 experts returned to Germany from positions abroad. The traditional developing countries were particularly affected, with 67 experts (10.2 percent) fewer than in the preceding year. The overall decline in numbers of CIM integrated experts was not particularly steep, however, because an increase of 31 experts in Central and Eastern Europe raised the number there to 148.

Active involvement in South Eastern Europe

South Eastern Europe needs particular support to heal the scars left by war and expulsion and set the countries and societies in this region on a steady course toward a market economy. To this end, the European Union initiated in July, 1999, the formation of the seven-member Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe made up of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro), Croatia, Macedonia and Romania. Via this Stability Pact, CIM received funding to step up its activities in these countries in three key sectors: private sector promotion, restructuring of the agricultural sector, and training and education. Thus by the end of the year 2000, 25 integrated experts had taken up new positions in these countries. With the initial term of the Stability Pact set at four years, CIM will further expand its engagement in South Eastern Europe.

A clearer profile
For the year 2000, as for 1999, BMZ directives indicated fewer countries and fewer key areas for development cooperation. This sharper regional and sectoral focus has an impact on the work of CIM. Cooperation with partner countries that have traditionally been important, such as Malaysia or Botswana, will end within the next few years. The aim of this concentration of efforts is to create an even clearer profile for German development cooperation.

Setback for Return-of-Talents Program

The Return-of-Talents Program recruits experts from developing countries who have been educated and are employed in Germany. Placement for these experts is then secured in their home countries. Due to reductions in funding, however, this program experienced a setback 2000, the number of placements declining from 41 to 27.

Somewhat lower receipts

A sharp decline on the one hand, a sharp rise on the other: CIMs financial development in 2000 was characterized by swings in both directions. While funding for traditional developing countries decreased from DM 73 million to DM 67.7 million (7.2 percent), funding for Central and Eastern European countries increased by 17.9 percent. The increase was primarily due to the first influx of financing to the amount of DM 2.3 million from the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. All in all, the CIM budget for 2000 balanced at DM 90.5 million, 3.4 percent less than its 1999 budget.

Gaining importance: cooperation with the private sector

Cooperation between CIM and German industry is growing in importance. Despite a decline in the number of development partnerships with industry compared to last year, these Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) continue to play a leading role. Particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, where a number of integrated experts are employed, PPPs are an important motor for reform. This form of cooperation, which now has a fairly long tradition at CIM, is to be expanded. Its advantage is that all of the cooperating parties stand to gain. PPPs enable the private sector to take the social and environmental impacts of commercial activities into consideration in tangible form during planning. The common goal is to commit both sides to a kind of development that is not only economically viable but also socially equitable and environmentally sustainable.

Increased cooperation with other development cooperation institutions

The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is reorganizing German development cooperation (DC). For CIM and other DC institutions, this means first and foremost more intensive cooperation. Indeed, placements made in collaboration with other institutions have sharply increased, particularly those with technical cooperation projects. CIM has also commissioned 27 field offices of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation) to provide both administrative and technical support for CIM programs. CIM is also cooperating more intensively with the Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW): (German Financial Cooperation). The KfW coordinates this cooperation in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe; and in other countries, too, the advantages of closer cooperation are becoming increasingly clear.

Prospects for fiscal year 2001

The same principles will also apply during the coming fiscal year: reduced funding for traditional developing countries, while more for Central and Eastern Europe. Losses are partially balanced out by financing from third parties, so overall receipts will remain steady.

management report

CIM experts: placement

Keen applicant interest
Applicant enthusiasm for placement abroad as a CIM expert remains strong. In the year 2000, 8,214 technical and management experts submitted applications directly to CIM at no. 16 Barckhausstrasse in Frankfurt, as opposed to 7,330 in 1999; and an additional 1,200 applications (1,600 in 1999) were forwarded to CIM from the Central Placement Office (ZAV). Thus, the overall increase from the preceding year was five percent. CIM continues to use notices in newspapers and professional journals to recruit experts for most of the positions available. A total of 115 job-available advertisements were placed to recruit 180 new experts. In 1999, there were 171 ads for 274 placements. The amount spent on advertising decreased from DM 1,088,044 in 1999 to DM 887,477 in 2000.

New placements
In the year 2000, 145 men and 35 women took up positions in a partner country, of whom 90 percent (162) had university degrees. The majority of the experts had already had experience living and working abroad: 60 percent (106) had been employed abroad for at least two years; and 171 of the 180 newly placed experts already had a number of years of professional experience.

Returnees
Of the 180 experts placed by CIM, 27 are returnees, that is non-German technical and management experts who completed studies or technical training (e.g., as a master craftsman or technician) in Germany and gained their first professional experience in the German working world. Within the scope of the Return-of-Talents Program, they returned to their home countries, where they took up tasks important to development there.

A new generation of experts

CIM placed nine younger generation experts as part of its programs. Three veterinary doctors and a physician are now employed in South Africa, two environmental engineers in Colombia, two engineers in Namibia and one in Malaysia. The major proportion of the expenses for these experts was assumed by partner organizations: CIM as a rule bore the costs only for providing experts with social security and certain additional services.

CIM experts: the demand

Jobs still open in specific professions
Several vacancies could not be filled in the year 2000. One reason for this was that structural change has also left Germany with too few experts in certain fields, while the private sector actively recruits the few persons available on the German job market.

In particular demand Africa The demand for integrated experts varies markedly from one region to another.
There are many openings for medical doctors in Africa, not only for specialists such as gynaecologists, surgeons, pediatricians and anesthesiologists, but also for medical technicians and occasionally for teaching nurses. Engineers and technicians for specialized maintenance, manufacturing and training assignments, and also pulp-and-paper, hydraulic, road-construction and textile engineers have good chances of finding employment. The United Arab Emirates is looking for midwives, nurses and medical specialists in all fields.

Latin America In Latin America employers are mainly seeking vocational trainers,
agricultural and forestry staff, applications scientists and experts in tourism.

Asia In Asia, professionals are in demand as vocational trainers, technical experts

(particularly in metal-working, electronics, tool construction and mechanical engineering) and environmental experts (e.g., for ISO 14001, hazardous-waste management, incompany environmental management and sewage treatment and disposal). Experts in private sector promotion also have good chances for placement, as do experts with teaching experience in the jewelry and leather trades, who are much sought after.

Central and Eastern Europe In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe,
management experts with experience in private sector promotion, corporate consulting and privatization processes have the best chances. There is also a call for experts in advanced vocational training and instructors in commercial fields. Equally in demand are environmental consulting experts; agricultural experts and urban planners, too, can count on attractive offers.

management report

CIM experts: profiles and background

High qualifications
It is sometimes difficult to fill vacant positions despite the large number of applications. One reason is the high level of professional qualification that employers in partner countries expect from the experts they hire. Such employers want candidates with not only years of professional experience but also additional qualifications, such as familiarity with the local language, mobility, teamwork skills and intercultural sensitivity. And they want their experts to be experienced instructors.

Age: between 35 and 55

CIM integrated experts generally fall into one of two categories. A typical member of the first group is 33 to 38 years old, has five to seven years of professional experience and is seeking experience working abroad. After a period of employment with CIM, such experts easily find a new position on the German job market. Members of the second group are around 55 years old, have already had a career, and want to do something new. When they return from their CIM assignment, they usually retire from professional life.

Saying yes to CIM placement together

Of 735 CIM experts, 512 are married. Nearly all took their partners and children along with them to their new position, even if no job was available for the accompanying spouse. CIM stresses the importance of couples staying together, since the unemployed partner makes a major contribution to the success of the experts work.

Professional status before assignment

Almost two-thirds of the experts gave up employment or self-employment to accept temporary placement in a CIM partner country. Fourteen percent of the experts were able as public officials or civil service employees to obtain leave from their employers. For nearly one fifth of the integrated experts, employment abroad marked the end of a generally brief period of unemployment.

Proportion of women rises

Of the 735 CIM experts employed abroad on December 31, 2000, 121 16.5 percent were women. The previous year, out of 771 experts 112 15 percent were women. One reason for the continuing low proportion of women is supply: many local employers are looking for experts with a technical background, and women continue to be under-represented in technical fields.

Measuring success
Happily, assessment of success for 1999/2000 yields a more positive picture than in the previous year. The reason is that promotion in Africa and Latin America has markedly improved in comparison to 1998/1999. Between July 1, 1999, and June 30, 2000, a total of 193 promotional efforts ended, of which 90 percent could be assessed as positive. In more than 30 percent of all cases, however, success was qualified in regard to one or more components. Overall, 67.9 percent of all promotional efforts could be classified as unqualified successes; 22.3 percent were qualified successes; and 9.8 percent were not successful.

When may a promotional ef fort be rated successful?

The work of an integrated expert may be considered successful when upon termination of CIM promotion partner institutions and individuals have acquired the capacity to carry out their tasks better than they could before. The factors taken into consideration are: the development significance of the sector being promoted the importance of the employer within this sector the significance of the integrated experts work to this employer the professional and personal suitability of the individual expert the favorability of frame conditions for promotion. The impact of reduced funding was also taken into consideration as a factor in instances of qualified success.

What determines lack of success?

The main reasons for the lack of success of promotional efforts were: preconditions unfavorable to sustainability, employers who were not significant enough within the sector slated for promotion, or deterioration of framework conditions. Problems also arose from a lack of understanding between expert and employer, which in some cases could be traced to mistakes made during the recruitment process. Such failures were seldom due to an experts lack of technical qualification but rather to his or her inability to adapt to an unfamiliar socio-cultural environment. Nevertheless, the cost of promotional efforts that proved unsuccessful could be kept to a minimum, since the employment contracts in such cases were usually terminated within or just after the first two years. In such instances, one of the strengths of the Integrated Experts Program becomes clear: the program can react quickly and flexibly when unforeseen changes occur or when development takes an unfavorable turn.

management report

Measuring success in Africa Although promotion in Africa was more successful

this year than in the year before, the difficulties inherent in framework conditions there continue to make themselves felt. For instance, due to the civil war in Angola, a number of promotional efforts had to be terminated after only two years and were, therefore, only qualifiedly successful. The very fact that poor institutional frame conditions weaken the chances for sustainability of promotion adversely affects the prospects for its success.

... in Asia Efforts in Asia were less successful than in the previous year. This was due on the one hand to the political and economic crisis in Indonesia and the institutional weaknesses of some employers in Mongolia, and on the other hand to problems with individual employers in China and Thailand. ... in Latin America In Latin America, the overall results of assessment of success
in the year 2000 reflected a clear improvement over 1999. A few promotional efforts were not successful because of difficult political conditions in Nicaragua and Colombia, which precluded the sustainability requisite to successful promotion.

... in Central and Eastern Europe As in the past, Central and Eastern Europe
registered a very good performance, even if the excellent results of the year before could not quite be repeated.

CIM Experts by Country and Region

Lithuania 7 Poland 2 Slovakia 2 H Slovenia 2 3 Croatia 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Yugoslavia Albania 4 Morocco

17
Tunisia

P T

Mexico

11

Honduras 2 3 Guatemala 3 4 Nicaragua El Salvador 7 Venezuela Costa Rica 8 Colombia 2 Guyana

5 Republic

Dominican Gambia Cape Verde Senegal Mali

Guinea-Bissau

2 1 1

1
Nigeria

2 14 Cte dIvoire
Ghana

2
1

Cam

17
Ecuador 10

Gabon Brazil

Peru

22

34
Bolivia

14
Paraguay Namibia

Chile 20

3
Argentina 9 7 Uruguay

33

South Afric

Countries with experts Countries without experts

December 31, 20

22

8 Belarus
23
Ukraine

22 Russia
Kazakhstan

1 Moldova 1 14 Romania 4 3 Georgia 11 Bulgaria 2 1 1 Turkey 3 4 Macedonia Armenia Uzbekistan 4 Syria Palestinian 13 3 Lebanon Iran Territories 3 1 Jordan 10
Egypt

Hungary

8 Mongolia
7
Kyrgyzstan

25
Nepal

China

1 Republic of Korea

2
India

1 Bhutan

1 Oman
6 Yemen 12
eroon Uganda 10 Ethiopia

17
Viet Nam Philippines

Thailand 17 Sri Lanka

10
Malaysia

20

1
Singapore

6
Kenya

11
28
Indonesia

8
Malawi Tanzania

11
Mozambique Fiji 1

1 Zambia 23 6 13 Zimbabwe
Botswana

Mauritius Cook Islands 1

32

7 Swaziland
Lesotho

Experts per region

Africa Latin America Asia / Oceania / Near and Middle East Europe Total 228 181 178 148 735

Bengsch GeoGrafik

000

Networks in the South, vocational training in the North

africa
Network Africa: this is the motto for CIMs development cooperation for Southern Africa. Stronger networking with other development cooperation programs and with private sector activities clearly predominated during the past year. Conditions in the north differ from those in the south; parameters in the south differ from those in the north. Consequently, the partner country demands to which CIM development cooperation must respond differ between south and north as well. In the countries of North Africa, demand focused to varying degrees on building up and promoting an up-to-date and demand-driven vocational training system.

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Modernizing, training, and strengthening to compete

North Africa is developing, and so is its industrial sector. But now the region is facing growing competition from Asia and, even more, from Central and Eastern Europe. The growing openness of these countries and the phased dismantling of their tariff barriers, as provided for in the World Trade Organization Agreements and the European Union Association Agreements, will have painful consequences and create some adjustment problems for North Africa. This is because low quality and high prices handicap most North African products when it comes to competition with Europe. In modernizing its own industry and gearing up to meet this competition, one of the most pressing tasks for North Africa is to establish an up-to-date vocational training system that is adapted to the needs of industry, and to press forward with it. Moreover, the promotion of vocational training has social significance: in North Africa, too, young people are particularly hard hit by the spread of unemployment. Qualified, demandoriented training can substantially improve their opportunities to earn an income. In the year 2000, 11 experts in the fields of vocational training and private sector promotion supported North African countries in their efforts to increase their international competitiveness. They work closely with technical cooperation projects, a link which is to be further strengthened.

North Africa

Experts in Africa according to sector

No. Health Education, training Industry, mining, construction Economic planning and public administration Public utilities Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Trade, banking, tourism and other services Social infrastructure and welfare Total 62 53 29 26 25 13 12 8 228 in % 27.2 23.2 12.7 11.4 11.0 5.7 5.3 3.5 100.0

Key countries and sectors

At the end of the year 2000, nearly a third (228) of the experts throughout the world were working in Africa, including Egypt and the Maghreb. Southern Africa is undoubtedly the prime regional focus of CIM placements, with 50 percent of experts employed in the key countries located there: South Africa (32), Namibia (33), Mozambique (23), Botswana (13) and Malawi (11). Twenty-six new experts went to these partner countries in 2000. The most significant partner countries in the Maghreb, West Africa and East Africa are Egypt (10), Tunisia (17), Ghana (14), Ethiopia (12), Uganda (10) and Tanzania (8). The demand for human resources support emerged as in 1999 chiefly within the fields of vocational training, economic promotion and public health. Experts continued to be sought for tasks in the transport and communications sectors primarily in Namibia.

africa

Tunisia
Tunisia, with 17 experts at present, is one of the key countries in the program. CIM experts have already worked for several years in the Agence Tunisienne de la Formation Professionnelle (ATFP), the department responsible for vocational training. The experts have been placed as back-up for a project assisted by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, German Technical Cooperation. The goal of this project is to set up a dual training system adapted to Tunisian conditions. Their task here is to support the introduction of on-the-job training at individual Tunisian vocational schools. Two vocational training experts work at the vocational teaching center CENAFFIF, at which Tunisian trainers are qualified and training curricula are designed. These experts help with the qualification or requalification of urgently needed trainers for all eight vocational centers in the clothing sector. More experts are to follow.

Morocco
Four experts are currently employed in Morocco. The key area here, as in Tunisia, is vocational training, and here, too, the work of CIM-placed experts is closely linked to GTZ-supported projects. One expert began work at the state vocational training authority (Office de la Formation Professionnelle et de la Promotion du Travail), and

A l p h a a n d O m e g a i n Tu n i s i a
Setting up a private training program for orthopedic technicians Congenital handicaps, unsafe conditions at work, and the steadily growing number of serious traffic accidents resulting in mutilations: in Tunisia as elsewhere in Africa these are no rarity. But there is hardly any help for the handicapped, since the country has very few trained orthopedic technicians capable of providing patients with proper prostheses and other orthopedic aids, as well as follow-up care. In order to relieve this acute need for technical personnel, the Otto Bock Company of Tunisia a subsidiary of the German Otto Bock Company located since 1996 in Tunis is now itself training orthopedic technicians in its own training center. The company is being supported by the university medical faculty in Tunis and by CIM. Mathias Becker, a registered master in orthopedic biomechanics, has been placed by CIM to be in charge of training in this countrywide project, which is to be opened to Tunisias neighbor countries in a second phase. He is responsible for establishing the training branch and for apprentice training. The technicians he trains are to ensure that there is basic orthopedic treatment and follow-up care in the cities of the province. When these apprentices qualify as master technicians, they are also to assume responsibility for training. The advantage for Tunisia: not only will the country markedly improve its health care, but unemployed youths also have, through this training, a better chance of achieving self-sufficiency.

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more are to follow. The CIM expert at the Association le Grand Atlas, charged with training orthopedic technicians in Marrakech, has been joined by a CIM colleague now. And at a youth center in Tahannaout, a CIM expert coordinates further training measures to provide the regions predominantly unemployed young people with key professional qualifications.

Egypt
Egypt has a long industrial tradition with good development potential and industrial development is promoted by the Egyptian government: good reasons for CIM to choose Egypt as one of the first countries to cooperate with. Since the Egyptian market was long walled off by trade barriers protecting domestic businesses, the pressure to strengthen the Egyptian competitive position is now particularly strong. This is why in the past year a total of ten experts were working on private sector promotion in Egypt. They are working at consulting institutions, industry-oriented vocational training institutions and individual companies with development policy significance. As they do everywhere in North Africa, in Egypt, too, the experts coordinate their activities with technical cooperation projects. Plans have been made to place more experts in Egypt, with the aim of assisting the dissemination of the new dual vocational training system.

Egypt la mode
Fashion design to spur exports Egyptian fashion for export has so far been produced strictly according to specific commissions, with prescribed cuts and patterns. There is no local Egyptian tradition of this type of fashion design. In order to lend the export-oriented clothing industry greater independence and to make it more competitive, the subject of fashion design was introduced in 1998 to the Faculty of Applied Arts at Helwan Technical University. Susanne Kmper, a German fashion designer, is employed there as a university instructor of international trends in color, form and materials and modern sales promotion, presentation techniques and marketing. What is special about the new department are the unusually strong emphasis on practical skills and the good contacts it enjoys with the textiles industry, which is participating financially in this new course of study. In work-study projects with local businesses, student designs were taken up by production: two of them received awards in Japan. The German fashion-design expert is also fostering cooperation with international and European university fashion departments, organizing annual workshops on the subjects of fashion and art and fashion and the media.

africa

Sub-Saharan Africa
focusing, networking

Consolidating,

In the year 2000, a total of 44 integrated experts traveled to 13 countries, while in the preceding year 64 experts were placed in 20 countries. These figures show the trend toward concentration on fewer countries. There was also greater sectoral concentration, as almost two-thirds of the newly-arrived experts took up assignments in the health, private sector promotion/vocational training, transport and communication sectors. Along with this concentration on fewer countries and sectors, other pillars of the CIM program in sub-Saharan Africa were more intense networking and consolidation of activities on site. Newly-placed experts are integrated from the start in an extensive network: they have been placed to supplement technical cooperation (TC) or financial cooperation (FC) projects, or to work closely with private sector initiatives and nongovernmental organizations or local institutions. This avoids duplication of work and makes more efficient use of scarce funds.

CIM experts working in GTZ-supported projects

Between 1995 and 2000, a total of 36 experts worked in support of TC projects in 12 countries. As before, key activities continue to focus on vocational training (Ethiopia, Botswana and South Africa) and private sector promotion (Tanzania), as well as on water supply (Kenya, Namibia) and rural regional development (Malawi, Tanzania). CIM experts have been supporting establishment of local training institutions in

Not without the traditional owners

Sustainable management to protect forest resources in Ghana Ghana loses ca. 75,000 hectares of its wet forests and 100,000 hectares of its tree savannas annually. These losses stem from clearance to provide more farmland, felling of trees for commercial use and firewood, and brushfires. The result: sinking groundwater levels and decreasing soil fertility. Overuse and destruction of forest resources is endangering the natural foundations for the existence of the population. Nevertheless, it is not easy to see that the idea of protecting the forests really takes hold among the local population. Adjacent village communities and forestry staff confront one another with great mistrust, primarily because of the latters police powers. Also, the traditional owners of the forest have long been overlooked or even cheated with regard to their right to decide about or to use the forest. This is exactly what CIM expert Marc-Oliver Kpf is now to help change. The highest forestry authority has charged the sociologist, as coordinator, with designing a forestry management system that gives the population the largest possible role in decision-making. For the vanishing forest resources in the Volta region, as in other regions of Ghana, can be protected in the long term only if the neighbors are involved from the very start in planning and sustainable use. Executing organizations in the GhanaianGerman cooperative Forest Protection and Resource Use Management Project (FORUM) are the Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW) (German Financial Cooperation), GTZ and the German Development Service (DED), with flanking support from CIM.

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Ethiopia in cooperation with a TC project since 1998. GTZ and CIM also took part jointly in a successful effort to decentralize the water supply system in Kenya and to put it on its own feet economically. Setting up a vocational training system is a big challenge for South Africa: six CIM experts are working on promoting a system of apprenticeship training geared to South African conditions. Three CIM experts at the Gauteng Department of Education are advising vocational training institutions and 50 colleges nationwide on establishing the first learnerships. One expert is working to persuade member companies of the South African Chamber of Business (SACOB) to provide the needed training positions. Experts are also taking part in the training itself, as in the Commercial Advancement Training Scheme (CATS) or the South African REFA association.

Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW): Partner for financial cooperation

CIM experts have followed up on financial cooperation (FC) projects in, for example, the harbor of Maputo in Mozambique and in hospitals and nature preserves in Malawi. They back up KfW involvement in municipal sewage disposal in Zanzibar, road construction in Namibia, and promotion of small-scale enterprises in Mozam-

Making up for past neglect

Public Private Partnership in vocational training in South Africa During apartheid, South Africa completely neglected vocational training. Far too few South African small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) offer on-the-job training a serious obstacle to the countrys economic development. In particular, SMEs managed by black business people at a stark disadvantage until now display little interest in such training. To change that, CIM and DaimlerChrysler SA have entered into a public-private development partnership. The deal they have made: CIM places a German vocational training advisor at SACOB, the umbrella organization of South African chambers of commerce, and the automobile company DaimlerChrysler SA subsidizes the experts salary to a total of DM 120,000. The umbrella organization represents 80 South African chambers of commerce with ca. 40,000 member companies. Starting in 2000, Dr. Dorothea Sanwald began advising SACOB on everything pertaining to vocational training. She promotes contact with German or European companies and points out ways in which SACOB can provide better support for its member organizations.

africa

bique. CIM placed an expert as advisor to the directors of the Mozambique Cabinet for Support to Small Industry (GAPI), which is being aided within the scope of German FC.

German municipalities and federal states as CIM partners

Municipalities and federal states also participate in CIM placements in Africa. In Cape Verde, an expert in modern administration advises the mayor and authorities of the city of Tarafal on promoting the economy and initiating international contacts. The city of Schwalbach in Hesse helped pay placement costs. The German state of Lower Saxony, within the framework of its partnership with the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa, is funding a CIM veterinarian who is improving hygienic conditions in the regions slaughterhouses.

Cooperation with German non-governmental organizations

CIM works with German non-governmental organizations in Nigeria and Kenya. In northern Nigeria, a CIM expert is head of the Noma Hospital, established by the AWD Childrens Aid Foundation to treat noma in children. Placement costs for the medical director are borne jointly by the foundation and CIM. CIM is also cooperating for the first time with the Christoffel Mission for the Blind and the German Committee for Prevention of Blindness to finance the work of an orthoptist at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.

Development partnerships with German industry

German companies are showing growing interest in bearing a share of the costs of placement. One example is Deutsche Forst Consult (DFC), which as part of a private sector reforestation concept has taken a fifty-year lease on 4500 hectares of forest reserve in Uganda. With the goal of replenishing the severely decimated natural forest stocks with commercial timber, and thus restoring them to something like their original biodiversity, CIM and DFC share the financing of an Integrated Expert to direct management of the plantation.

Cooperation among CIM experts

CIM experts within a country also maintain active cross-sectoral contact among themselves. For instance, CIM colleagues working in state enterprises serve as direct contacts and open doors for a medical journalist commissioned by the Namibia AIDS Care Trust to design advisory programs for AIDS prevention in companies. These contacts have come to extend beyond national borders and as far as South Africa, where German companies are interested in the concept. Some of the ideas are to be integrated into a comprehensive AIDS program implemented in concert by the companies, GTZ and CIM experts.

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Concentrated and networked

Model development cooperation in Namibia
To raise the profile and increase the efficiency of development cooperation, to concentrate on fewer countries and especially on fewer sectors, and to network with others these decisions, reached by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) in 2000, have already been CIMs practice in Namibia for years. Namibian-German cooperation is concentrated here in two central areas: the water and transport sectors. In highly arid Namibia, water is the most important resource for human life and the economy. CIM provides support in the form of hydraulic engineers, hydrogeologists and upper- to top-level management experts to two central Namibian water supply bodies: the supervisory authority, the Department of Water Affairs; and the Namibia Water Corporation (Namwater), which provides drinking water to municipalities and individual enterprises throughout the country. The managing director of Namwater is an expert placed by CIM. In the area of rural water supply in particular, CIM experts supplement and support German technical and financial cooperation projects. Examples include a number of local settlement water management projects headed by GTZ and the development of new water resources financed by the KfW. The second important area in Namibia, which with its broad expanses is more than twice the size of Germany, is the transport sector. The harbor of Walvis Bay is a transshipment center for goods from and bound for Namibias interior and for the landlocked countries of the SADC, such as Zambia and Zimbabwe. So the European Union and the KfW support Namibias investments in building new roads and maintaining existing ones. For its part, CIM helps Namibian institutions by placing road-construction engineers and economists. Both experts with extensive professional experience and younger generation experts occupy leadership and operational positions in the Roads Authority, responsible for planning and quality control of road construction, and in the commercialized state enterprise, the Road Contractor Company. The Namibian harbor company, Namport, and the Walvis Bay Corridor Group, representing the interests of the harbor, railway, freight and trucking companies which compose it, will work jointly in the coming years to expand transport services. CIM experts are working in central positions in both institutions. CIM began cooperation with Namibia in 1990, the year of its independence. Within only a few years, CIM had already placed around 30 experts in the country. By the end of 2000, 23 professionally experienced and ten younger-generation experts were working in Namibia as part of a program for developing expert human resources. This great demand for human resources indicates a know-how bottleneck, whereas capital and technology in Namibia are relatively accessible.

namibia

latin america

Consulting on environmental policy

The demand for advisory and consulting services on environmental policy has grown sharply in Latin America in the past few years. And it will continue to grow, too, because here, as in Asia, economic growth has been accompanied by a dramatic deterioration in environmental conditions. As a result, a new trend is observable in development cooperation with Latin America: away from the traditional strong support for vocational training and promotion of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to highly demanding assignments to conserve the environment and natural resources. Noteworthy in Latin America is that it is specifically the political decision-makers in municipal and regional bodies and right on up to provincial and national ministries who are on the lookout for environmental experts.

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Environmental consulting on the national level ... in Ecuador

Two CIM experts have been working in key positions in the Ecuadorian Ministry of the Environment since its founding in 1997. One integrated expert heads the forestry division, with its 200 employees. He is responsible for realizing the National Forestry Program. The program involves primarily the conservation and sustainable management of forests and nature preserves. This CIM experts first success was the achievement of significant changes in forest administration and national forestry legislation. The other German environmental expert advises the Ecuadorian Ministry leadership on how environmental policy guidelines might be further developed and how a strategy for efficient environmental management can be put into place. He is also mapping out training measures for leaders in government, industry and indigenous organizations. In this, CIM cooperates closely with the Carl Duisberg Society (CDG). Among the CIM experts tasks is coordination of the CDG training project planned in Ecuador and neighboring countries within the framework of the World Bank program on Energy, Environment and Population.

Experts in Latin America according to sector

No. Education, training Social infrastructure and welfare Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Industry, mining, construction Economic planning and public administration Trade, banking, tourism and other services Health Public utilities Total 65 23 22 21 21 16 10 3 181 in % 35.9 12.7 12.2 11.6 11.6 8.8 5.5 1.7 100.0

Key countries and sectors

At the end of 2000, 181 experts were employed in 18 countries. Their numbers have since declined by 12 percent, however: 26 experts fewer are currently employed in Latin America than last year. This negative trend was somewhat cushioned by the Return-of-Talents Program. In the year 2000, there were 12 new placements of this kind. Thus, in this program, Latin America continues to lead with 29 returnees: nearly half of all returnees worldwide work in Latin America. 31 experts 7 of them women departed to take up new positions in Latin America. Of 152 integrated experts, 111 work in just seven countries, with 56 in the key BMZ focus countries Bolivia and Peru. A large proportion of the integrated experts that took up new assignments during 1999 were placed in the field of environmental protection and conservation of natural resources (13 experts). The remaining new placements focused as in past years on education and training (especially vocational training) and promotion of SMEs.

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in Mexico and the Dominican Republic

In Mexico four German experts support the Comisin Nacional de Agua (CNA), a large state agency with 24,000 employees nationwide, in regard to responsible water resources management. A fifth expert advises the Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA), an institution serving the CNA, on prevention of water pollution. In the Dominican Republic, integrated experts are working on environmental protection assignments within the respective state offices for mining and management of nature preserves.

in Bolivia
Management of government nature preserves is also the professional focus of an expert working for the largest Bolivian nature conservation organization, the Fundacin Amigos de la Naturaleza Noel Kempff (F.A.N.). The government has transferred to F.A.N. responsibility for administrating the Noel Kempff National Park in the northeast of the Departamento Santa Cruz. The German expert provides consulting services not only on the maintenance of biodiversity in this public nature preserve, but also on how biodiversity principles can be integrated into national legislation.

Something is rotten
Municipal waste management and surface water resource protection in Chile The municipality of Coyhaique in southern Chile has grown very rapidly in recent years and household, industrial and commercial waste have kept pace. The waste dump is full, and the municipality is turning to emergency solutions. Sewage is being diverted untreated into local rivers, so that the entire watershed system is threatened with pollution. In 1993, the municipality set up an office of the environment, in which Pavel Jezek has served as a consultant since 1998. Jezek, an expert in municipal environmental management, supports this office in implementing an environmental action plan. In the process, he must come to terms with two main tasks: waste management and surface water resource protection. One example of what he can do is his coordination of construction of a modern, environmentally sound waste dump. He is also developing, in cooperation with the department of construction, guidelines for gravel quarrying in rivers. In cooperation with the Centro Nacional de Produccin Limpia of the Ministry of Economics, he is updating environmental records and offering environmental consulting services to businesses.

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G r e e n a n d b r o w n c o n s e r v a t i o n
Environmental consulting in Colombia
Colombia is an emerging economy. It is characterized by an economic momentum that in recent years has lost some of its force, by social extremes and violent conflict. Since the economic growth of past decades has led to massive environmental problems, there is a clear call for action in both the green (nature conservation) and brown (urban-industrial) sectors. The new constitution of 1991 highlighted, for the first time, environmental protection and conservation of natural resources as an important political sphere, leading in 1993/94 to the founding of the Ministry of the Environment. The strong interest of Colombian environmental institutions in the placement of German experts has also led to establishment of a program fostering a new generation of environmentalists, the Young Environmental Experts for Colombia. Through this program, young, well-educated and highly motivated environmental experts are placed in environmental agencies, research institutions, non-governmental organizations, etc. From such positions, they can pass on their up-to-date know-how and at the same time gather valuable professional experience. At the end of the year 2000, 12 experts (of a total of 17) were supporting the Colombian Ministry of the Environment and other subordinate agencies, regional authorities and non-governmental organizations in regard to environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. These bodies see to the creation of economic incentives, examine the employment impacts of environmental policy (Bogot), or research the economic benefits of ecologically sustainable development strategies

Rooting out poppies, planting papayas

Colombia: organic fruits as an alternative to narcotic crops In the region of Cauca in southeastern Colombia, impoverished farmers in rural areas are often forced to turn to coca and opium poppy cultivation as the sole possibility for survival. Alternative legal income and employment opportunities are virtually non-existent. Poor small-scale farmers have joined the organization ASPROME in order to improve their living conditions and counteract the practice of narcotic crop cultivation. Their recipe for success is organic fruit: they now plant papaya, mango, guava and pineapple instead of narcotic crops. ASPROME, the umbrella organization, takes over the processing of fruit pulp and juice into spreads and preserves, which it then also markets. ASPROME is a member of Naturland, a German organic farming organization, and is monitored by the independent body BCS-kogarantie. The products are certified by Naturland and are fit to compete on international markets. Some 450 small-scale farm families of Indian and African descent belong to ASPROME. In the next few years there are to be 1200 families, and the area under cultivation is to be expanded to 500 hectares. CIM expert Matthias Jger has been appointed managing director of the organization. The 34-year-old agricultural economist is responsible for marketing and exporting the organic foodstuffs to the USA, Japan, Germany and Switzerland. His position will be promoted by CIM and co-financed by Werkhof e.V. in Darmstadt, Germany, until 2003.

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colombia

(Cali). They produce background material and come up with nature conservation and environmental education projects (Medelln), or they train local staff in environmental planning, monitoring and evaluation (Mocoa). Three experts are employed at the highest level, in the Ministry of the Environment in Bogot. A geochemist advises the Ministry on the introduction of environmentally sustainable extraction methods in gold mining and also generally on issues of environmental policy and environmental management. An air pollution prevention specialist is employed as part of efforts to devise regulations to control industrially generated air pollution. This expert has even developed a method of employing the blast furnaces of local cement works to dispose of the enormous amounts of highly polluting plastic waste from the flower industry. A third expert is also working on prevention of air pollution, particularly environmentally friendly urban transport engineering: city traffic is responsible for some 70 percent of air pollution in Bogot. Eco-tourism occupies three experts in Colombia: on the Caribbean island of San Andrs, in Armenia and in Medelln. Their tasks include: waste avoidance and reduction of water and energy consumption in tourist areas, regional concepts for the promotion of environmentally and socially sound varieties of eco-tourism, and an eco-tourism concept that can be applied at all of Colombia's national parks. They are pioneers in this work; however, for reasons of security, they are at present confined San Andres excepted primarily to domestic Colombian tourism.

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Supporting reform processes on the municipal and provincial levels

CIM experts not only provide environmental consulting on the national level but also support reform processes on the municipal and provincial levels. In Bolivia, the Santa Cruz city administration employs a CIM expert as a municipal environmental consultant: his work focuses on management and policy consulting. He cooperates with a CIM-placed returnee, who is employed as a consultant and at the environmental institute of a private university in Santa Cruz as an instructor of analysis of atmospheric and water pollution levels. An integrated expert serving as an environmental consultant supervises water resource management in both the Peruvian mining province and the city of Cajamarca, and documents the impacts of the Yanacocha gold mine on the environment. His work is closely linked to the Proagua project supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, (German Technical Cooperation).

Danger! Poison!
A returnee to Peru informs her people about hazardous wastes and toxic substances. Incorrect handling of household and industrial waste, misuse of pesticides, and polluting chemical production processes are contaminating Perus environment and putting public health at risk. To survey and monitor environmentally generated health risks and production methods and inform the public about them is the task of the Centro Panamericano de Ingeniera Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente ( CEPIS) in Lima. The Research and Training Institute for Environmental Technology is a member of the Pan-American Health Organization, the Latin American regional office of the World Health Organization (WHO). The institute has since 2000 enjoyed the support of Dr. Sonia Valdivia, an engineer specializing in industry, waste disposal and environmental economics, who was educated in Germany and employed there for a number of years. Within the framework of CIMs Return-of-Talents Program, she returned as an environmental expert to her native country of Peru, where she has taken on the newly created position of information coordinator. She has already produced a CD-ROM that pools all available information on how to deal with hazardous waste and toxic materials. The CD-ROM provides a convenient virtual library for even small, remote municipalities and associations.

latin america

A growing economy growing environmental problems

asia
Asia is recovering. The 1997 economic and financial crisis that abruptly ended a period of strong economic growth in some Southeast Asian countries is, generally speaking, a thing of the past. As a result, high growth rates prevail once more in most of Asias emerging economies. Together with this economic renaissance, the ecological consequences of economic growth are resurfacing in the public consciousness. Industrially-engendered environmental pollution has dramatically increased in Asias rapid-growth regions: greater use of energy and raw materials has been accompanied by galloping contamination of air, soil and water with pollutants, emissions and industrial waste. This in turn has given rise to a growing demand for German expertise and technology in the field of urban-industrial environmental protection. The demand here in the brown sector is even greater than in the green sector nature conservation, agro-forestry, marine ecology, etc.

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Asian countries made it clear how important they consider environmental cooperation with Germany to be at the December 2000 environmental conference in Beijing, at which the German government was very prominently represented with three ministers. Support for environmental management and international cooperation on environmental protection are urgently needed in Asia, as are consulting on sewage treatment and waste disposal, environmental analysis, urban planning and transport engineering, renewable sources of energy, agroforestry and marine ecology. So it is no wonder that environmental protection, vocational training and private sector promotion are key sectors in Asia, or that new placements focused on these three sectors in the year 2000. China and Thailand, particularly, were looking for German know-how and technology in urban-industrial environmental protection: these two countries recognize with increasing clarity that a solution must be found to counter the dramatic rise in environmental pollution. But experts in urban-industrial environmental protection are employed as well in the Philippines, Indonesia, India and Vietnam, for instance in sewage treatment, waste disposal and urban transport engineering.

Experts in Asia according to sector

No. Education, training Industry, mining, construction Economic planning and public administration Public utilities Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Social infrastructure and welfare Health Trade, banking, tourism and other services Total 77 36 25 11 8 7 7 7 178 in % 43.3 20.2 14.1 6.2 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 100.0

Key countries and sectors

In the year 2000, only 37 experts took up positions in Asia. The sharp decline in the number of new placements in comparison with the preceding year can be traced on the one hand to budget cuts and on the other to the persistence of the economic crisis in certain countries, particularly Indonesia. At the end of 2000, a total of 178 experts were employed in 23 countries in this region, 14 fewer than in 1999. The majority of these experts are employed in Indonesia (28), China (25), the Philippines (20), Thailand (17), India (17), Palestine (13), Malaysia (11) and Vietnam (10). The greatest interest in placement of returnees was in Palestine (6 new placements) and Syria (3). At the end of the year 2000, a total of 22 returnees were employed in Asia, almost half of whom were in Palestine (10). New placements of integrated experts were concentrated in private sector promotion (7), environmental protection and conservation of natural resources (7), and vocational training (5); in the Return-of-Talents Program, the main focuses of placement were health (3) and tertiary education (2).

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China
In China the issue of environmental protection rose during the 1990s to a position high on the countrys political agenda. Today, the Chinese government invests large sums in environmental protection, and the demand for experts and their know-how is great. Environmental protection has thus joined the ranks of the key sectors in China. More than half of the total of 25 CIM experts in the country are employed in this sector. They support municipal sewage-disposal projects, join efforts to keep the air clean and promote environmentally-friendly transport systems, assist in the promotion of smallscale hydroelectric power and stimulate the international transfer of environmental technology. The Administrative Center of Chinas Agenda 21 (ACCA 21) was founded to determine a national environmental policy and to serve at the same time as a clearing house for international cooperation. An integrated expert within ACCA 21 supports consolidation of the Center for Environmentally Sound Energy Transfer (CESTT), which is to promote the transfer of environmental technology.

Renewable energy
Chinese center promotes small-scale hydroelectric power worldwide. If a balance between CO2 emissions and CO2 reduction in the earth's atmosphere is to be achieved, about half of all energy production worldwide must be drawn from renewable energy sources by the year 2050. In developing countries as in industrialized countries, renewable, environmentally-friendly facilities must be created to produce the energy needed today and to provide for future needs. The Hangzhou International Centre (HIC) in Hangzhou, China, founded in 1994, promotes small-scale hydroelectric power throughout the world. Also planned in China are partnerships to exploit other forms of renewable energy for future use. In addition, the HIC serves to advance technical and economic cooperation between developing and industrialized countries and international organizations. As Head of International Relations, Hubert Zimmer is the HIC directors right-hand man. He is responsible for attracting new members to the organization, strengthening and expanding international connections, procuring financing, and helping to devise further financing instruments.

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Thailand
Thailand, too, is among the countries in which the rapid expansion of industry and traffic and the increasing urbanization of growth regions have given rise to considerable environmental problems. Greater Bangkok is particularly affected, and it is here that a number of CIM experts are involved in finding solutions to the problems of urban-industrial environmental protection, such as waste disposal, traffic control, etc. For instance, the director of the Asia-Europe Environmental Technology Centre (AEETC) is a renowned German environmental expert who was placed through CIM. The AEETC, the result of an April 1998 resolution in London by the heads of government of the ASEM countries (15 European EU-member states and eight Asian states), is meant to become the leading regional hub of environmental cooperation between European and Asian countries. It is first to focus on the environmental problems of urban agglomerations waste disposal, for example and on predicting and managing environmental disasters. Last year, too, a consultant for environmental analysis was placed with the Environmental Research and Training Center (ERTC), a Thai partner institution of the AEETC.

The first of its kind

In the Philippines, a specialized wastewater purification plant for the metal-working industry After Manila, Cebu is the largest and most important industrial site in the Philippines. It is here that metal surfaces are treated in a very significant branch of the metal-working industry one with good prospects for future expansion. As industry grows, so do environmental concerns, however: the galvanization process produces toxic residues. The disposal of waste water and solid waste and the supply of safe drinking water have become, as in other large cities, a problem so large and complex as to be scarcely soluble. The specialized wastewater purification plant Cebu Common Treatment Facility, Inc. (CCTFI), has the capacity to treat this toxic waste. The plant is one result of the Industrial Pollution Control project supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, (German Technical Cooperation). This unique facility is a model of its kind with potential for use far beyond Cebu itself. Its manager, Uwe Hanschke, is a materials technology engineer placed by CIM to round out support and provide backstopping for the project. Hanschke not only directs and supervises the treatment of hazardous wastes, but is developing a recycling system to cope with sludge residue, which contains heavy metals. He also trains staff at the facility. His most important task, however, is to convince galvanization plants to deliver their hazardous wastes and wastewater to the facility for treatment.

vietnam

An end to isolation
Vietnam in transition to a market economy
The Vietnamese economy is undergoing a process of change. Ever since the economic reform of 1986, the country has been preoccupied with restructuring toward a more market-oriented economy. Vietnamese state industries are often not efficient enough to compete on global markets and are losing their former significance. An adjustment to global market conditions is urgently necessary: the country has isolated itself from the world economy far longer than has, for example, China, and it also lags behind Thailand by a good 15 years. Yet small- and medium-sized private enterprises (SMEs) are gaining ground. Increasingly, they form the backbone of the national economy. Most of them, however, are not internationally competitive: it is all they can do to compete even on the domestic market with imports from China, for one. They lack know-how in production, management, quality control, design, marketing and exports. The countrys great need for consulting and training has made SME- and private sector promotion a key focus for German development cooperation with Vietnam. In the past two years, CIM has placed a number of business and vocational training experts to help Vietnamese companies cope with the challenges of the market economy. One expert, for example, directs his attention to management training and consulting at the Management Training Centre (MTC)/Economic and Industrial Consultants Company (ECO) in Ho Chi Minh City; another, at the Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ)/Small and Medium Enterprises Development Centre (SMEDEC) in Hanoi, advises small- and medium-sized businesses on quality management issues.

...SMEs unite!
Vietnam promotes employers associations Vietnamese companies have been permitted since 2000 to found employers associations. The government actually encourages small- and medium-sized enterprises to join together in associations. HASMEA (Hanoi Small and Medium Enterprises Association) is one such product of economic change in Vietnam. This association has 400 members from not only the private but also the state and co-op sectors. As the newly-founded association is still somewhat unsteady on its feet, HASMEA turned to CIM with a request for placement of an economist or business administration expert as private-sector promotion consultant. Thus since November 2000, Dr. Uwe Petersen has been conducting market surveys and market research, organizing training courses in corporate management, and offering consulting on issues such as investment planning and corporate strategy. He also helps companies make contact with foreign firms and identify markets for Vietnamese products. In addition, of course, he also assists the development and growth of the employers association itself, recruiting new members and exploring sources of financing.

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Yet a third expert supports the newly-founded Hanoi Small and Medium Enterprises Association (HASMEA) in improving its consulting services for investment planning and management, marketing and exports, and know-how and technology transfer. Further experts placements in the field of private sector promotion are planned for the year 2001. All experts work in close professional cooperation with the SME advisory and training projects of other German institutions, such as the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation), the German Development Service (DED), the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, and the Coblenz Chamber of Trades. They meet on a regular basis in the framework of the workgroup on SME promotion, where they exchange experience and coordinate their cooperation.

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Economic cooperation spurs reform

In Central and Eastern Europe, the launching and expansion of economic cooperation between local and German enterprises is of increasing importance. When such cooperation proves to be sustainable, it can play a decisive role in the success of the reform processes of countries in this region. The insufficient framework conditions often prevailing in these partner countries do not always facilitate cooperation. Yet this is indispensable: economic cooperation does not occur at the end of a lengthy process of reform but rather can influence and expedite it as it unfolds. The goals of and tasks assigned to the integrated experts CIM places in Central and Eastern European transition countries conform to those of Transform, Germany's program to help put democracy and a socially equitable market economy on a firm footing.

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Economic and scientific cooperation: Russia

In Russia, as elsewhere, economic cooperation speeds up reform processes. The financial crisis of August 1998 led to a sharp setback in Russian-German economic cooperation one that persisted through 1999. At the start of the year 2000, however, this negative trend was reversed. This new, positive upswing is receiving particular CIM support: 12 of the total of 22 integrated experts in Russia assist Russian businesses and business associations in their search for economic cooperation with partners in the West, and particularly in Germany. Economic and also scientific cooperation the latter with a strong strain of practical economic relevance offer a number of advantages in Central and Eastern Europe. They enable the transfer of information and know-how, the attraction of foreign investment capital, the surmounting of economic stagnation, the creation of jobs and the stemming of sometimes staggering increases in poverty. CIM wants to see its promotional efforts consolidate the transformation process in these countries and imbue it with a positive image: this is an important prerequisite for encouraging the people of Central and Eastern Europe to take an active role in their own processes of reform.

Experts in Central and Eastern Europe according to sector

No. Economic planning and public administration Industry, mining, construction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Education, training Social infrastructure and welfare Trade, banking, tourism and other services Public utilities Health Total 37 36 29 28 7 7 3 1 148 in % 25.0 24.4 19.6 18.9 4.7 4.7 2.0 0.7 100.0

Key countries and sectors

In the year 2000, a total of 148 experts were employed in 22 Central and Eastern European countries an increase of 26 percent over the preceding year. Cooperation was initiated with Yugoslavia (including Montenegro and Kosovo), Kazakhstan, Macedonia and Moldova. The countries of South Eastern Europe constituted a special focus in the framework of the Stability Pact. A total of 25 new experts were placed in positions of particular responsibility within the seven Pact member countries. Aside from these, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine remained in the year 2000 key countries for the CIM program for Central and Eastern and South Eastern Europe. Work continues to focus primarily on three sectors: promotion of the private sector and its representative organizations, training and education, and restructuring of the agricultural sector.

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Science, research and development

The Moscow area, with its seven million inhabitants, occupies a unique position in Russia when it comes to science, research, development, and high technology. A fifth of the nations research facilities are to be found here, where more than a quarter of all Russian scientific endeavor is carried out. Biotechnology companies and research centers are located in nearly 20 cities like the science city of Pushino, about 100 kilometers south of Moscow. Since 1998, a technology transfer consultant with the Moscow Oblast Administration has been attempting to improve conditions for cooperation. It was at his initiative that the Russian Technology Center was founded, through which German companies primarily in the field of biotechnology can find partners in Russia. In the course of the year 2000, the first agreements on cooperation between both large and mediumsized German companies were made with research facilities in Pushino. This cooperation between German companies and Russian research groups is to be expanded step by step. Business start-ups, too, should ensure that scientific discoveries are put to good economic use. The advantage for the Russian side lies in securing a sound material and financial basis for continuing research in specialized fields of high technology. For its part, the German side can anticipate a rapid gain in scientific knowledge within these specialized fields. Thus both sides stand to gain.

Flying high
The Russian aerospace industry takes off Russia has an ace in the hole when it comes to the shift from a planned to a market economy: its high technology. Unlike the commercial sector, the potential is already there and open to cooperation with companies and institutions in the West. But Russia needs partners to play its ace: despite the high level of Russian science and technology, aerospace institutes in Russia lack sufficient capacity to market their services and apply their technology in practical terms. The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (ZAGI) in Zhukovsky just outside of Moscow is the largest Russian research institute in the aerospace sector and the only institution in the world of this size and density. As a marketing consultant to the institutes director, CIM expert Rainer Scharenberg is in charge of international relations. Scharenberg, whose academic background is in business administration, has already managed as part of cooperation with Russia to spur the launching of projects that are also important to the German aerospace industry. These projects are providing the institute with what promise to be its most comprehensive Western commissions at this time.

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R e c o n s t r u c t i n g a w a r- t o r n c o u n t r y
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country wracked by war. Five years after the Dayton peace agreement and independence, the country remains split into two parts: the Moslem-Croatian Federation and the Serb-dominated Republic of Srpska. The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe is made up of all of the countries of the former Yugoslavia Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, the regions of Kosovo and Montenegro and Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. Within its framework, three important challenges must be met in the medium term: The refugee problems and the aftermath of war must be overcome. A modern market economy must be built up and promoted. Economic and social structures must be adjusted to harmonize with those of the EU. Thus in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the work of CIM experts focuses on economic promotion, support of the banking sector, the media and national reconciliation.

The private sector rolls forward while politicians spin their wheels
Banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia build bridges over chasms left by war. The significance of Bosnian banks in building up the economy is rapidly increasing. The Universal Banka Sarajevo (UB), founded in 1993, is among the five most important commercial banks in the Moslem-Croatian Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Included in the KfW loans program as a pilot bank, its purpose was to finance investment in the reconstruction of the economic and social infrastructure. In the face of a general lack of experience in bank management and international banking, however, CIM expert Wilmar Dix supports the managing directors as a financial consultant. Among his tasks are the planning and implementation of management-generated business and economic policy. In particular, he has been advising the loans department and nurtures its development with some success: employees in this department, trained by Dix especially for this purpose, have now passed on DM 15 million worth of KfW loans to private construction firms and small- and medium-sized enterprises. The UB has since joined forces with the Zagrebacka Banka of Croatia. Together, they want to open up financial markets in Bosnia and other countries of the former Yugoslavia. In this war-torn region, the bank-to-bank cooperation sends a signal that is more than just economic: it is clear proof that the chasms opened up by war can be bridged more readily in the private sector than in the political arena.

bosnia and herzegovina

bosnia and herzegovina

Consulting from A to Z
Regional training/education and advisory network Consulting from A to Z: this is the offer of the training/education and advisory network located within the Ministry of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and the privatization agency of the Republic of Srpska respectively. Here two CIM experts support not only the regions SMEs but also foreign investors as they set up, modernize and develop their businesses. The network offers legal advisory services and classic corporate consulting (marketing/sales, organization/controlling, IT/Internet), and includes financing issues (exploitation of promotion programs, assistance with the drafting of corporate plans for the acquiring of bank loans), technical consulting on modernization and investment (ISO 9000 and procurement of equipment) and human resources consulting and training.

A leg up for the leap into cyberspace

South Eastern Europe: a new electronic marketplace At present, only a fifth of the 20,000-odd SMEs in the Republic of Srpska have Internet access. Most of the regions companies do not have the know-how to use the World Wide Web for business purposes. Yet economic revitalization can only take place if modern forms of communication become daily practice in South Eastern Europe and the technological time-lag compared to Central Europe is reduced step by step. Here, too, a CIM expert is supplying important support. He is setting up, for one, a regional electronic SME marketplace linked to Western European on-line markets, and he offers consulting to individual firms on how to make their way onto the Internet.

Girlfriends
A reconciliation project In cooperation with AMICA of Freiburg, Germany, CIM is supporting the Bosnian organization Prijateljice (girlfriends) in Tuzla, which has been engaged since the end of the war on behalf of the rights, physical and psychological health, and education of women and children traumatized by war. Prijateljice has organized a market garden, kitchen and laundry with a kindergarten and seamstresses workshop where women can earn some income. Sociologists, therapists and physicians offer counseling to them and their children. The adults can complete elementary school at night, and their children receive tutoring in mathematics and the Bosnian language. Both women from the Moslem-Croatian Federation and Serbian women from the Republic of Srpska may join and take advantage of the various offerings of Girlfriends.

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The Russian Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs

For success, one needs staying power. No one knows this better than the CIM expert who has been working at the Russian Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs since October 1997. Organized just before the financial crisis of August 1998, his round table of medium-sized companies from the eastern German states looked like a flop at first. The 20 participating companies were disappointed. But now nearly all of the German companies that stayed with the round table and maintained a presence in Russia have entered into new agreements with Russian partners.

Leningrad Oblast Administration

The CIM expert working for the Oblast of Leningrad has a similar task. Through him, Geogidrotechnika plant, which produces drilling rigs for the oil industry, could attract a particularly substantial German investor. Cooperation takes place not only between production facilities but also in the transport sector for example, in regard to the transport of hazardous materials.

Chamber of Commerce, Yaroslav

Putting together and selling an internationally attractive service package is becoming more and more important for Russian companies. A CIM expert in foreign trade is employed at the local chamber of commerce in Yaroslav, where she focuses on marketing. Her seminars on foreign trade issues and support for presentations both of German firms in Yaroslav and of Russian companies in Germany have already produced results in the form of the first cooperation agreements.

Made to measure
The St. Petersburg Union of Clothing Manufacturers St. Petersburg is Russias most creative venue for textile designers and manufacturers. But there is a need to catch up especially in terms of marketing, the tapping of new markets and product improvement to maximize production potential for the domestic market. The St. Petersburg Union of Clothing Manufacturers was founded for this reason in 1999. The managing director of the new guild for clothing producers is Marlies Temme, a clothing technology engineer. Temme is occupied with procurement of materials, market research, and trade-fair planning. She has also already successfully linked the guild to companies in Germany and extended its service package to include a new provision for European companies seeking manufacturing partners. She has set up a file of plants manufacturing in St. Petersburg and the north-west region. With an eye to improving the companies equipment, the guild also provides contacts to German technology suppliers and to companies that specialize in selling used machinery.

central and eastern europe

facts and figures

Number of experts according to region

Region No. Africa Latin America Asia / Oceania / Near and Middle East Central and Eastern Europe Total 255 207 192 117 771 1999 in % 33.1 26.8 24.9 15.2 100.0 No. 228 181 178 148 735 2000 in % 31.0 24.6 24.2 20.2 100.0

New placements and returning experts according to region

Region Africa Latin America Asia / Oceania / Near and Middle East Central and Eastern Europe Total 84 68 84 38 274 1999 arrived left 88 57 63 25 233 arrived 58 31 37 54 180 2000 left 85 57 51 23 216

Experts: previous employment status

No. Integrated experts Employees Freelancers Government officials and civil service employees Unemployed Retired Total 14 328 146 103 137 7 735 in % 1.8 44.7 19.9 14.0 18.6 1.0 100.0

New placements according to occupation

1999 No. Engineers, technicians - of whom: Construction (incl. rural and regional planning) - of whom: Mechanics Instructors, university lecturers Doctors Scientists Business administration, economists, commercial professions Others Total 70 19 16 31 21 41 56 55 274 in % 25.5 27.1 22.8 11.3 7.7 15.0 20.5 20.0 100.0 No. 46 11 7 25 13 39 47 10 180 2000 in % 25.6 24.0 15.2 13.9 7.2 21.7 26.1 5.5 100.0

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Gender and sector breakdown of CIM experts

Women Education, training, science Industry, mining, construction Economic planning and public administration Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Health Public utilities Social infrastructure and welfare Trade, banking, tourism and other services Total 31 12 13 6 33 2 13 11 121 Men 201 110 96 66 42 36 32 31 614

Sectors receiving promotion

1999 No. Education, training, science Industry, mining, construction Economic planning and public administration Health Agriculture, forestry, fisheries Social infrastructure and welfare Trade, banking, tourism and other services Public utilities Total 256 134 101 84 72 53 36 35 771 in % 33.5 17.3 13.1 10.9 9.3 6.9 4.5 4.5 100.0 No. 232 120 110 75 73 45 42 38 735 2000 in % 31.6 16.3 15.0 10.2 9.9 6.1 5.7 5.2 100.0

Key sectors for experts

Sectors Private sector promotion Vocational training Environmental and resource protection 314 136 122 1998 No.* in % 43.0 18.6 16.7 318 131 129 1999 No.** in % 41.2 17.0 16.7 258 118 131 2000 No.*** in % 35.1 16.1 17.8

* of a total of 730, ** of a total of 771, *** of a total of 735

facts and figures

Development partnerships with the private sector

Africa/ Maghreb Business/private institutions with foreign participation without foreign participation Not profit-oriented Total 5 17 7 29 2 13 30 45 5 12 21 38 3 7 28 38 15 49 86 150 Latin America Asia Near East Central and Eastern Europe Total

Legal forms of partner organizations

1999 No. Under public law Private-sector/public-benefit Private-sector/profit-oriented Total 499 186 86 771 in % 64.7 24.1 11.2 100.0 No. 478 181 76 735 2000 in % 65.0 24.6 10.4 100.0

The legal forms of partner institutions reveal a large proportion belonging to the private sector.

Number of partner countries over the past three years

1998 Africa Latin America Asia/Oceania/Near and Middle East Central and Eastern Europe Total 27 18 23 18 86 1999 30 18 25 17 90 2000 27 18 23 22 90

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Receipts of the Joint Operation (amounts in DM)

1999 Placements in Africa, Asia and Latin America Title 685 08 Title 896 03 Other Total Placements in Central and Eastern Europe Title 686 12 Title 686 88 Title 547 04 Stabi Other Total Returning Experts Program Title 681 41 (RIF) Title 681 41 (RF) Title 681 41 (RF ber ZAV) Title 686 41 (APA) Total Overall total 220 272 900 3,005 4,397 93,632 282 1,946 1,391 3,619 90,490 +3.8 +116.2 -53.7 -17.7 -3.4 5,140 8,240 1,054 14,434 4,810 8,889 2,300 1,023 17,022 -6.4 +7.9 -2.9 +17.9 73,000 518 1,283 74,801 67,729 924 1,196 69,849 -7.2 +78.4 -6.8 -6.6 2000 % change

Materials and equipment funds (amounts in DM)

1999 Discretionary funds up to DM 5000 No. of requests approved Average amount disbursed Total spent Material and equipment funds above DM 5000 No. of requests approved Average amount disbursed Total spent Total spent on materials and equipment 101 38.6 3,942 5,819 141 33.6 4,785 6,543 +39.6 -13.0 +21.4 +12.4 434 4.5 1,877 387 4.4 1,758 -10.8 -2.2 -6.3 2000 % change

The Joint Committee

The Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and the Federal Employment Institute (BA) have formed a joint committee that clarifies and settles basic issues concerning cooperation between the two institutions. Members of the Joint Committee: Dr. Peter Jacobi, Director of the Central Placement Office (ZAV), Federal Employment Institute (BA) (until 31 May 2000) Mr. Jrgen Goecke, Director of the Central Placement Office (ZAV), Federal Employment Institute (BA) (starting 1 June 2000) Mr. Kurt Morchner, Deputy Head of the Division Job Placement, Employment Advice, Labour Market Policy and International Relations, Federal Employment Institute (BA) Dr. Hans-Dietrich Pallmann, Director General, Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Mr. Peter Conze, Departmental Director for Africa, Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Members of Joint Operation Management:

Dr. Hans Werner Mundt, Director of the CIM Joint Operation (GTZ) Mr. Franz-Josef Pollmann, Deputy Director (ZAV) (until 31 January 2001) Mr. Gregor Schulz, Deputy Director (ZAV) (starting 1 February 2001) Mr. Wolfgang Dick, Recruitment Officer for Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe (ZAV) Ms. Elke Heger, Recruitment Officer for Africa (ZAV) Mr. Peter Ho, Head of Section for Central and Eastern Europe (GTZ) Ms. Leni Johann, Head of Section for Latin America (GTZ) (until 31 December 2000) Ms. Karin Kirschnick, Head of Section for Administration (GTZ) Mr. Stefan Kllner, Principal Recruitment Officer (ZAV) Dr. Michael Krempin, Head of Sections Asia and (from 1 January 2001) Latin America (GTZ) Ms. Gudrun Neugebauer, Recruitment Officer for Asia (ZAV) Ms. Cornelia Schomaker, Head of Section for Africa (GTZ)

Publisher Centrum fr internationale Migration und Entwicklung (CIM) Barckhausstrae 16 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone: + 49 (0)69 71 91 21 0 Telefax: + 49 (0)69 71 91 21 19 E-mail: cim@gtz.de Internet: http://www.cimonline.de Coordination Dr. Hans Werner Mundt, Nicole Weygandt Editor PFIFF PresseFrauen In FrankFurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Translation Katherine Clark for GTZ Language services Layout pukka design, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Printer Druckerei Peter Schultz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany August 2001

The 2000 CIM Annual Report is also available in full in German. A condensed version is available in German, French, English, Spanish and Russian.